ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY:

Absolute humidity is a measure ofthe actualamount of water vapor (moisture)in

theair, regardless of theair'stemperature. Thehigher theamount of watervapor,the
higherthe absolute humidity.. SPECIFIC HUMIDITYrefers to the weight(amount)
ofwater vapor containedin aunit weight(amount) of air (expressedas grams of
water vaporper kilogram ofair). Absolute and specific humidity are quite similarin
concept.
 TOPIC: DISTURBEDAIR
disturbance refers to the phenomenon which includes a closed
Atmospheric
circulation of air around a low pressure which is created at the centre and a high
anticlockwise in the northern
pressure that is created at the periphery. The air rotates
with
hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. This circulation of air
lower pressure in the centre and higher pressure in the periphery is called a cyclone.
a cyclone is the circulation of air with low pressure in the centre and high pressure
in the periphery. A cyclone and an anticyclone are two components of atmospheric
disturbances. On the basis of their origin, cyclones are divided into two categories:
These two categories are called 1) tropical cyclones and 2) temperate cyclones.
 TOPIC: PRESSURE
The air around you has weight.,and it pressesagaipst everything it touches.
That pressure is called atmospheric pressure, or air pressure. It is the force exerted
on a surface by the air above it as gravity pulls it to Earth.

Atmospheric pressure is commonly measured with a barometer. In a barometer, a

column of mercury in a glass tube rises or falls as the weight of the atmosphere

changes. Meteorologists describe the atmospheric pressure by how high

the mercury rises. Atmospheric pressure drops as altitude increases.

As the pressure decreases, the amount of oxygen available to breathe also

decreases. At very high altitudes, atmospheric pressure and available oxygen get so
low that people can become sick and even die.

Atmospheric pressure is an indicator of weather. When a low-pressure

system moves into an area, it usually leads to cloudiness, wind,
and precipitation. High-pressure systems usually lead to fair, calm weather.
The Stratosphere

This extends upwards from the tropopause to about 50 km. It contains much
of the ozone in the atmosphere. The increase in temperature with height occurs
because of absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun by this ozone.
Temperatures in the stratosphere are highest over the summer pole, and lowest
over the winter pole.

By absorbing dangerous UV radiation, the ozone in the stratosphere protects

us from skin cancer and other health damage. However chemicals (called CFCs
or freons, and halons) which were once used in refrigerators, spray cans and fire
extinguishers have reduced the amount of ozone in the stratosphere, particularly at
polar latitudes, leading to the so-called "Antarctic ozone hole".
Composition of Atmosphere Gases in the Atmosphere
The atmospheric composition of gas on Earth is largely conducted by the by-
products of the life that it nurtures.
Argon 0.9%

race 0.17

Oxygen
4.6757 Nitrogen
78.0%

Dry air from earth's atmosphere contains 0.038% of carbon dioxide, 20.95% of
oxygen, 78.08% of nitrogen and 0.93% of argon.

Helium 1.299%- Methane 0.442%

Neon 4.675% Nitrous Oxide 0.078%
Ozone 0.010%

Cabon Dioxide
93.49%
 Precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that
falls under gravitational pull from clouds. The main forms of
precipitation
include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, ice pellets, graupel and hail.
Precipitation occurs
when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor. so that
the water condenses and "precipitates" or falls. Thus, fog and mist are not
precipitation butcolloids . Moisturethatislifted otherwise forced torise over
or a

layerofsub-freezing air atthe surface maybe condensed into cloudsandrain. This

processistypically active when freezing rain occurs.
Its components The climate system, as
defined in this Report, is an interactive
system consisting of five major components:
the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the
cryosphere, the land surface and the
biosphere, forced or influenced by various
external forcing mechanisms, the most
important ofwhich is the Sun (see Figure
 TOPIC: Time and space scales
Temporal Scale
Temporal changes have been happening to our climate for millions of years. But
anthropogenic climate change (climate change caused by the burning of fossil fuels
and the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere) is altering the climate at an
unprecedented rate. Scientists measure the changing climate using a "temporal
scale."

A temporal scale is defined as a scale used to measure the change in a variable over
time. It is also known as a "timescale." More specifically, geographers use diferent
temporal scales to study various phenomena. Studying the change in temperatures
as winter turns to spring, for example, would require one type of temporal scale.
Studying anthropogenic climate change over the past two centuries would require
another. Thus, a temporal scale can be thought of as how "zoomed in" or "zoomed
out" one's view of a phenomenon might be.
 RADIATION

The amount of solar radiation reaching groundlevel in rugged terrain, or due to

variablecloudiness, is parameterized as this process occurs on the molecular
scale. is also donefor the surface flux of energy
This method of parameterization
betweenthe ocean andthe atmosphere in orderto determine realistic seasurface
temperaturesand type of sea ice found near the ocean's surface.
 TOPIC: Atmospheric cireulation -Iatitude structure of the
circulation
Thelargescale movement of the air-currents when combined with the movement of
ocean currentsleadstothe redistribution ofthe thermalenergy on surface of
the the
Earth and is known asatmosphericcirculation. Theremay bechangesinthe global
atmacnhaia sirculatian auar ha Farth hut remainse laraslu unchanged and constant
The general circulation ofthe atmosphere can be divided into two types of
atmosphericcirculation.
1. Latitudinal Atmospheric Circulation
2.Longitudinal Atmospheric Circulation