FAUCLTY OF ENGINEERING AND SURVEY

REPORT ON RECESS AUTOMOTIVE

NAME REGISTRATION NUMBER COURSE

MUGERWA MOSES 21/1/224/D/051 DCE

SSEMAKULA ELISA 21/1/224/D/046 DCE

SSEGAWOLE STUART 21/1/224/D/083 DCE

KAMALA NICHOLAS 21/1/226/176 DME

NAMAKULA JACKLINE ELSIE 21/1/224/232 DCE

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DEDICATION
We dedicate this to all lecturers who have shared their experiences with us here and ndejje
university
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We thank the almighty God who was has enabled us to work hand in hand and complete this
project. I also thank my group members for their cooperativeness and hard wor

Contents
DEDICATION................................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................................4
CONCRETE WORKS......................................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................................6
ELECTRICAL WIRING....................................................................................................................................6
HOW TO CONNECT LIGHTING CIRCUITS ON BOARD AND SOCKET OUTLETS...............................................8
A REPORT ON MOTORVEHICLE MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR MODULES...................................................10
OBJECTIVES OF MOTORVEHICLE TRAINING...............................................................................................10
CONTENT;..................................................................................................................................................10
Introduction:..........................................................................................................................................10
B) Front engine front wheel drive......................................................................................................11
C) 4WD..............................................................................................................................................11
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTANGES OF FRONT ENGINE REAR WHEEL DRIVE OVER FRONT ENGINE
FRONT WHEEL DRIVE AND VICE VERSA.....................................................................................................11

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 Front-Wheel Drive Pros (Advantages):..................................................................................................11
Front-wheel drive is a simpler system and tends to be less expensive to buy and maintain. Front-
Wheel Drive Cons (Disadvantages):.......................................................................................................11
Rear-Wheel Drive Pros (Advantages):....................................................................................................12
Rear-Wheel Drive Cons (Disadvantages):..............................................................................................12
PRECAUTIONS TAKEN BEFORE STARTING A VEHICLE IN THE MORNING...................................................12
FACTORS CONSIDERED WHEN DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTING A MOTOR VEHICLE WORKSHOP..........13
Step 1: Designing the Right Space.........................................................................................................13
Step 2: Finding the Right Equipment.....................................................................................................13
Step 3: Building the Right Team.............................................................................................................13
Step 4: Knowing the Right Audience......................................................................................................13
Step 5: Providing the Right Service........................................................................................................14
PRECAUTIONS IN A MOTOR VEHICLE WORKSHOP....................................................................................14
MAIN PARTS OF A MOTOR VEHICLE..........................................................................................................15
1. ENGINE..............................................................................................................................................15
DISMANTLING AND ASSEMBLING OF AN ENGINE.................................................................................18
Assembling............................................................................................................................................18
2. BODY OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE..........................................................................................................18
COMPONENTS OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE BODY.........................................................................................19
3. CHASSIS AND CHASSIS FRAME...........................................................................................................21
Other parts of the motor vehicle and some of their functions..............................................................21
DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF THE MOTOR VEHICHE.........................................................................................22
IGNITION SYSTEM..................................................................................................................................22
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM........................................................................................................................23
LUBRICATION SYSTEM...........................................................................................................................24
COOLING SYSTEM......................................................................................................................................26
STEERING SYSTEM.................................................................................................................................27
BRAKING SYSTEM..................................................................................................................................28
ANTI LOCK BRAKE SYSTEM.....................................................................................................................29
TURBO CHARGING AND INTERCOOLING SYSTEM..................................................................................30
Inter cooling system..............................................................................................................................32
ALARM SYSTEM.....................................................................................................................................33
EFI SYSTEM............................................................................................................................................34

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 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM..................................................................................................................35
ENGINE BRAKE SYSTEM.........................................................................................................................36
ACHIEVEMENTS.........................................................................................................................................37
CHALLENGES..............................................................................................................................................38
RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................................................38
Computer Networking...............................................................................................................................38
SETTING OUT.............................................................................................................................................41
WELDING AND METAL FABRICATION........................................................................................................43

PREFACE
This booklet contains a fully described series of work done during the recess period held at
ndejje university main campus .
During the course of this training different activities were handled for the betterment of the
students and they include;
1.Concrete Practices
2.Setting Out.
3.Metal Works and Fabrication
4.Computer Networking
5.Automotive Technology
6.Electrical
This booklet consists of different methods and procedures that we used while dealing with the
above modules, challenges and suggested solution to the challenges faced during the training
process. Table of contents

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
What is Recess?

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 a) Recess refers to a regularly scheduled period in an institution for physical activities
which are monitored by trained staff. Students are encouraged to be physically active
and engaged with their peers in activities of their choice. b) Recess report is a document
written by every student that undergoes industrial training showing description of the
work done during the training, challenges met and skills gained. It is an essential
requirement for every student for the award of a diploma in civil engineering. It involves
doing practical work, learning how to use different tools in construction, discovering
materials used in different types of construction like roads, buildings and dams as well
as strengthening and protecting them. It introduces students to the engineering field
with modules in the most essential areas. The training started from 13th June to 9 th July
CHAPTER TWO

CONCRETE WORKS
Under this we did paver through moulding, where it’s the process of manufacturing pavers by
shaping mixed materials, sand soil, stone dust, cement and water in their correct proportions to
come up with a uniform mixer that is placed and compacted in a mould to make a paver Tools
used in paver making
✓ Spades
✓ Tampers
✓ Wheelbarrow
✓ Trowels
✓ Hoes
✓ pounder
Procedure for making pavers
Three wheelbarrows of sand where one was sea sand, the second stone dust and pit sand 16
picture showing sand This sand is mixed with one bag of cement and water to make it moist
(ratio 1:3) using hoe and spade until a uniform mixture is obtained.
Water is added slowly until the mixture is workable. Another mixture of a layer called top
which makes the face surface of the paver smooth was done and the procedures include; We
used a fairly leveled wheelbarrow of pit sand, scooped three full spades of stone dust and half
bag of cement. Mix the sand with the cement until a uniform mix is acquired.

 Mixing of sand and cement Add little amount water which does make the mixture too wet
but make workable. Both mixtures are kept moist by covering them, because if dry the pavers
develop cracks. Hence poor quality of the pavers.

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A small layer of the finish is placed in the mold and then mortar is added on top and compacted
well to avoid cracks in the paver. 17 Picture of Joab stamping and compacting Video showing
the stamping and compacting process

7
The paver is then levelled using a spade to make sure it doesn’t crack when it is being placed.
The pavers are in different shapes and their dimensions are different as shown below paver in
concave shape eter. After the pavers drying up for a period of at least 24 hours, the process of
curing is done. Curing is a process of providing adequate moisture, temperature, and time to
allow the paver to achieve the desired properties for its intended use.
Below are some of the different shapes of pavers made:

CHAPTER TWO
ELECTRICAL WIRING
Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the study, design and
application of equipment, devices and systems which use electricity, electronics and
electromagnetism.
Electricity is an essential need of our daily life. It is widely used for domestic as well as
industrial purpose. Electronics is the study and use electrical devices that operate by controlling
the flow of electrons or other electrically charged particles or by converting the flow of charged
particles to or from other forms of energy

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. An Electronic. A device which requires the flow of electrons through conductors and semi-
conductors in order to perform their function.
Areas discussed in the electrical shop
. Safety and first aid in the electrical shop
2. Types of power supply.
3. Colour codes.
4. Types of connections.
Safety and first aid in the electrical shop.
Refers to a condition or feeling of being safe.
To avoid electric shock in the electrical shop, one should consider safety first.
Handling an electricity victim.
➢ Isolate the power supply.
➢ Use a wooden rod disconnect the victim. Personal Protective Equipment
➢ Recommended safety helmet
➢ Rubber gloves
➢ Safety boots / gum boots
➢ Overall Safety precautions.
✓ Never start supply in a line unless you know that no body is working on the line.
✓ Never touch any bare conductors or wires in electrical shop.
✓ Electricity is a good servant but a very bad master.
✓ Never operate a m/c without its knowledge.
✓ Never run a w/s.
✓ While working or repairing any electronic appliances, it should be disconnected from power
supply ✓ Victim who has been electrified by power, isolate him / her from the source using a
dry bad conductor of electricity such as dry wood.
✓ Always wear rubber shoe sole inside the electrical shop. 34 2). Power supply. This is a device
providing power to electronic equipment and sometimes designated A, B or C according to its
function of heating vacuum tube cathodes, causing a flow of electron current in plate circuits or
applying a direct voltage in grid circuits.

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Types of supply. A. Single Supply Phase (SSP).
B. 3 Supply Phase
Types of connections.
a) Ring connection.
b) Radial connection.
a). Ring connection.
In this type of connection, there is a continuous flow of current incise of a fault.
A simple setup experiment showing a ring connection.
Requirements
• Lamp
• 4 single switches
• 3 double switches
• Roll of electric wires
• Junction box
• Dry wooden soft board
• Screw drivers
• Power source

HOW TO CONNECT LIGHTING CIRCUITS ON BOARD AND

SOCKET OUTLETS
▪ Draw the block diagram on the board.
▪ Mark out the position of the clips on the block diagram.
▪ Fix the clips in their respective positions.
▪ Fix the accessories in their positions.
▪ Lay and clip the cables, and ensure the cables are entering the accessories long enough for
termination.
▪ Strip the conductors.

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▪ Terminate the conductors in their respective positions/ termination points, on switch or on a
socket. ▪ Test for proper functioning using a multi meter. For proper functioning, there should
be continuity in the circuit. The multi meter will there for show a reading.
▪ Connect the circuit to a power supply.
▪ Test the circuit with a power supply. The sockets should work as needed and so should the
lumps. Where there are two switches, each switch should be able to turn the light on or off.
Where there is an intermediate 36 switch, the lumps light can be switched on and off from any
of the switches. Setup. b). Radial connection In this type of connection, there is discontinuous
flow of current incase of a fault. Setup of a simple radial connection 37 Requirements
• Lamp
• Switch
• Junction box
• Electric wires
• Power source

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A REPORT ON MOTORVEHICLE MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
MODULES
OBJECTIVES OF MOTORVEHICLE TRAINING;
1. To understand different systems of the vehicle, their functions\ importance, their faults,
causes and the solutions.
2. To know the safety precautions to keep while in a motor vehicle workshop
3. To know the different types of systems found in a motor vehicle and how they operate
4. To know the functions of the different parts of a motor vehicle
5. To know how to dissemble and assemble a motor vehicle engine
6. To know how a motor vehicle operates

CONTENT;
Introduction:
Motor vehicle is a road moving device\machine operated by either a motor or the engine.
Motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy and engine converts chemical energy to
heat\thermal energy to finally mechanical energy. A motor vehicle is a manufactured product
and it has the following parts;
1) Engine, this acts as the power unit.
2) Body, this acts as the protective unit.
3) Chassis and chassis frame, it has parts like;
i. Transmission system
ii. Suspension and steering system
iii. Chassis frame

This is the front engine rear wheel drive.

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B) Front engine front wheel drive.

C) 4WD
This type is divided into two ie. 1. Part time
2. Fulltime conventional 4WD
II) Suspension system, this include springs and shock absorbers. Springs are divided into leaf
springs and helical springs. Steering system is used for controlling vehicle movement.
iii) Chassis frame is the load bearing element of the vehicle.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTANGES OF FRONT ENGINE REAR WHEEL DRIVE

OVER FRONT ENGINE FRONT WHEEL DRIVE AND VICE VERSA
Front-Wheel Drive Pros (Advantages):

 The engine and transmission are located directly above the front wheels, which can provide
better traction when climbing hills and driving on slippery roads.
 Since all the equipment is up front, they create more space and leg room in the back.
 Front-wheel drive has less components than any other drivetrain setup, making the vehicle
lighter and improving its gasoline mileage. That’s why most economy-type cars are front-
wheel drive.
 There is greater tactile feedback through the steering wheel if the wheels are slipping.

Front-wheel drive is a simpler system and tends to be less expensive to buy and maintain. Front-
Wheel Drive Cons (Disadvantages):

 Since all the weight is located in the front of the vehicle, front-wheel drive cars tend to
understeer.
 During sudden acceleration, front-wheel drive vehicles tend to veer to the right or left
because of something called “torque steer.”
 Front-wheel drive tends to have a lower towing capacity than rear-wheel or 4WD/AWD
drivetrains.
 Front-wheel drive has worse acceleration than rear-wheel drive, which is why most sporty
and race cars use rear-wheel drive.
 With all the weight up front, front-wheel drive can make handling more difficult.
 CV joints/boots in FWD vehicles tend to wear out sooner than rear-wheel drive vehicles.

Rear-Wheel Drive Pros (Advantages):

 During dry conditions, rear-wheel drive improves handling due to “load transfer” in
acceleration and more even weight distribution.

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 Rear-wheel drive tends to have less costly maintenance since there aren’t as many parts
packed into a small space. Front-wheel drive repairs and maintenance may cost more since
they have to remove more parts for workable access.
 You won’t experience “torque steer,” the tendency that FWD vehicles have to veer to the
right or left during acceleration.
 Towing large loads is easier since the wheels doing the pulling are located closer to the load.
Also, steering is much easier since the back wheels are providing the power while the front
wheels do the work of steering.
 While drifting is not recommended for most drivers, it is easier to drift with RWD than FWD
or 4WD/AWD

Rear-Wheel Drive Cons (Disadvantages):

 Rear-wheel drive may be more fun to drive, but it also makes it more difficult to master.
With modern stability and traction controls, however, the driving differences of RWD don’t
present a problem for most drivers.
 There is less interior space due to more room needed for the transmission tunnel and
driveshaft.
 There may be less trunk room since more equipment must be placed underneath the trunk.
 The driveshaft, which connects the front engine to the back axle, adds more weight. RWD
weighs slightly more than FWD, but less than 4WD and AWD.
 Additional materials translate to a slightly higher purchase price.
 Since RWD pushes the car rather than pulls it, it has more difficulty maneuvering in wet and
snowy conditions. With modern technology, such as stability and traction control, however,
this disadvantage is greatly reduced.

PRECAUTIONS TAKEN BEFORE STARTING A VEHICLE IN THE MORNING

1. Nothing is obstructing your car.
2. Check the tyres.
3. Check all fluid levels.
4. Clean all the glass area.
5. Adjust the rear view mirrors.
6. Adjust your seat.
7. Fasten your seatbelt.
8. Check all the warning lights.

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FACTORS CONSIDERED WHEN DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTING A MOTOR
VEHICLE WORKSHOP
Step 1: Designing the Right Space
Location scouting is a particularly important assignment. The commercial premise needs to suit
your budget, be located in an area that’s accessible to clients, and provide enough space to
complete the necessary repair jobs and servicing.

Wide access, natural lighting, space for pits, space for lifting vehicles, and designated areas for
equipment and tools are all essential considerations. A professional workshop design service
ensures that every aspect of organization, storage, access, and power supply are under control.
In turn, this will make the workspace far more efficient

Step 2: Finding the Right Equipment

In addition to a quality workspace in an equally perfect location, you’ll need to kit it out with
all the necessary features. Without the right equipment and tools, you’ll be unable to complete
jobs to the desired standards in the desired timeframes.

Vehicle jacks, ramps, bottle acks, hydraulic presses, wheel dollies, welders, and a host of other
accessories will be required to provide a comprehensive service. Finding high-quality and
reliable goods at an affordable price is crucial while you’ll also need to think about the general
toolkits such as wrenches, bolts, etc.

Step 3: Building the Right Team

If you are planning to take an active role within the business, you’ll need to gain your formal
training as a mechanic. Whether you do this or merely wish to serve as a passive owner, your
input on those daily tasks will be far smaller than the work of your employees.

As such, assembling the strongest possible team should be one of the top items on your agenda
at all times. The best candidates should have the education needed to thrive as well as
experience of working with a wide variety of vehicles. Their communication skills with clients
will be vital too, especially as clarity and transparency are kept at all times.

A team that works together succeeds together. Invest heavily in your team for the best results.

Step 4: Knowing the Right Audience

There are many types of auto workshops available throughout Australia. As an alternative to an
all-in-one general workshop, yours could focus on bikes or vans. Or it could be tailored to a
certain manufacturer of car or a specific area of assignments. The choice is up to you.

Once you’ve made those decisions, you can turn your attention to marketing exploits. Local SEO
will play an important role in your digital strategy, but the ideal consumer profile will influence

15
which social media streams and PPC campaigns are deemed best. Likewise, it can help pinpoint
the best offline ad opportunities.

You’ll also find the most cost-effective campaigns, which is particularly crucial in those early
moments.

Step 5: Providing the Right Service

Setting up a great workshop supported by the best team of mechanics should serve you well.
The quality of your marketing strategies will be pivotal for winning new clients. However,
sustained success will emanate from your ability to secure their long-term loyalty.

The only way to do this is through a world-class service. Aside from being quick and
affordable, all jobs should be completed in a friendly and convenient manner that is built on a
foundation of strong communication. Using your expertise to enhance their driving (even when
it doesn’t require upselling)

PRECAUTIONS IN A MOTOR VEHICLE WORKSHOP

 Never smoke in or near repair bays or garages. Vehicles contain flammable and
combustible fluids which can easily be set on fire if a hot ash from a cigar or cigarette
were to come into contact with such materials.
 Keep work areas clean and organized. Pick up tools and use tool cabinets to keep
walkways clear and free from clutter.
 Never wear loose clothing or clothing that is ripped or torn. To prevent employees from
wearing unacceptable attire, it is recommended to obtain customized uniforms and
work apparel from a qualified uniform service company.
 Wear protective gear at all times, as appropriate for the repair. Goggles, gloves, and ear
protection should be worn when making certain types of repairs.
 Make sure fire extinguishers are easily acceptable and appropriate for all potential fire
types. In the event of a fire, extinguishers need to be accessed quickly and be charged
with the right materials to put out the type of fire: i.e., gas, oil, electrical, and so on.
 Always disconnect the battery when working on electrical systems and near/around
electrical wiring. Even when the vehicle is off, there is still the potential for current to
pass through electrical wiring.
 Never place hands, tools, or other objects near the engine while it is running. The
moving parts and components could cause injury to a person or the vehicle itself.
 Never work underneath a vehicle unless it has been properly supported. Raising the
vehicle off the ground to access the underside requires verifying it is stable, and that
there is no risk of the vehicle falling on top of the mechanic.
 Work Apparel
 Always remove the keys from the ignition switch. Never leave the key in the ignition
switch, as the key can draw an electrical charge from the battery. Also, avoid unplugging

16
 fuses and wiring harnesses while the key is in the “on” position. Otherwise, there is a
risk of electrical shock, and/or electrical spikes that may damage electronic parts and
wiring.
 Be aware of the vehicle’s temperature before beginning any work. The engine, manifold,
exhaust system, and radiator could be hot and cause skin burns. Plus, the radiator
coolant is still pressurized. /

MAIN PARTS OF A MOTOR VEHICLE

1. ENGINE
It’s a machine with moving parts that converts power into motion. It’s the power unit of the
motor vehicle. An engine converts chemical energy into mechanical energy.
PARTS THAT MAKE UP AN ENGINE
 Cylinder block
The cylinder block is the most important component and is the basis of a car engine. The main
function is to accommodate the crankshaft mechanism. Inside the cylinder block, you can find
several engine cylinders, each of which is connected to the piston and crankshaft at the other
end of the road. As the piston moves up and down, it transforms the movement of the
crankshaft and runs the engine work cycle.

 Cylinder head
The cylinder head is an essential component of a car engine that is mounted on the cylinder
block. The cylinder head has an important role in the combustion chamber, as it functions to
transform heat into energy.
 Piston
The piston is the heart of the engine, which plays a direct role in the combustion process to
produce power. The piston that moves up and down generates energy to all parts of the
engine, from the crankshaft, flywheel, to the power transfer and drive wheel. The piston head
has several shapes, some are convex and some are flat.

17
  Piston rod
The piston rod or connecting rod has the main function to connect the crankshaft and
the piston. The piston rod receives power released by the piston and converts it into
rotational energy.

 Piston rings
Although not very visible, a piston ring has a crucial function. The piston ring serves to close the
piston with the cylinder block to
prevent leakage while the compression process is in progress.
Leaking gas during compression, and oil that enters the combustion chamber can cause
problems for the overall car engine. Moreover, the piston ring also aims to reduce excess oils
on the cylinder walls.

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  Crank shaft
The energy of motion is converted into rotational energy by the crankshaft and subsequently
moves the wheel. The crankshaft also has a function to keep the piston in motion so that it can
work properly. During the process, the crankshaft moves simultaneously with the piston rod
that is installed under the cylinder block.

 Crankcase
The overall performance of an engine will not run perfectly without a crankcase. A
crankcase or oil pan works as a reservoir for engine oil, which is used as a lubricant for all
engine components. The crankcase is located beneath the cylinder block and is equipped
with an oil plug or drain plug that is added with a bolt and gasket to prevent oil leakage.

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DISMANTLING AND ASSEMBLING OF AN ENGINE
Dismantling

Assembling

2. BODY OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE

A motor vehicle body means that portion of the motor vehicle mounted on the chassis or
frame. It could also be the main supporting structure or protective unit of a vehicle.

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COMPONENTS OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE BODY
 Body Shell
The vehicle body shell is the functional backbone. It is the body of a car that rests in the
chassis and fits the engine, mechanical and electrical systems, seats, etc. It is designed to
carry the weight of all components that are present in the car and even handles the weight
of passengers
 Bonnet
The car hood is also known as a bonnet in some countries. This is the type of thin sheet
cover that is hinged and rests over the engine of motor vehicles. It includes engine, battery,
coolant, windscreen fluid, cooling fan, compressor, alternator, and many more.

The hood allows direct access to the engine compartment for maintenance and repair
purposes. In addition, it also protects these parts from direct sunlight and dust. A hidden
latch is commonly used along with the hood to hold it securely when you’re taking a look
inside your car.
 Front Bumper
The bumper may seem like an additional part but the simple structure actually plays an
important role in your car. Generally, bumpers are bars that protect a vehicle when it
collides with something.
The function of the front bumper is to protect your car if a sudden collision happens. In this
case, it absorbs most of the impact during low-speed collisions to prevent serious damage
to the driver, vehicle, and passengers.
 Rear Bumper
The rear bumper is designed to prevent heavy damage when you, unfortunately, hit a wall
while taking a reverse turn. It reduces or prevents physical damage to the front and rear
sides of vehicles in low-speed accidents.
 Bumper Grille
The bumper grille covers the front body of the vehicle and allows your engine to keep cool.
When you drive your car, it sucks the air through the grille which serves to provide
ventilation through the engine bay.
Primarily, it protects the radiator and allows cold air to enter the radiator of the car. In
addition to the front location, they are also located in the front wheels for brake cooling, in
the cowl for cabin ventilation, or on the rear trunk lid in rear-engine vehicles.
 Crash Guards
The crash guards are mounted to the front frame or chassis of the car. This is mostly seen in
SUVs to protect them from damage in case of an accident. These are the essential car body
parts that play a key role to keep the vehicle moving after a collision.

21
 These are typically made of heavy-duty steel and can effectively shield the front end of the
vehicle. Moreover, the design of this accessory gives a stylish look to your vehicle and also
provides real protection.
 Head Lights
These headlights are attached to the front end of the vehicle. They allow the driver to see
the roadway in the dark, while also indicating to other drivers that a car is present. There
are types of lights used in cars and each has its own function.
 Fog Lamp
The purpose of fog lamps is to allow brightness in situations when visibility is less than
100m. They help to illuminate under the fog to see the road surface and prevent the
additional beams from the fog. There are mainly two types of fog lamps used in vehicles.
 Indicator Lights
Indicator lights are available in red, orange and some are white in color. They can be located
on the front, rear, and sometimes on both the left and right sides of the car. These are used
to indicate a desired change of direction, whether turning left or right or going out into
traffic.
 Wiper Blade
Almost all vehicles including cars, trucks, buses, etc. have wiper blades and are very
important for the clear vision of the driver. These are used to clear snow, water, and/or
debris from the vehicle’s front window so that the operator can see what lies ahead of
them.
 Radiator
The radiator sits right behind your car’s front grille. It is located at the center of the vehicle’s
cooling system that monitors and regulates the temperature of the engine and prevents it
from overheating.
 Mirrors
There are mainly two types of mirrors used in vehicles that are side-view mirrors and rear-view
mirrors.
1. Side-View Mirror
These are also known as wing mirrors. These mirrors are located on the exterior of the vehicles
to help the driver see areas behind and side of the vehicle or outside the driver’s peripheral
vision.
2. Read-View Mirror
They serve multiple purposes that help to keep you safe as a driver. It gives you an alert driving
experience by allowing you to see behind your vehicle without turning your head. In addition,
they are especially important when a vehicle is moving in reverse gear.
 Car Doors

22
A door is a type of opening, usually hinged on the exterior of a vehicle. Sometimes it is attached
to other mechanisms such as a track to enter and exit the vehicle
3. CHASSIS AND CHASSIS FRAME
A chassis is designed as the minimum requirement for any vehicle to move while a frame is
basically the vehicles body as everything else is fitted on it
Components of the chassis
 Shock absorbers
 Silencer
 Storage battery
 Front suspension
 Road wheel
 Rear springs
 Steering mechanism, etc.
Components of a chassis frame
 Wheels
 Wheel carrier
 Wheel bearing
 Brake
 Wheel suspension
 Axle support

Other parts of the motor vehicle and some of their functions

o Tyres; mainly for holding the vehicle, absorbing shocks, changing direction of travel and
so on.
o Seat; for providing comfortable ride for passengers, enabling a driver to be in a steady
position etc.
o Engine; which acts as the brain of the vehicle and is used for starting it.
o Brake pedal; this inhibits motion by absorbing energy from a moving vehicle.
o Accelerator\gas pedal; it controls the amount of gas being fed into the engine, controls
speed of the vehicle and the engine speed etc.
o Gearbox; it provides permanent position of the neutral, increase the torque being
transmitted by the engine, provide means of reversing the engine and so on.
o Battery; to start the engine, provide electricity to the alternator, voltage regulator in the
car etc.
o Windscreen; provide protection to the driver from debris, eases the car to move at high
speed etc.
o Radiator; cools down the engine & motor oil etc.
o Differential unit; reduces speed, turns flow of power by 90 degrees and so on.
o Number plate; mainly for easy identification

23
 o Bonnet; for protecting inner parts like the engine from direct sunlight, for decoration
etc.
o Wiper blade; for removing frost on the windscreen to enable the driver to see well.
o Dashboard; it displays instrumentation and controls for the vehicle`s operation.
o Springs; to absorb the various shocks generated from road friction with car wheels to
not continue with the car body.
o Propeller shaft; to transmit torque between the transmission, the transfer case and the
driving axles.
o Grille; to allow the vehicle`s engine to cool.
o Air cleaner; to trap dirt and debris which is harmful to the engine.
o Car mirrors; driving mirror to see what is near the car, side mirrors to see sides of the
vehicle and the rear-view mirror to see behind the vehicle.
o Clutch pedal; the pedal by which the driver operates the clutch

DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF THE MOTOR VEHICHE

1. Lubrication system, 2. Cooling system, 3. Steering system, 4.Braking system
5. Transmission system, 6. Ignition system, 7. E.F.I system, 8. Turbo charging and
intercooling system
9. Engine brake system, 10. Anti-lock brake system, 11. Alarm system, 12. Air-
conditioning sys

IGNITION SYSTEM
An automotive ignition system is what fires up the fuel (and air) to kick start your car's engine.
It's what "turns on" your vehicle and gets it running

The purpose of the ignition system is to generate a very high volt age from the car's 12 volt
battery, and to send this to each sparkplug in turn, igniting the fuel-air mixture in the engine’s
combustion chambers.

24
Faults in the system
 No combustion: No combustion occurs because no spark is emitted.
 Stalling: The engine stalls but can be restarted.
 Poor drivability: Hesitation during acceleration or the engine misfires
Causes of the faults
 Problems starting the vehicle. Check the high tension leads (HT Leads).
 Damaged or worn spark plugs. If the spark plugs are worn out, it forces ignition coils to
operate at a much higher output.
 Vibrations.
 Overheating.
 Wear and tear.
Solutions to the faults
 Verify Lack of Spark.
 Check for Any Obvious Issues.
 Probe for Power.
 Double-Check Firing Order.
 Double-Check Initial Timing.
 Test/Inspect Spark Plugs.
 Test Spark Plug Wires.
 Check for Spark at Coil.

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
The transmission system, is the mechanism by which power created by the engine is
transferred to the driving wheels. This part of the vehicle is the most important in determining
the power and functionality of your engine systems.

Functions of the transmission system

 It enables the running engine to be connected or disconnected from the driving wheel
smoothly and without shock.
 It enables the leverage between engine and driving wheel.

25
  It enables the reduction of engine speeds.
 It enables the turn of the drive round through 90°.
 It enables the driving wheel to be driven at different speeds.
 It serves as a safety device by slipping when the torque transmitted through it exceeds a
safe value, thus preventing the breakage of parts in the transmission train.
Faults in the transmission system
 Single line to ground fault or SLG fault
 line to line fault or double line fault
 double line to ground fault
 triple line fault
Causes of the faults
 slipping
 symptomatic noises
 lack of fluid due to leaks
 overheating
 outside factors that affect the transmission
Measures to solve the faults in the system
 Check Your Transmission Fluid Regularly.
 Always Properly Switch Gears.
 Use Your Parking Brake.
 Avoid Overheating Your Transmission.
 Don't Overload Your Vehicle.
 Let Your Vehicle Warm Up.
 Have Annual Powertrain Transmission Check-Ups.

LUBRICATION SYSTEM
Lubricating systems are systems used to assist the smooth and healthy operation of rotating
machinery parts like gears, bearings, dies, chains, spindles, cables, pumps, and rails

OPERATION OF THE LUBRICATION SYSTEM

An automatic lubrication system is able to provide simultaneous lubrication of different

machine parts by attaching itself to the machine. (Although they are automated, some ALS
systems may require the engagement of a manual pump or activation button to start.)

Automatic lubrication systems vary widely by compatibility and configuration. However, they all
share five primary components known as a controller/timer, a pump, a supply line, metering
valves/injectors, and feed lines.

· The controller, or timer, is the mechanism used to activate and shut off the lubricating system,
either externally or from inside the pump.
· The pump is responsible for transporting lubricant into the main system from the reservoir
(where the lubricant is stored).

26
· The supply line connects to the pump and enables the lubricant to travel to the metering
valves/injectors.
· The metering valves, or injectors, are responsible for measuring the lubricant and
subsequently dispensing it into the feed lines.
· Via the feed lines, the lubricant is finally delivered to its predetermined application points.

Its basic functions within an engine include reducing friction, cooling, sealing, cleaning, and
serving as protection for moving parts
Faults in the lubrication system
 Over-lubrication. You can have too much of a good thing. .
 Under-lubrication. A lack of lubricant is likely one of the easiest problems to spot. .
 Using the wrong lubricant. .
 Mixing lubricants.
 Lubricant contamination
Causes of the faults
1. Lack of Procedures ·
2. Improper Sampling Points and Hardware ·
3. Over greasing ·
4. Lack of a Labeling System ·
5. Use of OEM Breathers and Dust Caps ·

27
Measures to solve the faults

1. Clean lubrication reservoir periodically but do NOT use cotton or fiber rags.
2. Inspect suction filter and screens: filter should be replaced and screens should be
cleaned annually.
3. Remove and clean strainer regularly.
4. Change line filter (pressure filter) annually.

COOLING SYSTEM
A cooling system works by sending a liquid coolant through passages in the engine block and
heads. As the coolant flows through these passages, it picks up heat from the engine. Once the
fluid is cooled, it returns to the engine to absorb more heat.
The cooling system serves three important functions. First, it removes excess heat from the
engine; second, it maintains the engine operating temperature where it works most efficiently;
and finally, it brings the engine up to the right operating temperature as quickly as possible

Faults in the cooling system

 Water pump failure.
 Leaky radiator hoses.
 Radiator leaks.
 Thermostat failures
Causes of the faults in the cooling system
 Poor circulation due to any reason.
 Dirty oil and sludge in the system.
 Radiator fins choked.

28
  Incorrect ignition system.
 Incorrect valve timing.
 Low oil level.
 Tight engine.
 Engine oil too thick
Measures to solve the faults
 Look for leaks in the radiator, engine block, water pump, or hoses.
 Inspect radiator fins or cooling fan for blockages.
 Inspect radiator cap and/or seal.
 Inspect water pump and serpentine belt.

STEERING SYSTEM
The steering system consists of the components that allow the driver to turn the front
wheels of the vehicle, and for a few vehicles, provides for a limited amount of steering by
the rear wheels

The steering system converts the rotation of the steering wheel into a swiveling movement of
the road wheels in such a way that the steering-wheel rim turns a long way to move the road
wheels a short way. The system allows a driver to use only light forces to steer a heavy car.
Faults in the steering system
 Low power steering fluid. Your power steering system uses a special fluid to help
transmit power to your steering system. ...
 Power steering fluid leak. ...
 Belt that's loose, worn or slipped. ...

29
  Cracked or peeling hose. ...
 Slipped hose coupling.
Causes of the faults
 Pump malfunctions,
 fluid leaks,
 blocked hoses,
 contamination of power steering fluid,
 worn power steering belts
Measures to prevent the faults
 Check the power steering fluid level. If there's not enough fluid, it'll be hard to make
turns.
 Inspect the hoses and lines around the power steering pump for possible leaks.
 Lift the front end of the car with a jack.
 Check for loose belts.

BRAKING SYSTEM
We normally use a hydraulic braking system. A hydraulic brakes system is a braking
mechanism that uses brake fluid to transmit force into the system. The fluid transfers
pressure from the control mechanism to the braking mechanism
un

The function of the braking system; is to stop\slow down the moving vehicle or prevent it from
moving when in stationary position.

Faults in the hydraulic brake system

 Low Brake Fluid
 Brake Pedal Is Low
 Pedal Sinks to the Floor
 Squeal Noises on Brakes

30
  Pulsation on the Brake Pedal
 Brakes Pulling to One Side.
Causes of the faults in the hydraulic brake system
Most hydraulic brake failures occur for one of two reasons:
 Loss of hydraulic pressure
 Brake fade on long hills
Measures to solve the faults in the system
 Pay attention to how the brake feels: If the brakes feel ‘spongy’ or non-responsive when
pressing the brake pedal, the brakes need a check-up. The brakes should be responsive
and react with a tap on the pedal. If it takes too much effort to bring the car to a stop,
it’s time to service the brakes.
 Service the car at regular intervals: Servicing your vehicle at regular intervals is key to
preventing any braking system issues. Change of brake pads, an inspection of brake
pads, brake fluid and rotors is necessary to keep the brakes in perfect working
condition. Hence, regular service can prevent brake failures.

ANTI LOCK BRAKE SYSTEM

An anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a safety anti-skid braking system used on aircraft and on
land vehicles, such as cars, motorcycles, trucks, and buses

ABS works by releasing and then reapplying or 'pumping' the brakes to a motorcycle wheel or
car wheels in heavy braking situations. Sensors on each wheel are used to detect 'locking' or
when a wheel stops moving and starts to skid.
Functions of the ABS
Anti-lock braking systems (ABS) help you steer in emergencies by restoring traction to your
tires. What It Does: Helps prevent wheels from locking up – possibly allowing the driver to steer
to safety.

31
Faults in the ABS system
 Malfunctioning ABS Light.
 Malfunctioning ABS Sensor.
 Faulty or Damaged Wiring.
 Malfunctioning ABS Controller
Causes of the faults
1. Broken wheel speed sensors
2. Your system is turned off.
3. Low levels in the fluid reservoir.
4. Sensors become contaminated by debris or metal shavings.
Measures to prevent the faults
1. Restarting your vehicle
2. Check the master cylinder brake fluid to see its low and fill to marked level.
3. Check all wiring and brake sensors first.
TURBO CHARGING AND INTERCOOLING SYSTEM
A turbocharger consists of a compressor wheel and exhaust gas turbine wheel coupled together
by a solid shaft and that is used to boost the intake air pressure of an internal combustion
engine. The exhaust gas turbine extracts energy from the exhaust gas and uses it to drive the
compressor and overcome friction.

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Functions of the turbocharging system
 The function of a turbocharger is to increase the power output of an engine without
adjusting the engine itself.
Faults and Causes of the faults
1. Oil starvation
The turbine shaft and bearing are rotated in a thin layer of oil. Bearing will fail if there is no oil
at start-up and when the turbine is running.
The main causes of oil starvation:
– Low engine oil level
– Oil feed pipe broken or blocked
– Incorrect oil inlet gasket fitting
– Inferior quality of oil filter
– The engine isn’t used for a long time.
2. Oil contamination
3. Foreign object damage
On occasion, some foreign objects such as bolts, clips small stones, gasket fragments, rubber
hose’s particles would be introduced into the turbocharger air intake system and cause
turbocharger compressor or turbocharger turbine damage.
4. Overheating
The main causes overheating:
– Blockage of air filter
– Use inferior quality engine oil
– Too long frequency of oil changing,
– Fault of injectors
– Fault of lubrication system
– Defective drainage oil system
5. Normal wear and tear

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Solutions to the faults
 Keep the turbocharger intake air filter clean and change it periodically.
 Keep the turbine and the compressor side clean by water washing or Grid washing?
 Proper maintenance and checks should be done on turbocharger periodically.
 Soot blow should be done on the regular basis in case of economizer or exhaust boiler.

Inter cooling system

The intercoolers (Charge Air Coolers) are designed to reduce fuel consumption while increasing
the engine power and efficiency.

Functions of the inter cooling system

The intercooler's task is to reduce the temperature of the inlet gas and thus densify the air
required which optimizes the combustion.

Faults in the inter cooling system

 Water pump failure
 Leaky radiator hoses
 Radiator leaks
 Thermostat failures
NOTE;

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Intercoolers are vulnerable to external damage and road debris that may cause premature part
failure. Internally, damaged or blocked hoses may lead to abnormally high pressure that strains
or possibly rupture the intercooler.
Measure to solve the faults
Spray the outside and the inlet of the intercooler with a degreaser to prepare any gunk or
debris for removal.

ALARM SYSTEM
If your car's angle changes, the tilt sensor sends a signal to the computer, which activates the
alarm. Modern tilt sensors use mercury, which conducts electricity, to monitor a car's tilt level.
If the car's angle suddenly changes, the mercury flows to one side and causes the switch to
activate, sounding the alarm

The main purpose of a car alarm is to prevent the theft of your personal belongings within the
vehicle and to prevent the theft of the vehicle itself
Faults of the engine system

 Nonfunctional Key Fob.

 Defective Hood Latch Sensor.
 Poor Hood Latch Connection.
 Faulty Door Lock Sensor.
 Low Battery Level.
 Corroded or Rusted Battery Terminals.
 Weak or Overly Sensitive Sensor Connection.
 Disconnected Circuitry or Wiring Problems
Causes of the faults in an alarm system

35
  faulty sensors
 low battery
 wiring problems
 Broken key fob.
Measures to solve the faults

 Replace the Fob Battery. If the alarm still goes off and you haven't changed the key fob
battery since acquiring the car, it's likely that the battery is losing power and triggering
the alarm.
 Check Your Car's Latches and Locks.
 Inspect the Wiring.
 Locate the key fob

EFI SYSTEM
Electronic fuel injection replaces the need for a carburetor that mixes air and fuel. EFI does
exactly what it sounds like. It injects fuel directly into an engine's manifold or cylinder using
electronic controls

What is the function of EFI system?

The electronic fuel injection system was designed to optimize fuel consumption and reduce the
amount of polluting particles emitted from the exhaust pipe. This device prevents the formation
of carbon deposits that can be found in mechanical parts such as the fuel system, injectors or
intake valves
Faults in the EFI system and signs

 The Engine Misfires. Dirty fuel injectors may cause your vehicle's engine to misfire.
 Idling Gets Rough.

36
  Your Gas Mileage Tanks.
 The RPM Needle Starts to Dance.
 Your Car Won't Start.
What causes injection system failure?
While many things can cause breakdowns, the most likely cause of premature failure is fuel
contamination. Fuel contamination occurs when debris in the fuel gets past the filtration,
destroying the sealing surfaces. Think microns, smaller than a human's hair-sized, clearances
Solutions to these
1. Buying high quality fuel.
2. Changing your filters regularly
3. Cleaning and repairing the fuel injectors.
AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

The air-conditioning system in a car works by manipulating refrigerant between a liquid and a
gaseous state. As the refrigerant changes states, it absorbs heat and humidity from the vehicle
and allows the system to give off cool, dry air.

To change the refrigerant between a liquid and a gaseous state, the air-conditioning system
works to control pressure and temperature.

Importance of Air conditioning system

 Ensure optimum performance

 Minimizes costly repairs
 Fosters good air quality
 Better fuel economy
 Maintains the value of one’s car

37
 Faults of the Air conditioning system
 Leaking refrigment
 Blocked/clogged condenser
 Broken condenser
 Electrical issues
 Faulty cooling fans
 Bad compressor

Causes of the faults in an Air conditioning system

 Corrosion of metal components and parts
 Fluids breakdown or leak
 The deterioration of seals, hoses and fittings
 Dirt, leaves and debris clog filters and impede moving parts

Solution of the faults of an Air conditioning system

 Check the air conditioning compressor belt for cranks and damage on regular basis
 Watch for any leaks or damage in the air conditioning system
 Regularly check the function of air conditioning system and other components
 Empty out the refrigment from the system
 Do a vacuum test on the air conditioning system
 Perform a regular service on air conditioning system components including the
compressor, condenser, evaporator and electrical controls

ENGINE BRAKE SYSTEM

This is the process of slowing down a vehicle by stepping off the accelerator and downshifting
gears instead of pressing on the brake pedal. When the accelerator pedal gets released, the air
intake valve is closed and a vacuum is created, which prevents air flow from getting to the
cylinders. There’s a decrease in energy that starts to create a braking force, which helps slow
down a vehicle by lowering the engine speed, or RPMs.
Resistance in the engine is transferred through the drivetrain to the wheels. Some of the
braking force produced is from friction in the drive train, but most of it is caused by the vacuum
that was created from the lack of air.
The result is a process that helps slow down a vehicle without the use of a footbrake.

38
Functions of the Engine brake system

 It reduces wear and tear on your brakes

 It increases fuel economy
 It does not harm the vehicle
 It is safer to use
Faults and causes of faults of Engine brake system
1. Engine rough idling;Engine rough idling is one main causes of engine braking failure.
Rough idling is usually caused by defective or damaged spark plug wires or spark plugs.
Engaging the engine braking becomes difficult when your car’s engine runs roughly,
resulting in engine braking failure.
2. Engine stalling; Many things could lead to your car’s engine stalling. Lack of fuel, a dead
alternator, defective coolant sensor, or forgetting to depress your car’s clutch or
switching to neutral when stopping your vehicle could make the engine stall, among
other reasons. In any case, if your car’s engine consistently stalls, you will most likely
experience engine braking failure.
3. Engine misfiring; Defective spark plugs, a clogged fuel injector, defective oxygen sensor,
etc., are some of the reasons why your car’s engine may misfire. Meanwhile, when
your car’s engine misfires, engaging engine braking becomes impossible. It will likely
result in engine braking failure.

ACHIEVEMENTS
 We managed to know the operation of the different systems found in an auto mobile
together with their functions, faults, causes of the faults and how to solve the faults

39
  We were able to dissemble and assemble a car engine and also got to learn the different
parts that make up the engine for example the crankshaft, pistons among others
 We were able to learn the safety precautions needed in the workshop
 We learnt about the different parts of an automobile
 We learnt about the different factors to be considered before setting up an automotive
works

CHALLENGES
 Time management
 Poor weather conditions during presentations
 Ignorance
 Inadequate workshop tools
 Poor communication

RECOMMENDATIONS
 The university ought to purchase enough tools to facilitate the proper studying of
students
 More time should be allocated to practical than theory since the engineering courses
are more practical.
 The university should provide a workshop to enable students to be equipped with
enough skills.

Computer Networking.
A computer network is a set of computers sharing resources located on or provided by
network nodes.

The computers use common communication protocols over digital interconnections to

communicate with each other. These interconnections are made up of
telecommunication network technologies, based on physically wired, optical, and
wireless radio-frequency methods that may be arranged in a variety of network
topologies. 38 The nodes of a computer network may include personal computers,
servers, networking hardware, or other specialised or generalpurpose hosts. They are
identified by network addresses, and must have host names. Hostnames serve as
memorable labels for the nodes, rarely changed after initial assignment. Network

40
addresses serve for locating and identifying the nodes by communication protocols such
as the Internet Protocol.
Computer networks may be classified by many criteria, including the transmission
medium used to carry signals, bandwidth, communications protocols to organize
network traffic, the network size, the topology, traffic control mechanism, and
organizational intent.
TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
1. LAN
2. Wide Area Network
3. Ethernet
4. Internet
5. Personal Area Network etc Devices used in computer networking include; • Router •
Network bridge
• Network switch
• Ethernet hub
• Gateway
• Ethernet wires and RJ 45 LOCAL AREA NETWORK

1. LOCAL AREA NETWORK A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that
interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school,
laboratory,
2. 39 university campus or office building. Regardless of size, a LAN's single defining
characteristic is that it connects devices that are in a single, limited area. The rise
of virtualization has also fuelled the development of virtual LANs, which enable
network administrators to logically group network nodes and partition their
networks without a need for major infrastructure changes.
3. 2. WIDE AREA NETWORK A wide area network (also known as WAN), is a large
network of information that is not tied to a single location. WANs can facilitate
communication, the sharing of information and much more between devices
from around the world through a WAN provider. WANs can be vital for
international businesses, but they are also essential for everyday use, as the
internet is considered the largest WAN in the world. Keep reading for more
information on WANs, their use, how they differ from other networks and their
overall purpose for businesses and people, alike.
4. HOW TO TERMINATE AN RJ45 CONNECTOR.
Using a Crimping Tool, trim the end of the cable you're terminating, to ensure
that the ends of the conducting wires are even.

41
 STEP 2 41 Being careful not to damage the inner conducting wires, strip off
approximately 1 inch of the cable's jacket, using a modular crimping tool or a
UTP cable stripper.
STEP 3 Separate the 4 twisted wire pairs from each other, and then unwind each
pair, so that you end up with 8 individual wires. Flatten the wires out as much as
possible, since they'll need to be very straight for proper insertion into the
connector.
STEP 4 Holding the cable with the wire ends facing away from you.
Moving from left to right, arrange the wires in a flat, side-byside ribbon
formation, placing them in the following order: white/orange, solid orange,
white/green, solid blue, white/blue, solid green, white/brown, solid brown.

STEP 5 Holding the RJ45 connector so that its pins are facing away from you and
the plug-clip side is facing down, carefully insert the flattened, arranged wires
into the connector, pushing through until the wire ends emerge from the pins.
For strength of connection, also push as much of the cable jacket as possible into
the connector.

STEP 6 Check to make sure that the wire ends coming out of the connector's pin
side are in the correct order; if not, remove them from the connector, rearrange
into proper formation, and re-insert. Remember, once the connector is crimped
onto the cable, it's permanent. If you realize that a mistake has been made in
wire order after termination, you'll have to cut the connector off and start all
over again! 4

STEP 7 Insert the prepared connector/cable assembly into the RJ45 slot in your
crimping tool. Firmly squeeze the crimper's handles together until you can't go
any further. Release the handles and repeat this step to ensure a proper crimp.
STEP 8 If your crimper doesn't automatically trim the wire ends upon
termination, carefully cut wire ends to make them as flush with the connector's
surface as possible. The closer the wire ends are trimmed, the better your final
plug-in connection will be.

STEP 9 After the first termination is complete, repeat process on the opposite
end of your cable When the termination is complete on both sides, the cable is
taken on a test using a cable test to confirm whether it has been well
terminated. It must show all the yellow light for all 8 levels for the cable to be
fully working on both

42
SETTING OUT
Definition: Setting out is the process of transferring drawing measurements
from paper to the ground.
There are various methods of setting out to include; a) Builder’s square method
b) 3-4-5 method a) For Builder’s square method;
• The first peg was driven into the ground at the datum and it is referred to as a
reference peg. It is this peg from which most of the points and 50 measurements
were taken from.
• A string was tied on this peg and stretched and using a measuring tape the
length of the building was marked and a peg driven into the ground.
• The other measurements of the building were taken and marked by driving
pegs into the ground at those points.
• Corners were set using a builder’s square to ensure that they are at 90˚ or
such that they are to square. Thus, the alternating sides of builder’s square were
to flush on the alternating sides of the strings at corners simultaneously.
• Checking of diagonals was also carried to check for accuracy.
• Profile boards and profiles were nailed on to pegs. This was done to mark out
the wall width and the trenches. Tools Used During Setting Out
• Measuring tape of 7.5m,
• builder’s square,
• timber pegs
• , profile boards,
• nails,
• sledge hammer for driving pegs

• pangas for cutting pegs and working drawings.

FOR 3- 4-5 TRIANGLE RULE;
This rule says that if one side of a triangle measures 3 and the adjacent side
measures 4, then the diagonal between those two points must measure 5in
order for it to be a right triangle. This was done to check the accuracy of the right
angles got by the builder’s square method

43
construction of a temporary
structure that was setout

44
WELDING AND METAL FABRICATION.
A Metal Workshop is a research and learning environment and provides expert functions in the
fields of working with metal materials and joining technologies.
Safety Rules and Precautions Don´t run in the workshop Don’t operate any when under the
influence of alcohol Silence must be observed at all time.
Do not eat from the workshop.
Tie up long hair Put on full safety clear when you are in the workshop. Tools and Machines in
the workshop We used hand tools mostly in the workshop and they involve the following,
Tape measure.
Bench vice.
Plier. Hammer.
T Square.
Grinder.
This is used for removing excess material of a surface, cleaning up cut and prepare work pieces
for other operations. Claw hammer.
Its main purpose is to pound nails into wood or extract nails. One side is flat and is used for
pounding, the other side contains a claw and is used for extracting nails out of surfaces.
Try square. This is for marking and checking 90° angles on pieces of metal.
Bench vice.
The primary function is to hold an object safely and securely so that it can be worked on 44
Materials Used Welding rods. A plate metals of size length 12mm and width 1.2mm Activities
Carried Out in The Workshop Measurement of work.
Cutting. Welding. Grinding. Sand papering. Measuring of work pieces. Using a try square in
order to obtain the right dimensions and also marking right angles. Cutting. Cutting of the work
piece along the datum lines is done using the hack saw thereby obtaining the required work
pieces of the intended dimensions.
Welding.
Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by using
high heat to melt the parts together and allowing them to cool, causing fusion.
And under welding we repaired beds in the female hale

45
46