Q=It=±Ne

As temp increases, due to increased lattice vibrations, current decreases due to the increase of
collisions and a resultant decrease in drift velocity.

I=nave PROOF:

Thermistors-Their resistance decreases with temperature(For a negative temp.coefficient thermistor)

T2 X T1
Bt1/t2 = ln(R1/R2)
( T 2 −T 1 )
*T1 is usually 25oC and Rn represents the resistance at a temperature T n

Diodes
For graph the breakdown voltage is the V necessary to electrically break down the semiconductor and
allow I flow.

For forward bias the threshold V, the PD(about 0.7V) across the depletion region must be overcome for
the I to flow at it’s maximum value. As I flowing through the diode increases, the temp rises and lattice
viibrations reduce drift vel + number of liberated e- and holes increases so R decreases and conductivity
improved but non-linearly.

Leakage current is the flow of minority charge carriers

Thermistor

NTC- Negative temp coefficient: R decreases with temp

I-V for NTC

PTC: Positive temp coefficient: R increases with temp

Filament lamp- ohm’s law obeyed to a point then energy dissipating as heat increases to a measurable
rise in T so R decreases as drift vel reduced but charge carriers not increased. Thus becomes non-ohmic

Breakdown Voltage- voltage which electrically breaks down the dielectric

Terminal PD- PD across teminals of cell when current is flowing/ energy per coloumb converted into
other forms in external circuit. V=IR

EMF- measured PD across terminals of cell when no I is flowing E=I(R+r) = W/Q

Electrical insulators have firmly bound e- so removal or addition of e- at one place does not cause the
flow of e-. Charges are local to the region it was produced

Cables connectingng an appliance to an electrical supply may be low resistivity as rho appha R so low PD
across cables and higher appliance PD+ less power losses in transferring from supply to appliance

Evidence of internal resistance:

 Battery heats up when current is drawn from it
 VTerminal falls as current draw increases
 Charging voltage of rechargeable batteries must be greater than nominal EMF of cell to be
charged

Kirchoff’s Laws

1. At a junction, the sum of the currents entering and leaving the junction is equal to 0
Principle:Law of conservation of Charge
2. Around any closed circuit, sum emf = sum of IR’s
Principle: Conservation of Energy
*If 2 batteries face same way, minus else plus
*If you attempt to follow conventional flow usinga particular battery and circuit, if the I is in the
other direction, put its value as –
Conductors have mobile e- that allows for motion of additional e- and a removal causes a redistribution .
Charges are spread over its entire surface

Direection of field strength is direction of tangent to field lines through that point

F=Q1Q2/ 4πεor2 =EQ where E is electric field strength and F is the force b/w 2 point charges

*F on Q1 due to Q2 and vice versa is given by this formula as the force is the same

E= Q/4πεor2