Paper – 653

INTEGRATED GOLD DEPORTMENT METHODOLOGY FOR COMPLEX REFRACTORY

COPPER GOLD ORE
Aparup Chattopadhyay*1, Barun K. Gorain2, Stamen S. Dimov3, Brian R. Hart3 and John Jiang4

1
Integrated Process Mineralogy Solutions Inc.
5646 Patron Cove
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5M 7G4
(*Corresponding author: achattopadhyay@ipmins.com)
2
Barrick Gold Corporation
Suite 3700, 161 Bay St, Canada Trust Tower
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5J 2S1
(bgorain@barrick.com)
3
Surface Science Western, Western University,
999 Collip Circle, London, Ontario, N6G 0J3
(sdimov@uwo.ca, bhart@uwo.ca)
4
AuTec Innovative Extractive Solutions
323 Alexander Street,
Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6A 1C4
(jjiang@autec.ca)

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a systematic approach to metallurgy diagnostics using an integrated gold deportment
methodology developed for complex refractory gold and copper-gold ore bodies. Quantification of gold deportment
for these ore bodies is a challenging task due to reasons such as lower grades, high variability of visible and
invisible gold content in different sulphides and iron oxide phases, significant presence of disseminated and
composite carbonaceous matters along with associations of various copper sulphide phases. Some case studies are
presented in this paper to demonstrate the value of a high confidence gold deportment methodology in developing
insights for problem diagnostics and to identify opportunities for metallurgical improvements. A holistic approach
involving different fields of expertise is critical for successful development and delivery of solutions for complex
ore bodies.
 KEYWORDS

Integrated Gold Deportment Methodology, Complex Copper-Gold ores, Double Refractory Gold ores, Total
Carbonaceous Matter, Diagnostic Metallurgy.

INTRODUCTION

Studies were initiated on various ore complex ore and also on samples representing various process
streams. These complex copper-gold single refractory, double and triple refractory gold ores are mainly composed
of silicates and/or carbonates with moderate amounts of clay and mica, along with minor amounts of sulphides and
organic carbonaceous matter.
Variable proportions of visible gold and “invisible gold” (sub-microscopic gold) were noted in different
mineral phases for various ore types and process stream samples. Invisible gold commonly occurs as solid solution
or as colloidal-sized particles in different sulphides (pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and galena) and
other phases (including hematite, magnetite and goethite) for different refractory ores. The dominance of invisible
gold and presence of highly preg-robbing along with finely disseminated carbonaceous matters adversely affects
gold recovery in flotation and leach circuits for most of these double and triple refractory ores.
This paper discusses applications of an integrated gold deportment technique developed for different types
of gold and copper-gold ores, namely, complex copper-gold, double and triple refractory gold ores (Chattopadhyay
and Gorain, 2014; Chattopadhyay et. al., 2016). Various process streams from flotation and gold leaching circuits
were investigated. Different concentrates and tailings samples from flotation circuits whereas feed and discharges
from pressure oxidation (POX) and carbon-in-leach (CIL) residues were used from gold processing circuits.
Key objectives of this investigation were to identify and quantify visible and invisible gold along with
better understanding of the morphology and liberation of gold associated with various sulphides, iron-oxides and
non-sulphide gangue species. In addition, the aim of this study was also to leverage the mineralogical and gold
deportment information to allow metallurgy diagnostics for optimization of process performance.
METHODOLOGY
The methodology for the integrated gold deportment technique has been presented elsewhere
(Chattopadhyay and Gorain, 2014). A snap shot of the various steps involved is shown in Figure 1. The key to this
methodology is a detailed and rigorous mass balance of precious metals in every step of the sample preparation, pre-
concentration and various mineral analytical techniques to provide a high confidence quantified deportment in
various mineral species.
Figure 1: Flow-chart Diagram of Novel Gold Deportment technique (Chattopadhyay & Gorain, 2014)
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Three Different Ore Types
Tables 1a and 1b show the composition of various ore types used in this study. Compositionally, these three
ores mainly composed of calcium aluminium silicates (quartz, feldspar and mica). Moderate amounts of carbonates
(dolomite and calcite) and minor amounts of carbonaceous matters (organic carbon) were noted in the double and
triple refractory ores. High arsenic was noted in the triple refractory ore.
Table 1a - Whole rock analysis data (weight %) for a copper-gold-ore,
a double refractory and a triple refractory ore

Sample ID SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O P2O5 MnO Cr2O3 TiO2 V2O5 LOI
Copper-gold ore 55.6 5.1 2.9 10.7 5.2 < 0.01 1.1 0.16 0.04 0.02 0.3 0.03 15.5
Double refractory ore 57.5 5.9 2.6 9.5 5 0.06 0.75 0.21 0.04 0.02 0.29 0.05 15
Triple refractory ore 55.4 12.5 5.6 8.4 1.8 0.17 2.3 0.2 0.04 0.04 0.66 0.02 8.1

Table 1b - Gold, Copper, Sulphur, Arsenic and Carbon analysis data of various ore types used in this study

Sample ID Au Cu S
-2
C (org) CO3 C(graphitic) As
(in g/t) (in %)
Copper-gold ore 0.23 0.51 1.72 - 0.12 - <30 g/t
Double refractory ore 8.34 35 (g/t) 1.08 1.5 12.5 0.2 0.05
Triple refractory ore 18.5 39 (g/t) 2.25 0.45 8.15 0.13 0.92

Compositions of various process streams presented in this study are shown in the Tables 2A to 2F.

Table 2a - Whole rock analysis data (weight %) for different process streams of
copper-gold-ore used in this study

Sample ID SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O P2O5 MnO Cr2O3 TiO2 V2O5
Rougher Tails 61.9 13.1 3.6 4.5 2.1 2.1 2.9 0.21 0.02 0.02 0.46 0.02
Cleaner Tails 42.5 13.8 16.3 3.6 2.2 1.4 3.2 0.22 0.02 0.09 0.48 0.02
Final Conc 1.5 0.6 43.3 <0.05 0.17 0.04 0.12 <0.04 0.008 <0.01 0.1 0.02

Table 2b - Gold, Copper, Sulphur, Arsenic and Carbon analysis data for different process streams of
Copper-gold-ore used in this study
Sample ID Au Cu S
-2
C (org) CO3 C(graphitic) As
(in g/t) (in %)
Rougher tails 0.04 0.02 0.32 - 0.15 - <30
Cleaner tails 0.39 0.19 10.3 - 0.1 - <30
Final Conc 7.11 33.2 30.8 - 0.1 - 440

Table 2c - Whole rock analysis data (weight %) for different process streams of
double refractory ore used in this study

Sample ID SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O P2O5 MnO Cr2O3 TiO2 V2O5 LOI
POX /CIL Residue 59.4 4.2 2 10.6 6.2 0.02 0.63 0.15 0.03 0.02 0.22 0.03 15.4
CIL Residue 55.8 6.1 2.6 11.3 5.6 0.07 0.7 0.17 0.04 0.01 0.26 0.04 16.1
 Table 2d - Gold, Copper, Sulphur, Arsenic and Carbon analysis data for different process streams of
double refractory ore used in this study

Sample ID Au Cu S-2 C (org) CO3 C(graphitic) As

(in g/t) (in %)
POX /CIL Residue 3.36 37 0.07 0.89 10.3 0.2 0.06
CIL Residue 1.9 29 0.09 0.23 9.6 0.3 0.05

Table 2e - Whole rock analysis data (weight %) for different process streams of
triple refractory ore

Sample ID SiO Al2O Fe2O Mg Ca Na2 K2 TiO P2O Mn Cr2O V2O LO

2 3 3 O O O O 2 5 O 3 5 I
Py Scav Ro 55. 13.5 8.92 1.54 4.7 0.12 2.4 0.65 0.2 0.02 0.03 0.02 9.8
Conc 7 3 1 2 8
TCM Ro 46. 13.6 4.62 2.36 4.5 0.02 2.3 0.92 0.4 0.02 0.03 0.02 22.
Conc 1 5 6 1 1
Rougher Tail 56. 11.1 3.08 1.88 12. 0.27 2.1 0.64 0.1 0.05 0.03 0.02 11.
5 1 0 8 4

Table 2f - Gold, Copper, Sulphur, Arsenic and Carbon analysis data for different process streams of
triple refractory ore used in this study

Sample ID Au Cu S
-2
C (org) CO3 C(graphitic) As

(in g/t) (in %)

Pyrite Scav Ro Conc 34.4 153 5.04 0.48 4.5 0.08 0.72
TCM Rougher Conc 35.2 96 3.28 2.41 4.4 0.13 8.91
Rougher Tail 2.84 77 0.08 0.24 11.3 0.06 0.07

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – BULK AND TCM MINERALOGY

The mineralogical findings presented in this paper are based on feed composite samples and processed
products from flotation and gold leaching circuits. The bulk mineralogy of the rougher feed and tailings samples for
the copper-gold ore was similar, mainly composed of quartz, plagioclase and mica with minor amount of iron-oxides
and a minor to trace amount of Cu-sulphide phases. Cleaner tails were mainly composed of pyrite, mica and quartz
while the final concentrate was dominantly composed of chalcopyrite with minor amounts of other copper-sulphides
and pyrite (Figure 2). The bulk mineralogy of three CIL leach stream samples of double refractory ore was similar,
mainly composed of quartz with moderate amounts of dolomite, mica and clay (kaolinite). Minor to trace amounts
of pyrite/arsenean pyrite, sulphate, TCM, calcite, iron-oxides, were noted (Figures 3 & 4). In case of triple refractory
ores, the bulk mineralogy of all these four samples was similar, mainly composed of quartz, mica and other silicates
with minor to moderate amount of calcite and minor to traces of arsenopyrite and realgar (Figure 5). High pyrite,
around 11%, in pyrite scavenger rougher concentrate and high arsenopyrite (3%) and realgar (5%) in TCM rougher
concentrate was noted. The quantitative mineral analysis data is presented in Tables 3 A to C.
 Optical microscopic study was carried out for morphological speciation and quantification of TCM. Based
on this study and SEM-EDS compositional analysis, two broad categories of TCM were noted. The first category is
the medium/coarse grained (20 - 50µm) rectangular, triangular, sub-rounded TCM, occurred both as liberated and
locked/attached to silicates or carbonates (see Figure 3). In general, this type of TCM is dominantly (>75%)
composed of carbon with minor amounts of silicates, sulphides and iron oxides. The second variety, of TCM is the
fine grained disseminated (1 - 10µm) elongated veins, veinlets or interstitial stringers, mostly locked within
silicates/carbonates or occurs as composite TCM with silicates/carbonates, iron oxides and sulphides (Figure 4).
The carbon content in this variety of TCM is varied widely from fraction of 0% to 50%.

Table 3A - Modal data used for gold deportment Table 3B - Modal data used for gold
deportment
from copper-gold ore samples from double refractory ore
Mineral Mass Sample ID
sampes
(in wt%) Rougher Feed Rougher Tails Cleaner Tails Final Conc.
Chalcopyrite 1.8 0.1 0.1 85.4 Mineral Mass Sample ID
Bornite 0.1 0.0 0.0 4.0 (in wt%) Feed POX/CILResidue CIL Residue
Covellite 0.1 0.0 0.0 3.1 Quartz 51.1 52.0 49.7
Pyrite 4.3 0.6 22.6 6.3 Dolomite 26.0 27.2 27.5
Other Sulfides 0.2 0.0 2.5 0.2
Mica 6.3 5.7 6.6
Quartz 38.9 41.8 20.8 0.1
Clay 9.0 8.6 10.1
Plagioclase 14.5 16.6 8.8 0.0
Anhydrite/Gypsum 0.4 0.8 0.9
K-Feldspars 3.4 3.8 0.9 0.0
Amphibole 0.6 0.4 2.0 0.2 Pyrite 2.2 0.2 0.2
Micas 23.7 25.0 25.6 0.3 Calcite 3.0 3.7 4.1
Chlorite 5.0 5.1 4.6 0.1 Fe-Oxides 0.2 0.4 0.3
Clays 3.3 2.9 5.3 0.1 TCM 1.5 0.9 0.2
Gypsum/Anhydrite 1.9 1.4 5.7 0.0 Others* 0.3 0.5 0.4
Fe-Oxides 1.6 1.7 0.4 0.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Rutile 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0
Other* 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2
Total 100 100 100 100

*including amphibole, apatite, carbonates and ilmenite

 Table 3C - Modal data used for gold deportment
from triple refractory ore samples

Sample ID
Py Scav Ro Rougher
Mineral Mass (wt%) Feed TCM Ro Conc
Conc Tail
Pyrite/Marcasite 4.6 10.8 7.4 0.2
Arsenopyrite 0.5 0.4 3.1 -
Realgar 0.8 0.5 5.3 -
Other Sulphides 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Quartz 34.1 32.4 17.6 34.8
Plagioclase 10.0 9.3 8.3 9.7
K-Feldspar 13.7 14.1 16.3 12.6
Micas 12.3 12.1 22.6 14.2
Clay Minerals 4.5 3.5 3.5 5.3
Chlorite 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.6
Amphibole 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1
Fe- Oxides 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.7
Fe/Ti Minerals 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6
Calcite 11.3 8.5 6.2 14.8
Dolomite/Ankerite 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.6
Apatite 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.7
TCM 0.5 0.5 2.4 0.2
Other 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.3
Total 100 100 100 100
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION - GOLD MINERALOGY
Three Different Ore Types
Gold scan was carried out by optical microscopy and MLA for different polished sections prepared
from all these samples after pre-concentration. A number of gold grains were noted in copper-gold refractory ore
and in triple refractory ore. Morphology of gold grains in both ores were similar, mostly occurred as fine grained
(average grain 3µm to 4µm) native gold (76 to 100% Au). In copper-gold refractory ore, gold grains were mostly
liberated (60%) while majority of gold grains occurred as inclusions within arsenopyrite/pyrite in triple refractory
ore. No visible gold grain was noted in double refractory ore.

Process Stream samples

A number of gold grains were noted in flotation stream samples from Cu-Au refractory ore and triple
refractory ore samples. Gold grains in flotation stream samples from copper-gold refractory ore were fine grained
(average grain size 2µm -7µm) gold grains, mostly liberated (90%) in concentrate and mostly locked (95% - 100%)
in tailings (Figure 6). Gold grains in flotation stream samples from triple refractory ore occurred as fine inclusions
(average grain size 2µm -4µm) mostly within arsenopyrite and pyrite in concentrate and within silicates and pyrite
in tailings (Figure 7). No visible gold grain was noted CIL Leach stream samples from double refractory ores.

Figure 6: Photomicrographs of Native Gold grains (Au/red arrow) in Cu-Au refractory ores
 Si
Asp
Asp Py

Figure 7: Photomicrographs of Native Gold grains (red arrow/circle) in triple refractory ore

Invisible (Sub-microscopic) Gold

Concentration of invisible gold in sulfides, Fe-Oxides and TCM was carried out using Cameca IMS 3F
SIMS instrument. Different morphological types of pyrites (coarse, fine, porous, aggregates of
microcrystalline/disseminated pyrite) and TCM (coarse/medium grained TCM and fine disseminated and composite
TCM) were identified by optical microscopic study and dynamic SIMS analysis was carried out for each of the
varieties) to quantify invisible gold concentration. Dynamic SIMS analysis data indicated 11% invisible gold in Cu-
Au refractory ore which was contributed from Fe-Oxides (6%), pyrite (2.5%) and copper sulfides (2.5%). In double
refractory and triple refractory ore, pyrite was dominant gold carrier accounted for 86% and 88% of total gold
respectively (Tables 4a – c).
In process stream samples from Cu-Au refractory, chalcopyrite was main invisible gold carrier accounted
for 4.5% of total Au in Final Concentrate. In cleaner scavenger tail, Fe-Oxides and pyrite were main invisible gold
carrier accounted for 12% and 9% of total Au respectively. In rougher tail, Fe-Oxides accounted for 22% of total Au
(Table 4a)
Table 4a - Visible Gold and Invisible Gold distribution from Cu-Au refractory ores
In-visible/Sub-microscopic Gold (in %)
Visible/Microscopic Gold
Sample ID in Cu- in other in Fe-
in Pyrite (in %)
sulphides Sulphides Oxides
2.46 2.64 0.04 5.54
Feed 89.32
Total in-visible gold: 11%
Final 0.47 4.53 0.09 0.02
94.89
Concentration Total in-visible gold: 5%
Cleaner Scavenger 8.59 0.3 0.09 11.93
79.09
Tail Total in-visible gold: 21%
0.34 1.04 - 21.49
Rougher Tail 77.13
Total in-visible gold: 23%

In process stream samples from double refractory, pyrite was moderate gold carrier accounted for 23% of
total gold in POX/CIL residue and 19% in CIL residue (Table 4b). In process stream samples from triple refractory,
pyrite was dominant gold carrier accounted for 85% of total gold in pyrite scavenger rougher concentrate and 76%
in TCM rougher concentrate (Table 4c).

Table 4b - Measured concentration of Invisible Gold in Sulfides and Fe-Oxides from double refractory ores
 Minerals Pyrite Microcrystalline/disseminated Fe-Oxides
Sample ID
Morphology Coarse Fine Porous Pyrite aggregates
Average (ppm) 4.31 127.68 155.6 470.19 3.75
Feed Range (ppm) 0.4 – 6.0 13 - 430 6 - 470 52 - 1330 0.14 - 10
Distribution (%) 0.21 17.2 12.65 55.74 0.14
Average (ppm) 3.9 121.86 141.72 444.77 3.91
POX/CIL Residue Range (ppm) 0.7 – 7.9 15 - 247 75 - 251 96.9 – 938.3 0.48 – 9.8
Distribution (%) 0.01 4.81 5.53 12.59 0.41
Average (ppm) 3.2 115.85 158.8 466.23 3.75
CIL Residue Range (ppm) 0.8 – 5.7 21.6 - 245 32.7 -367 54.5 - 1175 0.48 – 13.8
Distribution (%) 0.02 3.66 4.85 10.72 0.59

Table 4c - Visible Gold and Invisible Gold distribution from triple refractory ore samples
In-visible/Sub-microscopic Gold (in %) Visible/Microscopic Gold
Sample ID in Pyrite in Arsenopyrite in Realgar in Fe-Oxides in TCM (in %)
Feed 87.5 0.4 1.6 0.2 0.2 10.1

Py Scav Ro Conc 85.4 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.1 13.5

TCM Ro Conc 75.8 8.5 5.4 0.1 0.6 9.6

Rougher Tail 37.8 0.3 1.9 25.8 0.7 33.5

Preg-robbed Surface Gold in TCM

In double refractory Au-ore samples, all identified types of TCM showed preg-robbing capacity. High
variability in preg-robbed surface gold largely due to the amount of disseminated carbon present or exposed on the
surface of various grains. The TOF-SIMS analysis of as received TCM from feed sample did not show a presence of
metallic surface gold above the minimum detection limit of 2-5ppm while elevated concentrations of surface gold on
carbonaceous matter from POX-CIL and CIL residue samples were observed by TOF-SIMS. The results of preg-
robbed surface gold from POX-CIL and CIL residue samples are presented in Tables 5A to B.

Table 5a - Preg-robbed Surface Gold in POX/CIL Residue from double refractory ore
Estimated Preg-robbed Surface Gold Distribution Total Preg-robbed
Sample ID Carbonaceous matters
surface Au (in ppm) (%) Surface Au (%)
Fine grained disseminated 0.27 12.4
POX/CIL Residue veins/stringers 64.8
Coarse grained 1.43 52.4
rectangular/triangular

Table 5b - : Preg-robbed Surface Gold in CIL Residue from double refractory ore
Estimated Preg-robbed Surface Gold Distribution Total Preg-robbed
Sample ID Carbonaceous matters
surface Au (in ppm) (%) Surface Au (%)
Fine grained disseminated 0.2 10.7
CIL Residue veins/stringers 54.2
Coarse grained 0.94 43.5
rectangular/triangular

Metallurgy Implications

The mineralogy and gold deportment insights presented in this paper for the three ore types and various
process streams were instrumental in developing metallurgy diagnostics. These studies highlighted the key sources
of gold losses in process streams and strategies were developed to improve metallurgy. Findings for the copper-gold
refractory ore suggest that a minimum gold deportment of around 5% is expected in copper concentrates due to the
presence of invisible gold in chalcopyrite. This information allowed redefining the flotation conditions to ensure that
any free gold in copper flotation was sufficiently depressed so that the CIL circuit on flotation tailings could recover
them. Care was taken to maximize chalcopyrite recovery in copper flotation, otherwise the invisible gold associated
with chalcopyrite in flotation tailings would be lost in CIL. Quantification of gold in different species allows
defining the right process strategies to maximize overall gold recovery and also net smelter returns (NSR).
One of the major challenges with some complex ore bodies is the presence of refractory gold in iron oxides.
In the case of the copper-gold refractory ore presented in this study, the gold losses associated with iron oxides in
flotation rougher tails were unusually high, around 22%. This insight highlighted the need to recover gold associated
with iron oxides to maximize overall gold recovery for the deposit. A novel process was developed to maximize
recovery of iron oxide and the associated gold. Details of this development are beyond the scope of this paper.
The findings of studies on the double refractory ore suggested that about 23% of the total gold losses were
due to inadequate sulfide oxidation in autoclaves. In many cases, these sulfides were in organic carbon as fine
inclusions, which resulted in poor oxidation of sulfides and the preg-robbing behavior of carbon, thus magnifying
the challenges associated with gold recovery. A novel patented flotation process was developed by Barrick that
allowed recovery of organic carbon and fine inclusion of sulfides in a small mass of flotation concentrate, which
could then be recovered by roasting or other processes (Gorain and Kondos, 2012). The findings of the studies on
the triple refractory ores suggest that pyrite was the dominant gold carrier accounting for 75 to 85% of total gold in
flotation concentrates whereas the flotation tailings consisted of gold losses associated with pyrite and iron oxides.
This understanding allowed development of a flotation process that could recover arsenic bearing minerals from
pyrite along with selective separation of organic carbon and pyrite. Other flotation improvement opportunities
utilizing quantitative gold deportment and mineralogy information as an important step have been discussed
elsewhere (Gorain, 2013). The integrated quantitative gold mineralogy methodology used in this study has been
instrumental in providing the much needed insight for development of metallurgical strategies to process complex
single, double and triple refractory ores. This is one of the first key steps as part of “problem diagnosis” in Barrick’s
five-step approach to developing breakthrough solutions to complex metallurgical problems (Gorain and Kondos,
2015).

CONCLUDING REMARKS

This paper discusses the major findings of studies utilizing an integrated quantitative gold deportment
methodology on a copper-gold single refractory ore as well as on double and triple refractory ores with a view to
develop insights for metallurgy diagnostics. These studies allowed high confidence characterization and
quantification of the gold in different mineral species and also highlighted the key sources of gold losses in different
flotation and hydrometallurgical process streams. The findings of these gold deportment studies were immensely
useful for Barrick in initiating strategies to optimize metallurgy and also assisted in development of novel processes
to maximize gold recovery from various complex ore bodies.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are grateful to Barrick Gold Corporation for their support and discussion. Sincere thanks to
Process Research Ortech Inc. and SGS Minerals Inc. for their support in some mineralogy work, along with Dr.
Marc Choquette from Laval University, Lori Kormos from Xstrata Process Support, Peter Whittaker from AuTec
and Wendy Ma from BV Minerals, for providing their expertise from time to time.

REFERENCES

Chattopadhyay, A., Dimov, S., Hart, B. and Gorain, B., 2016, Novel Gold Deportment Technique –
Applications for Complex Copper-Gold and Refractory Gold Ores, XXVIII International Mineral Processing
Congress (IMPC -2016), Quebec City, Canada.
Chattopadhyay, A. and Gorain, B., 2013, Gold Deportment Studies on a Copper Gold Ore – A Systematic
Approach to Quantitative Mineralogy Focusing on Diagnostic Metallurgy, (2013), 45th Annual Canadian Mineral
Processors Operators Conference, Ottawa, pp. 29 - 42.
Chattopadhyay, A. and Gorain, B., 2014, A Novel Approach to Quantify Gold Deportment for Double
Refractory Gold Ores, XXVII International Mineral Processing Congress (IMPC-2014), Santiago, Chile.
Dimov, S.S., Hart, B.R., and Chattopadhyay, A., 2009, Speciation and Quantification of Surface Gold in
Carbonaceous Matter from AC POX Stream Products by TOF-SIMS, Mineralogy Proceedings of the 48th Annual
Conference of Metallurgists of CIM, Sudbury, Ontario, pp. 85-91.
Gorain, B.K and Kondos, P.D., 2012. Method to improve recovery of gold from double refractory gold
ores; 11th September, US patent 8262768 B2
Gorain, B.K., 2013. Developing solutions to complex flotation problems, 45th Annual Canadian Mineral
Processors Conference, Ottawa, Jan 22 -24.
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problems, 47th Annual Canadian Mineral Processors Conference, Ottawa, Jan 20 -22.