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Evolution of the late Pleistocene Mojanda–Fuya Fuya volcanic complex

(Ecuador), by progressive adakitic involvement in mantle magma sources

Article  in  Bulletin of Volcanology · April 2009

DOI: 10.1007/s00445-008-0219-9

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Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258
DOI 10.1007/s00445-008-0219-9
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Evolution of the late Pleistocene Mojanda–Fuya Fuya
volcanic complex (Ecuador), by progressive adakitic
involvement in mantle magma sources
Claude Robin & Jean-Philippe Eissen &
Pablo Samaniego & Hervé Martin & Minard Hall &
Joseph Cotten
Received: 4 July 2005 / Accepted: 9 May 2008 / Published online: 19 June 2008
# Springer-Verlag 2008
Abstract The Mojanda–Fuya Fuya Volcanic Complex con-
sists of two nearby volcanoes, Mojanda and Fuya Fuya.
The older one, Mojanda volcano (0.6 to 0.2 Ma), was first
constructed by andesites and high-silica andesites forming a
large stratovolcano (Lower Mojanda). This edifice was
capped by a basaltic andesite and andesitic cone (Upper
Mojanda), which collapsed later to form a 3-km-wide
summit caldera, after large phreatomagmatic eruptions. The
Lower Fuya Fuya edifice was constructed by the extrusion
of viscous Si-rich andesitic lavas and dacitic domes, and the
emission of a thick sequence of pyroclastic-flow and fallout
deposits which include two voluminous rhyolitic layers. An
intermediate construction phase at Fuya Fuya is represented
by a mainly effusive cone, andesitic in composition (San
Editorial responsibility: J McPhie
C. Robin (*) : J.-P. Eissen
IRD, UMR 163,
Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (UBP-CNRS-IRD),
5 rue Kessler,
63038 Clermont-Ferrand, France
e-mail: Claude.Robin@ird.fr
C. Robin : P. Samaniego : M. Hall
Instituto Geofisico, Escuela Politecnica Nacional,
A.P. 17-01-2759,
Quito, Ecuador
H. Martin
Université Blaise Pascal,
Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (CNRS-UMR 6524),
5 rue Kessler,
63038 Clermont-Ferrand, France
J. Cotten
Université de Bretagne Occidentale,
Unité Domaines Océaniques (CNRS-UMR 6538),
BP 809, 29285 Brest, France
Bartolo edifice), the construction of which was interrupted
by a major sector collapse in the Late Pleistocene. Finally, a
complex of thick siliceous lavas and domes was emplaced
within the avalanche amphitheatre, forming the Upper Fuya
Fuya volcanic centre. This paper shows that the general
evolution from an effusive to an explosive eruptive style is
related to a progressive adakitic contribution to the magma
source. Although all the rocks of the complex are included
in the medium-K field of continental arcs, the Fuya Fuya
suite (61–75 wt.% SiO2) shows depletion in Y and HREE
and high Sr/Y and La/Yb values, compared to the less
silicic Mojanda suite (55–66.5 wt.% SiO2). The Mojanda
calc-alkaline suite was generated by partial melting of an
adakite-metasomatised mantle source that left a residue
with 2% garnet, followed by fractional crystallization of
dominant plagioclase + pyroxene + olivine at shallow,
intra-crustal depths. For Fuya Fuya, geochemical and
mineralogical data suggest either (1) partial melting of a
similar metasomatised mantle with more garnet in the
residue (4%), followed by fractional crystallization involv-
ing plagioclase, amphibole and pyroxene, or (2) mixing of
mafic mantle-derived magma from the Mojanda suite and
slab melts, followed by the same fractional crystallization
process.
Keywords Arc magmatism . Volcano evolution .
Mantle metasomatism . Slab melting . Adakites .
Ecuador . Andes
Introduction
Subduction-related magmas are considered to be generated
by two distinct mechanisms, the most common being that
234 Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258

the subducted oceanic crust is old (>20 Ma), cold, and
dehydrates before reaching its solidus temperature. The
liberated fluids metasomatise the mantle wedge, reduce the
solidus temperature and cause partial melting. This mech-
anism gives rise to conventional calc-alkaline magmas (e.g.
Tatsumi and Eggins 1995). The second explanation
involves a young (≤5 Ma), subducted plate, or an active
mid-ocean ridge. Therefore, the subducted oceanic crust is
much hotter. It then melts before dehydrating, producing
adakitic magmas (Martin 1987; Defant and Drummond
1990; Sajona et al. 1993, 2000; Kepezhinskas et al. 1996;
Peacock 1996; Maury et al. 1996).
Pleistocene to Holocene volcanic successions of Ecuador
are characterised by the frequent coexistence of conven-
tional calc-alkaline and adakite-like compositions (Monzier
et al. 1997b, 1999; Bourdon et al. 2002a, b; Samaniego et
al. 2002, 2005; Bryant et al. 2006). Consequently, the
Ecuadorian volcanic arc appears to be a key area in
addressing problems relating to calc-alkaline and adakitic
magmatism and their interactions. This paper describes and
discusses the characteristics of two close and partly
contemporaneous volcanic centres in this arc, Mojanda
and Fuya Fuya, the geochemistry of which highlights such
a transition. The aims are to understand the evolution of
both magma suites, constrain the nature of magma sources,
and emphasise the influence of magma evolution on the
volcano development and eruptive styles.
Geological context and age
The Ecuadorian volcanic arc is the result of the subduction
of the Miocene (12–20 Ma) Nazca plate beneath the South
American continental lithosphere (Fig. 1a). About 50 large
volcanoes, distributed over 300 km N–S and 100–120 km
E–W, form this arc which developed facing the Carnegie
Ridge (Fig. 1b). Gutscher et al. (1999) implied that this
ridge has been subducting for at least two million years,
and likely less than five million years.
From a geochemical point of view, Ecuador’s volcanoes
form three main groups, belonging roughly to the Western
Cordillera (or frontal arc), the Eastern Cordillera (or main

Fig. 1 a Geodynamic map 79° W 78° W

of north–western South America 1 Cotacachi
and Central America. CAR= 2 Cushnirumi
Frontal Arc
)

3 Mojanda
arc

Caribbean Plate; COC=Cocos

Main Arc
tal

Plate; NAZ=Nazca Plate; SAM= 4 Fuya Fuya

on

South American Plate; CaR:

(Fr

Carnegie Ridge; CoR=Cocos Back Arc 5 Cayambe

RA

Ridge; Bo=Bogota; Q=Quito. b 6 Pululagua

LE

1
Volcanoes of Ecuador. Names of 7 Chacana
DIL

the 15 main edifices are given

OR

2 Caldera
4 3
NC

8 Pichincha
)
arc
ER

6 5 9 Antisana
N
ST

0°
ain
SIO

14
WE

10 Cotopaxi
A (M
ES
PR

8
11 Tungurahua
LER
DE

Quito 12 Chimborazo
)

7
DIL

arc

13 Sangay
OR

ack
NC

14 Reventador
E (B

9
15
TER

15 Sumaco
T
IEN
AN

10
EAS
E

Tectonic
OR
ND
-A

lineaments
ER
INT

1° S CAR
25

15
COC
15
R Bo
11 5 Co 5
12 15
5
5 SAM
15
G 5 Q

15
CaR
A
aseismic ridges

2° S
B 13 15
NAZ 5 oceanic crust (Ma)
25 accreted terranes
Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258
arc), and the Back-Arc Region (Fig. 1b; Monzier et al.
1997b; Bourdon et al. 2003). In between the two
cordilleras, a depression several hundred kilometres in
length, called the Interandean valley, has been developing
since the Miocene. Beneath the Eastern Cordillera, the
continental crust is of Paleozoic age (Litherland et al. 1994)
and ~50 km thick (Prévot et al. 1996). In contrast, under the
Western Cordillera, the crust consists of heterogeneous
terranes of intraoceanic subduction origin, accreted to the
margin during Paleocene times (Kerr et al. 2002; McCourt
et al. 1998; Reynaud et al. 1999; Jaillard et al. 1997).
The Mojanda–Fuya Fuya Volcanic Complex is located
50 km NNE of Quito, in the Interandean Valley. The two
eruptive centres, only 3 km apart (Fig. 2), were previously
considered as a single 25×30 km-wide volcano. Based on
K/Ar data (Barberi et al. 1988), the construction of
Mojanda is thought to have started about 0.6 Ma ago.
Robin et al. (1997) showed that its activity ended just
before the eruption of the regional “Pifo ash-fall layer”,
which originated in the Chacana caldera 0.18–0.20 Ma
(Bigazzi et al. 1992) or ~0.165 Ma ago (Hall and Mothes
1997). Fuya Fuya’s activity started before the end of the
first main construction phase in Mojanda, i.e. more than
0.2 Ma ago, but probably less than 0.5 Ma (Fig. 3b). The
building of Fuya Fuya persisted up to the Maximum
Glaciation, i.e. 20–30 ka BP (Clapperton 1993) and maybe
up to Holocene (Robin et al. 1997).
Main units of the Mojanda–Fuya Fuya volcanic
complex
Mojanda
The Mojanda volcano (4,260 m) consists of two successive
cones, identified as Lower Mojanda and Upper Mojanda. It
built up southwestward of Cushnirumi Peak, an older,
dissected volcano (Fig. 2). Upper Mojanda was partly
destroyed by large phreatomagmatic eruptions which
resulted in the collapse of a 3 km-wide summit caldera
now occupied by a lake. This event marked the end of
Mojanda development.
Lower Mojanda
The basal cone is 16×18 km wide. To the south, east, and
north, its slopes have regular low gradients (5–8°).
Remnant sommas between 3,750 and 4,000 m high mark
the limit of a former caldera (Caldera 1 of Figs 2 and 3), 4–
5 km wide, which stratigraphically separates this former
edifice from Upper Mojanda. Lower Mojanda consists
mainly of two-pyroxene andesite and high-silica andesitic
lavas (unit M-I-1, 56 to 62.5 wt.% SiO2; Table 1). Thick
235
autobrecciated lava flows of amphibole-bearing dacite
preceded the caldera event (unit M-I-2, 64–65 wt.% SiO2).
Upper Mojanda
The building of this composite cone began with basaltic to
high-silica andesite lava flows (unit M-II-1, 55.5–62.4 wt.%
SiO2; Table 1). Next, basaltic andesite pyroclastic flows
(ash-and-scoria flows; M-II-2: 55–56% SiO2) and andesite
block- and ash flows (unit M-II-3, 61% SiO2) were erupted
explosively in conjunction with at least one phase of
summit domes. During a subsequent phase of activity, most
of the upper slopes were covered by a ~300-m-thick
stratified sequence of coarse breccia, basaltic andesite in
composition, interlayered with lavas and a few fall deposits
(unit M-II-4). The breccia consists of dense and angular vitric
fragments dispersed in a finer matrix bearing palagonite.
Clasts in fall deposits show quench fragmentation textures and
a large range of vesicularity indicating explosive activity with
variable water/magma ratios (Wohletz 1983; Houghton and
Wilson 1989). The breccia is interpreted to be hyaloclastite,
and together with autobrecciated lavas, are typical of a
glacial or subglacial environment.
Geochemically, the M-II-2 and M-II-4 units mark two
phases of renewed mafic magmatism after the M-II-1 and
M-II-3 high-silica andesites, respectively. Finally, a thick
sequence of ash and lapilli layers mantles Mojanda’s upper
slopes (unit M-II-5, Fig. 3a). This unit, underlying the
regional “Pifo ash-fall layer”, records the partial destruction
of the summit cone by a highly explosive phreatomagmatic
event and the formation of the youngest summit caldera
(Caldera 2, Fig. 2).
Fuya Fuya volcano
The Fuya Fuya volcano (4,263 m) consists of three edifices
(Figs. 2 and 3b): (1) a basal edifice, or Lower Fuya Fuya;
(2) the intermediate San Bartolo cone, which suffered a
large sector collapse; and (3) Upper Fuya Fuya, a summit
complex of lavas and domes, 5 km wide and ~1,000 m
high, emplaced within the amphitheatre formed by this
sector collapse.
Lower Fuya Fuya (units FF-I and FF-II)
Unit FF-I consists of high-silica andesitic to dacitic (61–
67 wt.% SiO2) domes and thick lavas. They were extruded
on the western flank of Lower Mojanda, following a large
dacitic eruption, the reworked equivalent of which accounts
for the main volume of the lower pumice deposits at the
Jerusalen locality (Figs. 2 and 3a; sample MOJ 26 in
Tables 1 and 2). On the basis of petrologic data, two eroded
eccentric domes—the Puellaro and San Jorge domes
236 Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258

78° 25'W 78° 20'W 78° 15'W

urban zones
San Jorge
Fig. 3C
Dome Cushnirumi
0°15'N OTAVALO
Fig. 3D
Pucara Moj 1 caldera
de
Velasquez 28
0 0 Moj 2 caldera
Laguna
CUSHNIRUMI San Pablo Mojanda crater

280
0 FF caldera
00
28
fractures
2400
San Jose M. M-I-2 00 main rivers
32
00 78° 10'W
36
0°10'N
FF-IV-3
2000

LGM

Atahualpa
FUYA FUYA M-I-1
4000
FF-IV-1 SAN BARTOLO
MOJANDA
Rio

FF-III
Gu

M-II
16
ayl

00 Puellaro Dome 3600

FF-I Tupigachi
lab
am

0°05'N
Puellaro
ba

3200

Tabacundo
20
00

Malchingui Cochasqui
280
0

2400
Jerusalen section
0°00' FF-II (Fig. 3A)
Rio Pisque Fig. 3C
0 km 10
Fig. 3D

SAN BARTOLO EDIFICE (SB)

Epiclastic and fallout deposits from both
volcanoes : (mainly M-II-5 and FF-V) FF-III San Bartolo lava flows (andesites)
LOWER FUYA FUYA (LFF)
UPPER FUYA-FUYA (UFF)
FF-II pyroclastic deposits (high-silica
FF V-1 : Lava flows or domes FF V-2 pyroclastic andesites to rhyolites)
flows (dacites)
Andesites FF-I lava flows and lava domes

Dacites UPPER MOJANDA (UM)

M-II-4 breccias (mainly basaltic andesites)
DEPOSITS OF THE SEC TOR COLLAPSE EVENT M-II-1 andesite lava flows +
FF IV-3 airfall and surge deposits (dacites) M-II-2 and M-II-3 pyroclastic flow deposits
covering avalanche deposits in places LOWER MOJANDA (LM)
FF-IV-2 Pyroclastic-flow deposits (dacites) Limit of M-I-1 lava flows (underlying
FF-II deposits)
FF-IV-1 Debris avalanche from San Bartolo M-I-1 and M-I-2 lava flows (mainly andesites)
cone (partly from LFF and Mojanda edifices)
and probable avalanche deposits in Rio
Guayllabamba valley. CUSHNIRUMI (undifferentiated)

Fig. 2 Simplified geological map of the Mojanda–Fuya-Fuya volcanic complex showing the main lithological units (after Robin et al. 1997). San
Jose M.: San Jose de Minas. LGM: Laguna Grande de Mojanda. The locations of the sections presented in Fig. 3 are given
Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258 237

A) JERUSALEN SECTION B) SUMMARIZED STRATIGRAPHY

mainly FF-II and M-II-5 deposits from LFF
and UM edifices, respectively. Fuya Fuya volcano Mojanda volcano
0

Fuya Fuya (FF-V)

Last summit domes
40
+ Panecillo and
C.F. 80 Colangal domes

Upper
Age > 35,000 y. BP
UPPER FUYA FUYA (FF-V)

Sta Teresa pyroclastic dep.

5 D7
Lavas
45
and domes
85

Atahualpa pyrocl. flow + fallout tephras

10 D6
FF sector collapse event (unit FF-IV)
50 D1
D5 0.17 Ma (Pifo layer)
90
FF-III

Bartolo
San
mainly M-II-5

Upper Mojanda
FF-II

15
lavas summit caldera ~ 0.2 Ma
FF-II

55 M-II-4 breccias
95 M-II-2 and 3
FF-II pyrocl. deposits
20
R1 Lower Fuya Fuya pyroclastic
R2 M-II-1
MOJ deposits
60
77B R1 basaltic andesite lavas
UPPER MOJANDA (M-II-5)

100
R2 Repose ?
FF-II

25 FF-I Collapse : Caldera Mojanda 1

D4 lavas M-I-2
65
and domes dacitic lavas

Lower Mojanda
105

30
M-I-1
andesite and
D3 ~ 0.5 Ma
70 high-silica andesite
lavas
110

35
m
75
D2
Fuya Fuya deposits
Altered ash
115
(Cangahua) Light colored ash (dacitic or rhyolitic)

Mojanda deposits Pumice or ash fall (rhyolitic or dacitic)

Andesitic ash Ash and pumice-rich lahar

120
Alternating ash and Monolithologic block-rich lahar deposit
lapilli (andesitic) (poorly reworked block-and-ash- flow
FF-II

deposits; andesitic or dacitic)

Scoria-rich lahar dep.
(andesitic) Waterlain deposits
125

C) N-S section across Mojanda volcano D) N-S section across Fuya Fuya volcano
Yanaurcu breccias (M-II-4) Avalanche
km caldera San Bartolo cone
km N S 5
N (FF-III) S
5 Laguna Grande M-II-1 andesite lavas
de Mojanda Fuya-Fuya domes
(FF-V 1-3) FF-I
M-I-1 lavas
4 M-I-2 dacitic 4
lavas FF-II, M-II-5 and FF-V
(Jerusalen section)
3 3 M-I-1
M-I-1
2 2
5 10 15 20 km 25 5 10 15 20 km 25

Fig. 3 Stratigraphy of the Mojanda–Fuya Fuya volcanic complex. a the Chacana caldera fallout (CF). The vertical arrows between the units
Jerusalen stratigraphic section (location on Fig. 2) showing interbedded at 10, 16 and 26 m mark gradational contacts between different
fall deposits from both volcanic centres. Note the two main rhyolitic lithologies. D1 to D7 record periods of dome activity. b Stratigraphy of
pumice deposits R1 and R2 which mark the climax of plinian-style the whole Mojanda–Fuya Fuya volcanic complex. c and d north–south
activity during development of the lower Fuya Fuya, the andesitic fall cross sections through Mojanda and Fuya Fuya volcanoes, respectively
tephras from Mojanda (M-II-5 unit) and the rhyolitic pumice related to (location of both sections on Fig. 2)
238 Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258

Table 1 List of the studied samples presented according to the different stratigraphic units, UTM coordinates, and simplified modal mineralogy
of some samples

Sample UTM coordinates Lithology of the sample Simplified mineralogy SiO2

number
oliv plag cpx opx amph biot FeTi apat gost qtz

FF-V: Fuya Fuya post-collapse deposits

MOJ 102 UTM 024 167 Lava dome Panecillo − ++ − + + − MT tr − − 64.9
MOJ 36 UTM 042 141 Colangal dome − ++ + + + − M − A tr 63.2
MOJ 81 UTM 019 153 Fuya Fuya dome 68.2
MOJ 10 Jerusalen s.s.a Biotite pumice fall; Sta. Teresa sequence − + − − tr tr M − − tr 66.8
MOJ 41C UTM 008 057 Pumice fall; Sta. Teresa sequence 65.2
MOJ 41B UTM 008 057 Pumice in pyr. flow (Sta. Teresa sequence) − + + + tr tr M tr − − 65.0
MOJ 42B UTM 980 070 Lithic block in pum. pyr. flow (Sta. Teresa) − ++ − − + tr MT tr − tr 67.9
MOJ 58A UTM 930 161 Dome collapse flow (Sta. Teresa sequence) − +++ − + + tr MTI − A − 64.8
MOJ 56B UTM 961 160 Atahualpa lava in Quebrada de Mojanda − ++ − + + − M − − − 62.7
MOJ 57A UTM 929 154 Light pumice in two magmas pum. pyr. Fl. tr ++ − + + − M tr − − 64.2
MOJ 52A UTM 886 156 Block and ash flow (Atahualpa sequence) 64.2
MOJ 51C UTM 873 156 pumice pyr. flow Atahualpa sequence − ++ − tr + tr T tr − − 63.3
MOJ 63C UTM 868 119 Pumice fall 61.0
MOJ 28 UTM 074 098 Pumice in pumiceous pyr. flow (or fall?) 66.3
MOJ 113 UTM 000 103 White biot. pum. (fall dep. with dome lith.) 64.0
MOJ 111 UTM 883 144 White pumice (fall deposit) 67.0
MOJ 107 UTM 009 171 thick lava Quebrada Los Azahares # ++ + + ? − M − + + 61.0
MOJ 106 UTM 009 168 Thick lava Quebrada Los Azahares − ++ + + + tr M tr − tr 64.5
MOJ 103 UTM 012 168 Thick lava, Quebrada Los Azahares − ++ + + + tr MTI − + tr 61.0
MOJ 92 UTM 881 173 pumice in pum. flow following the avalanche − + − − tr + M tr − tr 66.4
MOJ 90 UTM 885 088 Pumice in pum. flow following the avalanche 64.2
MOJ 1A UTM 019 219 Pumice in pum. flow following the avalanche − + − − tr ? M − − − 65.0
FF-III: San Bartolo lava cone
MOJ 37 UTM 021 118 Lava, San Bartolo (FF-III) 62.25
MOJ 38 UTM 987 106 Lava, San Bartolo (FF-III) − ++ + + tr − MT − − − 60.6
MOJ 87 UTM ? Lava, Pilisuco 64.4
MOJ 118 UTM 004 120 lava, San Bartolo (FF-III) 61.4
MOJ 119 UTM 014 118 Lava, San Bartolo (FF-III) 61.5
MOJ 115A UTM 017 212 Scoria in scoria flow deposit 63.6
MOJ 115B UTM 017 212 Black scoria in scoria flow deposit 64.0
MOJ 115C UTM 017 212 Glassy block in scoria flow deposit 63.2
MOJ 115D UTM 017 212 Dominant lithic block in scoria flow deposit 65.0
FF-I and FF-II: lower Fuya Fuya
MOJ 26 Jerusalen s.s.a Pumice in pumiceous lahar deposit (FF-II) − ++ − − + ? T tr − − 63.5
MOJ 77A UTM 997 002 White pumice in fall R1 (FF-II) − + + + − − − − − − 69.9
MOJ 23 Jerusalen s.s.a White pumice in fall R1 (FF-II) − + − − − − − − − − 71.0
MOJ 22 Jerusalen s.s.a Dome block in lahar dep. (FF-II; R1 cycle) 62.7
MOJ 21A Jerusalen s.s.a Dome block in lahar dep. (FF-II; R1 cycle) − ++ + + + ? M tr − tr 62.6
MOJ 20 Jerusalen s.s.a White pumice in fall R2 (FF-II) − + − + − − M − − − 70.2
MOJ 18 Jerusalen s.s.a Light pumice (FF-II; R2 cycle) 61.6
MOJ 17 Jerusalen s.s.a Dome block in debris flow (FF-II; R2 cycle) 61.0
MOJ 16 Jerusalen s.s.a Dome block in pyr. flow (FF-II; R2 cycle) − ++ + + tr tr M − ? − 62.0
MOJ 51A UTM 873 156 Lava dome in avalanche deposits (FF-I) 62.2
MOJ 44 UTM 973 265 Dome (FF-I) − ++ + + + tr T − − − 63.4
MOJ 120 UTM 968 117 Thick lava (FF-I) 61.5
MOJ 54B UTM 952 160 Lava flow or dome? (FF-I) 67.0
MOJ 62B UTM 873 120 Lava in aval. deposits 61.75
MOJ 55 UTM 960 162 Lava dome in avalanche deposits (FF-I) − +++ − − + tr T − − − 64.8
MOJ 64A UTM 875 103 Lava dome in avalanche deposits (FF-I) 64.9
MOJ 114B UTM 961 983 Lava block in early lahar deposit (FF-I) 63.2
MOJ 114A UTM 961 983 Pumice block in early lahar deposit 62.0
Peculiar samples: Mojanda samples in Fuya Fuya suites
MOJ 60 UTM 930 168 Andesitic dyke crossing the avalanche 61.5
deposits
MOJ 77B UTM 997 002 Grey pumiceous bomb (andesite) in R1 + + + M 61.1
MOJ 115F UTM 017 212 Grey pumice in MOJ 1A ash flow − ++ + + tr + MT − − tr 60.1
Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258 239

Table 1 (continued)

Sample UTM coordinates Lithology of the sample Simplified mineralogy SiO2

number
oliv plag cpx opx amph biot FeTi apat gost qtz

M-II: upper Mojanda

MOJ 62A UTM 873 120 Lava in aval. deposits − +++ + + + tr M − − − 58.0
MOJ 80B UTM 049 047 Yellow pumice (fall deposit), M-II-5 61.9
MOJ 76B UTM 015 009 Scoria in scoria and lapilli fall, M-II-5 56.0
MOJ 80A UTM 049 047 Scoria in scoria and lapilli fall, M-II-5 − ++ tr − + − M tr A − 59.2
MOJ 35 UTM 049 148 Summit dyke, M-II-4 55.0
MOJ 110A UTM 868 115 Scoria from M-II-4, in avalanche deposits 58.2
MOJ 110B UTM 868 115 Scoria from M-II-4, in avalanche deposits 55.0
MOJ 32B UTM 058 137 Scoria in summit breccias, M-II-4 − ++ − + − − M − − − 60.0
MOJ 31B UTM 058 138 Scoria in summit breccias, M-II-4 56.4
MOJ 68B UTM 026 013 Block in block and ash flow, M-II-3 + ++ − + + − M − − − 60.9
MOJ 40A UTM 030 052 Scoria in pyroclastic flow, M-II-2 ? ++ + + − − M − − − 56.0
MOJ 40B UTM 030 052 Scoria in pyroclastic flow, M-II-2 56.8
MOJ 40C UTM 030 052 Scoria in pyroclastic flow, M-II-2 57.2
MOJ 4 UTM 035 159 Lava from the basal cone, M-II-1 ? ++ + + − − M − − − 57.1
MOJ 85 UTM ? Lava from the basal cone, M-II-1 62.4
MOJ 5 UTM 046 127 Lava from the basal cone, M-II-1 + ++ + + − − M − − − 55.0
MOJ 7 UTM 056 122 Lava from the basal cone, M-II-1 55.5
M-I: lower Mojanda
MOJ 2 UTM 016 194 Dome or lava, M-I-2 − ++ + + − tr MTI − A − 62.9
MOJ 73A UTM 050 206 Lava, M-I-2 − ++ + + tr tr MTI tr A − 60.7
MOJ 75A UTM 039 205 Thick lava (or dome), M-I-2 64.3
MOJ 69 UTM 107 138 Lava M-I-1 tr ++ + + − − M − − − 56.0
MOJ 121 UTM 115 194 Lava, northern flank M-I-1 66.4
MOJ 3 UTM 033 169 Lava, M-I-1 − ++ + + − − MTI − − − 62.3
MOJ 29 UTM 075 100 Lava, M-I-1 56.5
MOJ 74 UTM 047 205 Lava, M-I-1 − ++ + + − − T − − − 65.0
MOJ 72 UTM 085 143 Lava, M-I-1 58.0

− Not observed, tr trace, + rare, ++ present, +++ abundant, M magnetite, T titanomagnetite, I ilmenite, A amphibole, # with reaction rim
a
Samples from the Jerusalen section (see Figs. 2 and 3 for location)

(Fig. 2)—are associated with this basal group of domes and
lavas. Southward and southwestward, reworked block-and-
ash flow deposits related to dome activity, interlayered with
plinian deposits, form the FF-II volcanic unit. The 70-m-
thick Jerusalen section, 15 km SSW of the vent, highlights
such an alternation of dome and plinian eruptive styles
(Fig. 3a; Robin et al. 1997). In summary, the Lower Fuya
Fuya deposits have been emitted during the course of two
main cycles of explosive activity. Each cycle began with a
large plinian eruption, producing a 3–4-m-thick pumice bed
of rhyolitic composition (R1 and R2, SiO2 =70–71%), and
ended with several episodes of dome activity (61–64%
SiO2, D1 to D7 in Fig. 3a). Interbedded pumice lapilli and
ash fallout deposits up to 70 cm thick and dacitic in
composition indicate repetitive explosive episodes related
to the extrusion of domes. In addition, the R1 layer shows a
bimodal composition, marked by a progressive enrichment
in dark andesitic juvenile scoria clasts at the top of the
deposit (MOJ 77B, 62% SiO2; Table 1).
San Bartolo stratocone
The intermediate San Bartolo cone, essentially made of
lavas (unit FF-III; Figs. 2, 3b and c), represents the second
main construction phase of the Fuya Fuya volcano. Before
the collapse of its upper part, this cone reached ~4,600 m in
elevation (an altitude estimated from the external slopes),
was ~10 km wide, and had a volume of ~40 km3, being
similar in height and size to nearby Upper Mojanda. Its
centre was located 1–1.5 km to the south of the present
Fuya Fuya summit. Remnants of this cone are well
represented by a pile of andesitic lavas in the wall of the
amphitheatre-shaped structure, below the San Bartolo crest
line (Fig. 2).
240
Sector collapse event and related deposits
A large sector collapse removed a great part of the San
Bartolo cone and western flank of Mojanda. A debris
avalanche flowed westwards and filled the Guayllabamba
River Valley to a depth of >100 m (unit FF-IV-1; about
145 km2). The presence of rocks belonging to Upper
Mojanda within the debris-avalanche deposit, particularly
fall deposits from unit M-II-5, indicates that the collapse
event occurred after the Mojanda eruptive activity had
ended. Moreover, as the Pifo ash-fall layers are not
observed overlying the debris-avalanche deposit, the col-
lapse event is younger than 0.165 Ma.
The debris avalanche was accompanied by voluminous
dacitic ash flows (FF-IV-2, ~64–66% SiO2; samples MOJ
1A and 115A to 115C), which extended westward, within
the depression carved by the sector collapse, and north-
ward, down to the town of Otavalo (Fig. 2). The deposits, at
least 50 m thick near Atahualpa village, contain decimetric-
sized pumice blocks with dark-grey andesitic bands (60%
SiO2). Finally, the emission of a sequence of pumice-lapilli
fall layers interbedded with pyroclastic surge deposits (FF-
IV-3) ended the San Bartolo collapse event. Related
deposits, up to 20 m thick near San Jose de Minas, covered
a vast region west of the volcano.
Upper Fuya Fuya
Two series of thick, glacially eroded, lavas and domes
(unit FF-V-1) filled the sector collapse amphitheatre. The
first series mainly consists of hornblende dacite. The
second contains both andesite and dacite and forms a
small, 3-km-wide edifice nested in the earlier series. Two
lava flows from this edifice extended westward out of the
amphitheatre as far away as 14 km from the vent. Then,
block-and-ash flows (Santa Teresa sequence) and pumi-
ceous pyroclastic flows (Cochasqui sequence), respective-
ly, were directed to the west and south, whereas numerous
fall deposits covered the upper part of the volcanic
complex (FF-V-2). The Santa Teresa block-and-ash flow
deposits represent the destruction of the central domes; on
the contrary, the Cochasqui pyroclastic flows were
probably related to the opening of vents during the
intervals between dome extrusions. The Cochasqui pyro-
clastic flow deposits are older than 35 ka, as indicated by
14
C dating of charcoal collected within these deposits.
Finally, three central small lavas and two domes, the
Colangal and Panecillo domes, represent the last extrusions
of the Fuya Fuya complex (FF-V-3). Since they lack glacial
erosion, these lavas and domes are possibly Holocene in
age. They are also the most silicic rocks in the post-collapse
complex (~69% SiO2).
Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258
Geochemical data
Sampling and analytical methods
The five successions corresponding to the main construc-
tion phases of the volcanic complex have been sampled: (1)
Lower Mojanda lavas (M-I unit); (2) Upper Mojanda lavas
and pyroclastic deposits (M-II-1 to M-II-5 units); (3) Lower
Fuya Fuya lavas, domes and related pyroclastic deposits
(FF-I and FF-II); (4) San Bartolo lavas and pyroclastic units
(FF-III and FF-IV); (5) Upper Fuya Fuya lavas and domes
and pyroclastic products (FF-V). Whole-rock analyses were
performed on a set of 77 samples (Table 1), also studied for
their mineralogy. A selection of 40 analyses is presented in
Table 2. The composition of three samples (MOJ 60, 77B
and 115F) shall be discussed separately.
Chemical compositions (major and trace elements) were
obtained on agate-ground powders by ICP-AES, except Rb
(by flame atomic emission) at the Laboratoire de Pétrologie
de l’Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO at Brest,
France), using the analytical procedure described in Cotten et
al. (1995). Relative standard deviations are 1% for SiO2 and
2% for the other major element oxides, except for low
concentrations (<0.50%) for which absolute standard devi-
ation is 0.01%. Sr and Nd isotopic ratios of five samples
(Table 2) were obtained at the Laboratoire Magmas et
Volcans of the Université Blaise Pascal (Clermont-Ferrand),
using the method of Dosso et al. (1991). In addition, the
mineralogy of 38 rocks has been studied using the Cameca
SX50 microprobe of Brest (France), operating at 15 kV
accelerating voltage, and using a beam current of 15 nA.
Main geochemical characteristics
All analysed rocks belong to the medium-K andesite to
rhyolite suite of continental arcs (Fig. 4). The Mojanda
samples define a continuous calc-alkaline trend from basaltic
andesite (55 wt.% SiO2) to dacite (66.5 wt.% SiO2), the
average Upper Mojanda samples being less silicic than the
Lower Mojanda ones. In contrast, the Fuya Fuya suite is
characterized by the lack of basaltic andesite (61% < SiO2
< 75%) and is poorer in K2O than Mojanda lavas for the
same SiO2 content. The San Bartolo samples display
compositions intermediate between Mojanda and Fuya Fuya.
Harker diagrams (Fig. 4) show compositions recalcu-
lated on an anhydrous basis. Fe2O3, MgO, TiO2 and CaO
(not shown) as well as Sc and Co (not shown) are
negatively correlated with SiO2. Despite a larger scatter of
data, Ni and Cr also show compatible behaviour. Their
contents (Ni, 25–50 ppm and Cr, 60–120 ppm) are
relatively high and similar in both Mojanda and Fuya Fuya
rocks. In contrast, K2O, TiO2, Rb, Zr, Y, and REE (only La
and Yb shown) have divergent behaviour, the Fuya Fuya
Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258 241

Table 2 Geochemical and isotopic data for 40 representative lavas from the Mojanda – Fuya Fuya Volcanic Complex

Stratigraphic Lower Mojanda (M-I) Upper Mojanda (M-II)

Unit

Sample MOJ 69 MOJ 3 MOJ MOJ 2 MOJ MOJ 75A MOJ 4 MOJ 5 MOJ MOJ MOJ 32B MOJ 110B MOJ MOJ
Number 74 73A 40A 68B 76B 80A

SiO2 56.0 62.25 65.00 62.85 60.7 64.3 57.1 55.00 56.00 60.9 60.00 55.00 56.00 59.2
TiO2 0.75 0.71 0.84 0.59 0.66 0.54 0.58 0.69 0.74 0.62 0.59 0.7 0.8 0.66
Al2O3 17.00 16.1 15.00 15.25 16.3 15.4 17.8 17.55 18.2 16.00 17.1 15.85 18.7 15.75
Fe2O3* 8.32 5.96 5.82 5.79 6.41 5.41 7.9 8.8 8.3 6.53 6.82 9.07 7.95 7.1
MnO 0.13 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.14 0.12 0.11
MgO 4.53 3.01 1.75 2.88 3.3 2.74 3.72 5.2 4.05 3.15 3.17 6.49 3.38 4.6
CaO 7.3 5.12 4.17 4.85 5.4 4.5 6.82 8.12 7.65 5.85 6.2 8.28 7.75 6.88
Na2O 3.42 3.71 3.55 3.26 3.56 3.4 3.49 3.25 3.72 3.55 3.73 2.97 3.6 3.5
K2O 0.91 2.00 2.29 1.99 1.65 2.23 0.88 0.9 1.02 1.69 1.13 0.71 1.03 1.31
P2O5 0.19 0.19 0.28 0.16 0.18 0.15 0.14 0.17 0.2 0.18 0.22 0.13 0.21 0.19
LOI 0.79 0.39 1.14 2.12 1.49 0.71 0.8 0.45 0.04 0.8 1.3 0.19 0.35 0.58
Total 99.34 99.53 99.92 99.83 99.74 99.47 99.35 100.27 100.04 99.38 100.37 99.53 99.89 99.88
Mg # 51.9 50.0 37.3 49.6 50.5 50.1 48.3 53.9 49.2 48.9 47.9 58.6 45.7 56.2
Sc 24 14.5 12.5 15.6 14 13.5 21 27 21 15 16.5 24.5 20 20.5
V 200 148 160 140 150 125 200 220 205 150 150 202 210 180
Cr 160 112 50 74 118 95 60 53 43 55 40 280 35 200
Co 29 17.6 16 17.5 20 17 24 32 27 20 21 31 24 27
Ni 52 32 19 19 37 30 26 47 30 22 24 67 24 60
Rb 14 46 56 48 38.5 56 15.5 16 18 34 22 11 20 27
Sr 490 450 395 343 450 340 436 470 553 525 501 381 560 470
Y 15 18 19 17.7 16 17 18 17.8 17.3 16.5 16.8 15 17.5 15
Zr 90 154 195 134 115 72 69 86 95 100 112 65 97 110
Nb 3.1 5.2 6.9 4.7 4.6 4.75 2.0 3.2 3.2 5.0 3.6 2.5 3.7 3.8
Ba 515 892 955 850 780 920 440 480 570 800 620 360 550 620
La 10.2 16.3 20.1 15.1 20.5 16.6 7.4 9.3 10.9 16.25 12.25 6.5 10.4 11.6
Ce 22.5 33 45 32 37 33 16.5 22 24 32 25.5 14.5 23 26.5
Nd 14 20 25 18 22 18.5 12 14 14.5 17.5 15.5 10 14.5 15
Sm 3.8 4.4 2.8 2.7 3.4 2.8 3.2
Eu 0.9 0.9 1.05 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.75 0.85 0.9 0.95 0.85 0.82 0.95 0.8
Gd 3.5 4.2 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3
Dy 2.7 3 3.3 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.55 2.7 2.4
Er 1.4 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.45 1.6 1.3
Yb 1.425 1.45 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.45 1.5 1.575 1.475 1.4 1.425 1.34 1.55 1.35
Th 4.2 4.9 1.6 1.7 3.5 2 1.15 1.8
87Sr/86Sr 0.704231 0.704073 0.704219
(±11) (±9) (±10)
143Nd/ 0.51285 0.512876 0.51291
144Nd (±6) (±5) (±5)

Major and trace element abundances obtained by ICP–AES (except Rb, by flame atomic emission) at the “Laboratoire de Pétrologie de
l’Université de Bretagne Occidentale” of Brest (France). The analysis of the standard BE-N analysed jointly with this set of samples, as well as
the limit of detection for trace elements, are given. Relative standard deviations (3 sigma) are: 1% for SiO2, 2% for all the other major
elements except ±0.01% for MnO and P2O5, and 5% for all the trace elements except 10-20% for Sm, Gd and Er. Isotopic data were obtained
at the “Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans” (Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand). A complementary set of data (39 analyses) is available
upon request to the corresponding author.

samples having lower abundances of these elements than
the Mojanda samples. La, positively correlated with SiO2,
has also been used as a differentiation index in variation
diagrams (Fig. 5). Here the discrimination between
Mojanda and Fuya Fuya is even clearer, and the San
Bartolo suite occupies an intermediate position between the
other two suites.
The most outstanding characteristic of the Fuya Fuya
samples is their lower HREE and Y contents, compared to
Mojanda and to typical calc-alkaline subduction suites
(Figs. 4, 5 and 6). In both the Lower and Upper Fuya
Fuya suites, Yb ranges between 0.5 and 1.2 ppm, resulting
in high (La/Yb)N (8.5±2.1). Conversely, Yb contents and
the (La/Yb)N ratio in the Mojanda suite are >1.3 ppm and
242 Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258

Table 2 (continued)

Mojanda in Fuya- Lower Fuya Fuya (FF-I and FF-II) San Bartolo cone (FF-III)
Fuya

MOJ MOJ MOJ MOJ 120 MOJ MOJ 77A MOJ 23 MOJ MOJ MOJ MOJ MOJ MOJ MOJ
77B 115F 44 55 21A 20 17 37 38 118 115D

61.1 60.1 63.4 61.5 64.8 69.9 71.00 62.6 70.2 61.00 62.25 60.6 61.4 65.00
0.54 0.45 0.49 0.56 0.38 0.19 0.18 0.55 0.23 0.52 0.51 0.54 0.47 0.57
17.25 15.7 15.9 16.5 16.2 14.00 13.7 16.1 14.00 16.00 16.1 16.75 17.1 15.3
5.92 6.24 5.28 6.05 4.47 1.53 1.44 5.65 1.78 6.15 6.05 6.8 6.48 5.08
0.1 0.12 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.07
2.01 4.18 2.63 3.32 2.37 0.43 0.38 2.68 0.46 3.35 3.15 2.9 2.63 2.69
5.75 5.95 5.07 5.85 4.9 2.18 1.82 5.5 2.16 6.12 5.63 5.9 5.52 4.3
3.8 3.36 3.72 4.24 3.85 3.75 3.98 3.9 4.03 3.58 3.6 3.57 3.72 3.73
1.47 1.16 1.55 0.95 1.43 2.32 2.2 1.4 2.28 1.47 1.41 1.32 1.3 1.91
0.17 0.09 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.08 0.07 0.15 0.07 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.2 0.15
1.58 2.56 0.78 0.2 1.1 5.18 4.86 1.00 3.94 1.28 0.75 1.51 1.02 1.25
99.69 99.91 99.03 99.4 99.72 99.64 99.71 99.59 99.23 99.72 99.68 100.15 99.96 100.05
40.2 57.0 49.7 52.1 51.2 35.8 34.3 48.4 33.8 51.9 50.8 45.8 44.6 51.2
11 18.5 12.5 15.2 10 1.7 1.5 11.5 2.5 16.7 15.5 14.5 13 12.3
140 128 125 138 90 10 5 130 16 150 134 133 120 120
4 140 80 92 60 4 2 65 4 75 60 30 28 91
14 18.5 15 18 13 1 1 18 3 21 19 18 15.5 15
1 33 20 30 20 0 0 20 2 26 25 15 13.5 31
30 28 32.5 15.5 34 50 49 27 46 28 29.5 28 27.5 48
440 383 435 465 455 290 289 470 316 455 399 420 500 419
14.5 14 10.5 11 10 10 10.2 9.7 8.7 12 11.5 13.2 13.4 10.3
97 56 92 76 49 105 129 79 114 94 83 92 90 122
3.8 3.8 3.0 2.6 3.5 4.45 4.8 3.8 4.5 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.4 4.6
670 615 710 455 680 1,020 1,030 670 1,065 700 648 622 680 845
11.4 10.2 10.5 7.5 11.7 13.8 14.8 10 14.7 10.6 10.7 10.2 12.7 10.9
24 21.5 20 15.5 22.5 26.5 30 23 29 23 21 20.5 24 20.5
12.5 15 12 10 12.5 11.5 14 13 13.5 13 12.5 12.5 14.5 12
2.4 2.3 1.9
0.7 0.88 0.65 0.69 0.65 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.71 0.75 0.8 0.77
2.2 2.4 1.7
2.2 2.3 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.3 2 1.9 2.1 2.2 1.75
1.4 1.4 1 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 1 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.1
1.3 1.3 0.9 0.96 0.9 0.975 0.975 0.75 0.8 0.975 0.98 1.26 1.19 0.97
2.7 1.1 3 2 3.9 2.5 2.4 2 3.7
0.704136
(±10)
0.51291 (±6)

5.8±2.8, respectively. Both suites have similar and moder-
ately high Sr contents which, due to contrasting Y contents,
result in different Sr/Y ratios (Table 2).
Sr and Nd isotopes
Mojanda and Fuya Fuya show quite uniform 87Sr/86Sr and
143
Nd/144Nd isotopic ratios, from 0.70407 to 0.70423 and
0.51285 to 0.51291, respectively (Table 2). These values
are similar to those of other volcanic successions of the
Western Cordillera (Fig. 7a). The analysed lavas are more
radiogenic in Sr than a typical MORB (Fig. 7a) and rocks
from the Galápagos Islands.
Mineralogical data
The Mojanda and Fuya Fuya series have different pheno-
cryst assemblages (Table 1). In the Lower Mojanda
samples, the phenocryst mineralogy consists of plagioclase
(pl) + orthopyroxene (opx) + clinopyroxene (cpx) +
magnetite (mag) ± olivine (ol) in the mafic samples and ±
amphibole (amph) ± biotite (bio) in the most silicic ones. In
Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258 243

Table 2 (continued)

San Fuya Fuya Post-collapse deposits (FF-V) Standard Limit of detection

Bartolo BEN (ppm)
cone
(FF-III)

MOJ MOJ MOJ MOJ MOJ MOJ MOJ MOJ MOJ 10 MOJ 81 MOJ MOJ
51A 103 106 107 51C 57A 58A 42B 36 102

62.2 61.00 64.5 61.00 63.3 64.2 64.8 67.9 66.8 68.2 63.2 64.9 38.33
0.48 0.56 0.42 0.53 0.43 0.4 0.46 0.33 0.29 0.34 0.51 0.53 2.62
15.35 16.8 15.8 16.00 16.00 15.8 15.15 15.8 15.2 15.6 15.5 16.33 10.03
5.89 5.75 4.89 6.25 4.84 4.55 5.22 3.55 3.24 3.92 5.88 5.00 12.8
0.1 0.1 0.09 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.1 0.08 0.2
4.25 3.45 2.72 4.4 2.8 2.56 3.05 1.54 1.43 1.26 3.6 2.14 13.18
5.8 5.98 5.09 6.4 4.7 4.9 4.7 4.1 3.69 3.77 5.65 5.11 13.93
3.55 3.71 3.84 3.7 4.00 3.75 3.8 4.08 3.97 4.12 3.75 3.62 3.25
1.52 1.37 1.45 1.25 1.49 1.5 1.56 1.58 1.75 1.68 1.45 1.48 1.39
0.14 0.16 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.1 0.14 0.13 1.04
0.17 0.38 1.47 0.59 1.58 1.35 0.31 1.15 2.97 1.24 0.15 0.53
99.45 99.26 100.39 100.35 99.34 99.23 99.28 100.23 99.54 100.29 99.93 99.85
58.8 54.3 52.4 58.2 53.4 52.7 53.6 46.2 46.6 38.9 54.8 45.9
16.5 14 11 18 11 10.4 13 7 6.2 7.5 15 10 22 0.1
140 120 97 136 95 90 115 65 56 80 132 91 230 1
200 112 77 122 73 70 105 23 23 15 142 27 354 1
21 18 15 22 13 13 17 9 7.9 11 22 12.5 59.5 1
62 33 27 49 25 20 33 8 6 5 50 11 267 1
33.5 26 31.5 25 30 31.5 33.5 32.5 33.5 29 30 28 47 0.5
500 510 435 430 445 435 415 450 420 350 435 437 1,349 0.5
12 10.4 9.4 10.6 9.5 10.2 11 8.6 9 7.8 11.4 10.3 29.3 0.3
79 78 70 58 65 64 83 59 56 29 66 65 265 3
3.2 4.0 3.3 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.8 4.0 3.3 3.4 3.3 104 0.5
685 600 635 545 620 690 725 760 800 890 670 655 1,012 1
12.6 12.2 10.8 8.9 11.2 11.45 12.1 12.1 11.8 10.2 10.8 9.7 83 0.5
23.5 23.5 21.5 18.5 23.5 22.5 23.5 25 24 20.5 22 19 150 1.5
13.5 13.5 12 10.5 13 12.5 13 13.5 13 9.5 12.5 11 67 0.6
2.5 2.1 1.5 1.7 1.9 12.25 0.6
0.7 0.77 0.64 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.65 0.65 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.71 3.65 0.15
2.4 2.6 2.1 1.6 2.3 9.5 1
2 1.9 1.55 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.8 1.9 2.8 0.3
1.2 1.1 1 1.1 1.1 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.05 2.8 1
1.075 0.95 0.82 0.99 0.9 0.975 0.95 0.725 0.7 0.625 0.95 0.87 1.84 0.15
4.1 2.5 2.9 2.2 2.8 2.6 1.7 2.7 2.4 10.6 0.3
0.704119 (±10)
0.512898 (±6)

the Fuya Fuya samples, the phenocryst assemblage is pl +
amph + mt ± cpx ± opx ± bio ± qtz.
Plagioclase
In the Lower Mojanda series, core compositions range from
An75 to An35, the differences within a rock sample being
relatively small (Fig. 8): less than 10% An in basaltic
andesite (e.g. MOJ 69), and less than 20% in andesite (e.g.
MOJ 3). From core to rim, normal or reverse zoning is
present, and abrupt reverse zoning (up to 15% An) is a
characteristic of the lavas which preceded the formation of
the older caldera (e.g. MOJ 2 and 73A).
In basaltic andesite lavas from M-II-1 and mafic scoria
flow deposits from M-II-2, plagioclase phenocrysts show
Ca-rich cores and sharp zoning from bytownite (An75–86) to
andesine (An47). Similar variation ranges are observed in
the dome samples of M-II-3 (MOJ 68B) but with complex
zoning and strong reverse zoning at the rim. In samples
from M-II-4 and M-II-5, plagioclase shows even more
variable compositions varying from An80 in basaltic
andesite (MOJ 35), to An30 in andesite (MOJ 80A), the
244 Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258

Fig. 4 Selected major element Samples MOJ 60, 77B & 115F Upper Fuya Fuya (FF-V)
oxides, trace elements and
K2O/Na2O ratio versus SiO2 Upper Mojanda (M-II) Lower Fuya Fuya (FF-I & FF-II)
weight percent for the Lower Mojanda (M-I) San Bartolo cone (FF-III)
Mojanda–Fuya Fuya volcanic
complex samples. Oxides values
recalculated to 100 wt.% (LOI 0.8 TiO2% 60
Rb (ppm)
free). LK=low-potassic, MK=
moderately potassic series, 0.6
after Gill (1981). New Hebrides 40
island arc field after Monzier
0.4
et al. (1997a)
20
0.2

0.0 0
MgO% 19 Y (ppm)
6 New
17 Hebrides
arc
15
4
13
1
2
9
7
0
K2O% 180 Zr (ppm) New
2 Hebrides
M-K 140 arc

100
1
L-K 60

andesite dacite rhyolite 20

0

K2O/Na2O La (ppm)
0.6 Mojanda series
20
San Bartolo cone
0.4 15

10
0.2
5
Fuya Fuya series
0 0
Ni (ppm) 1.6 New
60
Hebrides
arc
1.2
40

0.8
20 Yb (ppm)
0.4
0
55 60 65 70 75 55 60 65 70 75
SiO2 % SiO2 %

latter containing phenocrysts with strong reverse, or normal compositions between An55 and An35 alternate with
and reverse, zoning. uncommon peaks at An65–70 (Fig. 8). These peaks, the
In Lower Fuya Fuya and San Bartolo lavas, complex coexistence of solitary calcic plagioclase, and crystals
zoning is a constant characteristic of plagioclase. Dominant showing strong normal and/or reverse zoning could be
Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258 245

Fig. 5 a Sc vs La; b TiO2% vs Upper Mojanda (M-II) Lower Fuya Fuya (FF-I & FF-II) Upper Fuya Fuya (FF-V)
La; c Yb vs La, and d LaN/YbN Lower Mojanda (M-I) Samples MOJ 60, 77B & 115F San Bartolo cone (FF-III)
vs La diagrams. Data given for 30
comparison are: New Hebrides
New Hebrides arc 1.6
island arc (Monzier et al. Sc Yb
1997a), Burney volcano in the Mojanda Mojanda
Austral Volcanic Zone (AVZ) of
(ppm) (ppm)
20 1.2
the Andes (Stern and Kilian San
1996). LaN and YbN normalised Bartolo
to the primitive mantle compo- 0.8
sition of Sun and McDonough 10
(1989) New Hebrides arc Fuya Fuya
Fuya Fuya Burney (AVZ) 0.4
A C
0 0.0
New Hebrides arc
0.8
TiO2 % LaN/YbN 12
Mojanda
Fuya Fuya Mojanda
0.6 Burney 8
(AVZ)
0.4
Burney
Fuya Fuya New Hebrides arc 4
(AVZ)
0.2
B D E-MORB
N-MORB
0.0 0
0 10 20 0 10 20
La (ppm) La (ppm)

related to the presence of bytownite in the andesitic layer of
the R1 deposit (MOJ 77B). Large ranges of core compo-
sitions and normal or reverse zoning (e.g. An55–An43–
An62) also characterise the plagioclase in the banded clasts
(andesite–dacite: 60–65% SiO2) of the Atahualpa ash-flow
deposits related to the San Bartolo avalanche event (MOJ
1A and 115F) as well as most silicic andesites and dacites
from the Upper Fuya Fuya dome complex.
Pyroxene
In Lower Mojanda lavas, large cpx phenocrysts (up to
2 mm) have compositions ranging from En47 to En39 and
Wo37 to Wo48, and show weak normal or reverse zoning
(<3% En and <5% Wo). Orthopyroxene compositions show
larger variations, from En73 to En60, with marked reverse
zoning (5–6% En). In samples that preceded the caldera
formation (MOJ 2 and 73A; 61–63% SiO2), low-Mg opx
(En60) may be surrounded by high-Mg cpx (En48), or
conversely, cpx (En53) is surrounded by low-Mg opx (En65).
In basaltic andesite of the Upper Mojanda series, opx is
the dominant pyroxene. Mg differences from core to rim
may reach 11% En (e.g. MOJ 4 and 40A). A similar pattern
is observed between opx from basaltic andesites of unit M-
II-2 and opx in high-silica andesites of unit M-II.3 (e.g.
MOJ 68), whereas cpx shows no large compositional
variations (En43–47).
In Lower Fuya Fuya and San Bartolo lavas, cpx is rare
and homogeneous in composition (En43–47;). Opx (En65–80)
has been observed within amphibole. In some samples
(MOJ 44 [63.4% SiO2]), opx is commonly surrounded by
cpx, but the opposite also occurs. In post-sector collapse
deposits the opx is dominant, and shows strong reverse
zoning (En71 to En83) in banded pumice from the Atahualpa
ash-flow deposits. Generally, Upper Fuya Fuya lavas
contain both cpx and opx with quite homogeneous
compositions (En43–45 and En68–72, respectively), though
some high-Mg compositions are also noted in samples from
block-and-ash-flow deposits.
Amphibole is present as an accessory phase in high-silica
andesite of unit M-I-2, at the end of Lower Mojanda
construction. In Upper Mojanda samples, two types of
hornblende are present (Fig. 9a): ferro–magnesio–horn-
blende occurs in high-silica andesite from M-II-3, whereas
phenocrysts of (ferro)-tschermakite characterise the andes-
ite of unit M-II-5. Amphibole commonly has reaction rims
composed either of oxides or segregations of px + pl +
mag, due to dehydration during magma ascent (Rutherford
and Hill 1993).
In Lower Fuya Fuya samples, amphibole is ubiquitous and
sometimes abundant, and most lavas from the Upper Fuya
Fuya display large amphibole phenocrysts. Based on the
classification of Tindle and Webb (1994), (ferro)-magnesio-
hornblende is the most abundant amphibole in high-silica
andesite and dacite from Lower Fuya Fuya (Fig. 9), whereas
phenocrysts (~1 mm) of tschermakitic hornblende and
tschermakite are present in andesitic clasts of the R1 plinian
fall deposit. Tschermakite also characterizes San Bartolo
246 Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258

Rb Ba Th K Nb La Ce Sr Nd P Zr Sm Eu Gd Ti Dy Y Er Yb Rb Ba Th K Nb La Ce Sr Nd P Zr Sm Eu Gd Ti Dy Y Er Yb

100 100
Upper Fuya Fuya
Lower Fuya Fuya (FF-I) Post-avalanche deposits (FF-V)
Rock / NMORB

Rock / NMORB
10 10
MOJ 54B MOJ 107
MOJ 44 MOJ 106
MOJ 55 MOJ 113
MOJ 64A MOJ 1A
MOJ 51A MOJ 92
1 1

C F
.1 .1

100 100

Upper Mojanda (M-II) San Bartolo (FF-III)

MOJ 110A
Rock / NMORB

Rock / NMORB
10
MOJ 32B 10
MOJ 31B
MOJ 37
MOJ 7
MOJ 38
MOJ 5
MOJ 118
MOJ 68B
MOJ 115D
1 1

MOJ in FF samples *
MOJ 115F E
B MOJ 60
.1 .1

100 100

Lower Mojanda (M-I) Lower Fuya Fuya (FF-II)

Rock / NMORB

Rock / NMORB
10 10
MOJ 121 MOJ 21A
MOJ 69 MOJ 20
MOJ 29 MOJ 18
MOJ 3 MOJ 16'
MOJ 74
1 1

MOJ in FF sample *
A MOJ 77B D
.1 .1
Rb Ba Th K Nb La Ce Sr Nd P Zr Sm Eu Gd Ti Dy Y Er Yb Rb Ba Th K Nb La Ce Sr Nd P Zr Sm Eu Gd Ti Dy Y Er Yb
Fig. 6 N-MORB—normalized spidergrams. a Lower Mojanda suite geochemical affinities collected within the Fuya Fuya series (see the
(M-I). b Upper Mojanda suite (M-II). c Lower Fuya Fuya suite (FF-I). text for more explanations). Normalisation values after Sun and
d Lower Fuya Fuya suite (FF-II). e San Bartolo suite (FF-III). f Upper McDonough (1989)
Fuya Fuya suite (FF-V). Note in B: * = samples of Mojanda

andesite (MOJ 38 [60.6% SiO2]). Pyroclastic flow deposits
related to the sector collapse event and post-collapse domes
contain phenocrysts, the composition of which varies from
ferro-tschermakite to subcalcic alumino magnesio-horn-
blende, from core to rim and conversely. Such compositional
patterns strongly suggest magma mixing.
Olivine (Fo80–85) has been observed as small grains in
the most mafic lavas from Mojanda (e.g. MOJ 5 and 69;
55–57% SiO2), and as relics in the high-silica andesitic
domes from Upper Mojanda (MOJ 68B; M-II-3 unit).
Olivine of similar composition (Fo79–85) with reaction rims
has been observed in a few Upper Fuya Fuya andesitic and
dacitic lavas. Its coexistence with quartz is also a strong
argument for magma mixing.
Biotite is present in a few dacite samples of Lower Fuya
Fuya (e.g. MOJ 55 [64.8% SiO2]) and as scarce euhedral
Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258 247

0.51315
EPR sions within other minerals, such as the amphibole of the
GSC andesitic domes from M-II-3.
0.51305
Titanomagnetite grains (up to 250 μm) occur in the
/ 144Nd

Galápagos AVZ groundmass of high-silica andesite and dacite from Lower

0.51295 islands Fuya Fuya or as inclusions within amphibole, opx, and biotite
(e.g. MOJ 21A [62.6% SiO2]). Inclusions within ferro-
143Nd

FA
0.51285 tschermakite tend to be MgO-rich (3–5.5%) compared to
NVZ
groundmass microphenocrysts or crystals included in mag-
MA nesio-hornblende (MgO=1–2% in titanomagnetites of MOJ
0.51275
51C [63.3% SiO2] and 42B [67.9% SiO2]). In Upper Fuya
A Fuya samples, titanomagnetite is commonly included within
0.51265
0.7025 0.7030 0.7035 0.7040 0.7045 0.7050 amphibole and, in several cases, within biotite. Ilmenite has
87
Sr / 86Sr been observed only as euhedral microphenocrysts in some
high-silica andesite and dacite samples.
0.714
B FF-V
Fuya Fuya
FF-I
M-II
Pichincha
Atacazo
Accessory minerals
0.712 Mojanda
M-I
CVZ
Sr / 86Sr

Atacazo-Pichincha (NVZ)
0.710 Quartz appears as spherical microphenocrysts in the most
silica-rich samples (SiO2 >64%) of post-sector-collapse Fuya
0.708 Fuya, or as small grains in the groundmass. Apatite
87

0.706 inclusions occur in amphibole, biotite, pyroxene and

plagioclase.
0.704 Adakite field
N-MORB
altered N-MORB
0.702
0 50 100 150 200
Rb (ppm) Discussion

Fig. 7 Isotopic data. a 143Nd/144Nd versus 87Sr/86Sr diagram.
Comparison of Mojanda–Fuya Fuya isotopic data with data obtained
on other Quaternary volcanic rocks of the Northern Volcanic Zone (NVZ)
in Ecuador (Hawkesworth et al. 1979; Bourdon et al. 2002a, b). Other
fields reported are from White et al. (1993; Galápagos islands, GSC:
Galápagos Spreading Center and EPR: East Pacific Rise), from Stern et
al. (1984) and Stern and Kilian (1996; AVZ: Austral Volcanic Zone),
and from James (1982), Hawkesworth (1982), Harmon et al. (1984) and
Davidson et al. (1990; Central Volcanic Zone: CVZ). Delineation of the
Frontal Arc (FA) and Main Arc (MA) cordilleras after Bourdon et al.
(2002a). b Mojanda and Fuya Fuya data plotted on a Rb vs 87Sr/86Sr
diagram. Atacazo and Pichincha data are reported for comparison
(Bourdon et al. 2002b). Delineated fields are lavas from the Andean
CVZ (same references as Fig. 7a) and adakite field from Drummond et
al. (1996). Compositions of N-MORB from Sun and McDonough
(1989). Compositions of altered N-MORB from Friedrichsen (1985)
homogeneous phenocrysts in rhyolite samples R1 and R2.
On the contrary, this mineral is common in Upper Fuya
Fuya dacite and may be abundant in most Si-rich samples
such as MOJ 92 or 42B (SiO2 >66%).
Fe–Ti oxides
Titanomagnetite occurs within Lower Mojanda andesite
samples, in some cases associated with exsolved ilmenite.
Microphenocrysts up to 0.2 mm are present in basaltic
andesite (MOJ 5) and in andesite (MOJ 3) of Upper
Mojanda. Fe–Ti oxides are commonly observed as inclu-
Variable adakitic-like signature
Major and trace elements
Geochemical data from the Mojanda–Fuya Fuya volcanic
complex define two main magmatic suites belonging to
Mojanda and Fuya Fuya. Two additional important features are:
1. The intermediate position of the San Bartolo suite,
between the Mojanda and Fuya Fuya suites in most
discriminant diagrams. The geochemical characteristics
of this edifice, intermediate in the Fuya Fuya construc-
tion and contemporaneous with Upper Mojanda,
resemble those of Mojanda. This feature is emphasised
by the HREE pattern of San Bartolo samples normal-
ized to N-MORB (Fig. 6), as well intermediate values
for Yb (1–1.2 ppm), and La/Yb (11.4±1.3) and Sr/Y
(37.7±2.6) ratios; (Fig. 10a, b).
2. Three andesite samples from Fuya Fuya plot clearly in
the Mojanda data field. These samples are an andesitic
dyke crossing the Fuya Fuya volcanic centre (MOJ 60);
a juvenile clast from the andesitic layer included within
the R1 deposit (MOJ 77B); and the andesitic member
from the banded sector collapse-related dacitic ash-flow
deposits of Fuya Fuya (MOJ 115F). Like the Mojanda
lavas, these samples have Yb contents >1 ppm, LaN/
YbN <7 and Sr/Y <30 and similar spidergrams (Fig. 6).
248 Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258

Fig. 8 Variation in plagioclase

Lower Mojanda Upper Mojanda
composition (in An mole per-
cent) following the chronologi- 90 69 3 74 2 73 4 5 40 68 34 32 80

Anorthite %
cal development of the volcanic 70
complex. Note the regular be- 50
haviour in Lower Mojanda and
30
upper Mojanda samples, from
calcic to sodic compositions, 10
compared to the FF rocks. For
each sample, analysed minerals Lower Fuya Fuya San Bartolo
R1 R2 domes
are classified from left to right 90
26 77A 77B 23 21A 20 16 55 44 62 38

Anorthite %
following decreasing contents in 70
An% at their core. Results for a
50
crystal (two to five points) are
presented from the core (left) to 30
the rim (right). Microphenoc-
rysts are represented by one Upper Fuya Fuya
Atahualpa pumice flow dep. lavas upper complex of domes
analysis carried out at the core 70
Anorthite %

of the mineral 1A & 115 F 92 107 106 103 57 51 58 42B 41B 10 36 102

50

30

They indicate the presence of subordinate andesite Furthermore, although the Mojanda and Fuya Fuya suites
related to the two major eruptions of the Fuya Fuya have a few chemical similarities, there are also several
development, i.e. the largest plinian event of the Lower important differences: (1) In the Fuya Fuya suite, basaltic to
Fuya Fuya and the San Bartolo sector collapse. intermediate andesites (SiO2 <61%) are lacking; (2) for

Fig. 9 Compositions of Mojanda Fuya Fuya

amphiboles from Mojanda (left 1.0 1.0
column) and Fuya Fuya
(right column) suites. a and d A D
0.9 0.9

Mg / (Mg + Fe2)
Mg/(Mg + Fe) versus Si binary
Mg / (Mg + Fe2)

diagrams for amphiboles. b and e

total aluminium (AlVI + AlIV) 0.8 0.8
versus Na + K diagram. Mojanda: pargasite pargasite pargasite pargasite
hornblende edenitic hornblende edenitic
closed triangles=Upper Mojanda; 0.7 hornblende
edenite
hornblende
edenite 0.7
open circles=special samples
ferroan ferroan
(MOJ-77B and MOJ-155F, see 0.6
ferroan
pargasite
ferroan
pargasite 0.6
pargasite pargasite
Table 1). Fuya Fuya: Crosses= hornblende Si hornblende Si
pre-sector collapse FF; open
0.5 0.5
squares=post-sector collapse FF. 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
Stars=xenoliths from Bataan 3.0 3.0
island (Philippines; Schiano et al.
1995). The experimentally deter- B AlVI + Al IV E AlVI + Al IV
2.5 2.5
mined fields of stability of Pinatubo
amphiboles at 0.22, 0.4 and HP
1.0 GPa are given for comparison, 2.0 1.0 GPa 1.0 GPa 2.0
along with fields (in grey) of the Pinatubo 0.4 GPa 0.4 GPa
high- and low-pressure LP and LP
HP amphiboles from Pinatubo 1.5 0.22 GPa 0.22 GPa 1.5
volcano (Prouteau 1999; Prouteau Na + K Na + K
and Scaillet 2003). c and f histo-
1.0 1.0
grams of pressures calculated after 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.8
Johnson and Rutherford (1989) 40 40
27 pressure calculated 112 pressure calculated
number of results

for rims and cores of the C F

number of results

amphiboles of Mojanda (27 30 30

Rims Rims
results) and Fuya Fuya (112
results; Table 3) Cores Cores
20 20

10 10

0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 (GPa) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 (GPa)
Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258 249

similar SiO2 content, Fuya Fuya have lower-K2O and
slightly higher-Na2O contents (Fig. 10d), and thus lower
K2O/Na2O; (3) amphibole is the dominant ferromagnesian
phase in the Fuya Fuya samples, whereas pyroxene
dominates the Mojanda suite; (4) Fuya Fuya Yb contents
are equal to or lower than 1 ppm whereas Mojanda Yb
contents range from 1.2 to 1.8 ppm (Fig. 12). Consequently,
Fuya Fuya samples display higher La/Yb and Nb/Yb than
Mojanda samples (Fig. 10b, c); (5) Fuya Fuya Y contents are
≤13 ppm whereas Mojanda Y values range 12 to 20 ppm.
This characteristic leads to higher Sr/Y for Fuya Fuya
samples than for Mojanda samples (Fig. 10b).
Together with high Na2O, Al2O3, and MgO contents,
these characteristics of the Fuya Fuya samples are generally
considered as typical of adakites (Defant and Drummond
1990; Drummond et al. 1996; Maury et al. 1996; Martin
1999; Rapp et al. 1999; Prouteau et al. 1999). On the
contrary, Mojanda samples possess calc-alkaline affinities,
whereas San Bartolo samples are intermediate between
adakite and calc-alkaline compositions. In Fig. 10, the
magmatic suites are compared with typical adakites from
the Austral Volcanic Zone (Mt. Cook volcano; Stern and
Kilian 1996), Philippines (Sajona et al. 1996, 2000;
Prouteau et al. 2000), Indonesia (Prouteau et al. 1996,
2001) and southern Ecuador (Beate et al. 2001). Adakitic
glass inclusions from Bataan in the Philippines (Schiano
et al. 1995) as well as experimental melts from metamor-
phosed basalt (Rapp and Watson 1995; Rapp et al. 1999)
were also plotted, along with data from classical arc magmas
(Martin 1999). In all plots, Y appears to be a good
discriminant parameter. Its average is 16.9±1.2 in Mojanda
and 10.1±1.1 in Fuya Fuya. The Mojanda data do not lie in
any classical adakitic field, but are similar to the New
Hebrides island arc field, thus corroborating its typical calc-
alkaline affinity. Conversely, the Fuya Fuya data systemat-
ically plot in or close to adakitic fields. In addition, the Fuya
Fuya and Mojanda suites, for the same SiO2 content display
identical Mg#, as well as similar ranges in Ni and Cr
contents (Table 2).
Sr and Nd isotopic data
In Fig. 7b, Mojanda and Fuya Fuya lavas plot in the adakite
field as defined by Drummond et al. (1996) and do not show
any affinity with Quaternary volcanic rocks from the Central
Volcanic Zone, in which melts derived from mantle
interacted with continental crust (Hawkesworth 1982;
Harmon et al. 1984; Davidson et al. 1990). The data do
not show any significant difference between Mojanda and
Fuya Fuya and are identical to several fore-arc volcanoes as
Pichincha, Atacazo or Iliniza (Bourdon et al. 2003; Hidalgo
et al. 2006). In fact, 87Sr/86Sr (0.70407–0.70423) and
143
Nd/144Nd (0.51285–0.51291) isotopic ratios are close to
sea water altered MORB values (Barrett and Friedrichsen
1982), pointing out the lack of subordinate influence of
subducted sediments or of crustal contamination. In Ecuador,
no highly radiogenic end-member continental crust exists
under the frontal arc, and contamination by this material is
limited to a few percent under the Eastern Cordillera
(Samaniego et al. 2002, 2005; Bourdon et al. 2002b). Thus,

Fig. 10 a Sr/Y versus Y. b La/ 60

Yb versus Y. c Nb/Yb versus Y. 140 Mt. Cook La / Yb FF-V
Sr / Y Batan (gl.incl.)
D: Na2O% versus Y. Compari- FF-IV 50
son of the Mojanda–Fuya Fuya 120 Melt experim. FF-III
volcanic complex samples with 100 Average adakite FF-I + FF-II 40
selected analyses from other MOJ in FF
adakitic samples; (1) Mindanao, 80 MOJ-II 30
Luzon and Batan islands (Phil- MOJ-I
60
ippines, Sajona et al. 1993, 20
1996, 2000; Prouteau et al. 40
2000); (2) Sarawak and Kali- 10
mantan islands (Indonesia, 20 A B
Prouteau et al. 1996, 2001); (3): 0 0
the Quimsacocha volcanic cen-
ter (southern Ecuador; Beate et Nb / Yb Mt. Cook AVZ Na2O %
adakites

al. 2001); (4) glassy adakitic 20 Philippines

5.5
inclusions from Bataan (Philip-
Indonesia
pines, Schiano et al. 1995); (5) 15
results from experimental partial Quimsacocha
4.5
fusion of a basalt with/without New Hebrides
interaction with peridotites 10 arc (C.A.)
(Rapp and Watson 1995; Rapp
3.5
et al. 1999); and (6) the average 5
adakite composition from C D
Martin (1999)
0 2.5
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Y (ppm) Y (ppm)
250
only small amounts of crustal contamination might have
affected the Mojanda–Fuya Fuya volcanic complex, and this
process is unable to account for the Mojanda and Fuya Fuya
geochemical differences.
Intra-crustal magmatic processes: temperature and pressure
constraints
Equilibrium temperatures for orthopyroxene and clinopyrox-
ene have been estimated following Andersen et al. (1993). In
general, the calculated core temperatures range from 923°C
to 1,170°C in pyroxenes from Mojanda and 860° to 1,200°C
in pyroxenes from Fuya Fuya (Table 3). Whereas the highest
temperatures calculated from the cores of the pyroxenes
remain high (between 973°C and 1,170°C) for all the
Mojanda series, the lower temperatures for core or rim of
the pyroxenes in the same samples tend to decrease with the
increasing silica content of lavas: no temperatures are below
1,007°C in Lower Mojanda basaltic andesites whereas many
temperatures are below 1,000°C for the rocks having a silica
content higher than 60%. As an example, pyroxenes from
the Upper Mojanda basaltic andesites (e.g. MOJ 4, 5 and 40)
yield ~50°C higher temperatures than the dacitic lavas that
preceded the caldera (MOJ 74).
Applied to the Fuya Fuya volcano, the two-pyroxene
geothermometer shows a different trend, with core temper-
atures between 941°C and 1,146°C for high-silica andesites
and between 1,100°C and 1,127°C for dacites. Note that the
pyroxenes from the andesitic member of the R1 plinian
deposit crystallised at “high” temperatures (1,061–1,100°
C). In subduction magmatic suites showing bimodal
compositions, such differences (approximately 100°C) are
common. These results confirm the temperatures estimated
by the magnetite/ilmenite geothermometer on three lavas of
Lower Mojanda and an andesite and a dacite from Upper
Fuya Fuya (Table 3).
Some information about crystallisation pressures is given
by amphibole compositions. In the total Al versus Na + K
diagram (Fig. 9b and e), amphibole compositions from the
Mojanda–Fuya Fuya Volcanic Complex mimic the low- and
high-pressure groups described at the Pinatubo volcano
(Prouteau and Scaillet 2003), indicating that Lower
Mojanda and Upper Mojanda magmas crystallised at least
at two different depths. These results are confirmed using
the “Al-in-hornblende” geobarometer, experimentally cali-
brated between 0.2 and 0.8 GPa (Johnson and Rutherford
1989). The cumulative histogram of 139 pressure estimates
for amphiboles from the Upper Mojanda series and from
Fuya Fuya samples exhibit a clear bimodal distribution with
two maxima, around 0.6 and 0.2 GPa (Fig. 9c, f). The same
results are summarised in Table 3 for core and rim
compositions. In Upper Mojanda, amphiboles in andesites
(M-II-3 unit, sample MOJ 68; unit M-II-5) crystallised at
Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258
two distinct levels: a deep level (approximately 1 GPa) and
a shallow level (approximately 0.2 GPa). Amphiboles from
Fuya Fuya show three main pressures of crystallisation:
approximately 0.2 GPa (from 0.16 to 0.24 GPa), approx-
imately 0.35 GPa and from 0.52 to 0.64 GPa.
Even though these values do not correspond to “absolute
pressures”, the distinction between the three groups is
significant. Amphiboles from Lower Fuya Fuya and San
Bartolo rocks are characteristic of these three pressures
(Table 3). In Upper Fuya Fuya rocks, shallow crystallisation
is more frequent, except for some cores that crystallised at
high pressures (e.g. MOJ 102). It must be noted that the
amphibole carried by the andesitic member in R1 is of deep
origin.
Metasomatised mantle melting model
High-Na2O, high-Al2O3, and HREE and Y depleted magmas
are generally considered to represent partial melting of mafic
rocks of basaltic composition metamorphosed into garnet-
bearing eclogite or amphibolite (Martin 1987; Rapp et al.
1991; Defant and Drummond 1990; among others). This
process can take place in various tectonic settings: (1)
subduction of an active oceanic ridge or young (≤5 Ma)
oceanic crust (Martin 1986; Peacock et al. 1994; Maury et al.
1996); (2) melting of the oceanic crust at the beginning or at
the end of a subduction episode (Sajona et al. 1993); (3)
melting of a subducting oceanic crust at plate edges
(Yogodzinski et al. 2001); (4) melting of a subducting
significantly buoyant intra-oceanic body (Beate et al. 2001);
(5) partial melting of garnetiferous basaltic lower crust in a
thickened continental crust. The first three tectonic settings
do not fit the geodynamics of the Northern Volcanic Zone of
the Andes. The two last explanations have both been
advanced to explain the geochemical characteristics of most
of the Ecuadorian magmas.
Melting of the lower crust occurs through delamination
(Kay and Kay 1993) or basaltic underplating (Kay et al.
1987; Hildreth and Moorbath 1988; Atherton and Petford
1993; Petford and Atherton 1996; Annen and Sparks 2002).
Lower crust melting by way of delamination produces
crustal uplift and extension, changes in stress regime and
variations in mantle-derived magmatism. None of these
features are found in the Ecuadorian Andes. In this part of
the Northern Volcanic Zone, the lower crust was formed by
“lateral crustal growth, involving subduction-accretion of
heterogeneous material from the subducting slab”, and
limited vertical accretion (i.e. underplating) occurred
(Weber et al. 2002). In addition, although there is evidence
that lower crustal rocks were affected by reactions
involving dehydration and possible melting, these authors
conclude that “there is no evidence of any pervasive crustal
melting” in this part of the Andes. Therefore, it seems
Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258 251

Table 3 Estimated temperatures (°C) and pressures (kbar) of crystallization calculated for Mojanda–Fuya Fuya volcanic complex

Sample number SiO2 % Temperatures cpx–opx Temperatures Mag–Ilm Pressure amphiboles

Cores Rims Cores Rims

Upper Fuya Fuya

MOJ 102 64.9 6.4 (2)–2.0 (4) 2.0 (2)
MOJ 36 63.2 5.8 (4)–2.3 (1) 3.7 (2)
MOJ 10 66.8 2.8 (3)
MOJ 41B 65.0 7.1 (1)–2.4 (6) 1.9 (3)
MOJ 42B 67.9 2.0 (3) 2.0 (3)
MOJ 58A 64.8 822–843 2.1 (3) 1.7 (1)
MOJ 57A 64.2 4.5 (1)–2.3 (4) 2.0 (4)
MOJ 51C 63.3 2.03 (5) 2.00 (4)
MOJ 107 61.0 957–995
MOJ 106 64.5 1,100–1,127 1,099–1,106 6.3 (2) 3.6 (2)–2.0 (4)
MOJ 103 61.0 1,036–1,146 1,030–1,116 804–925 2.3 (2) 1.6 (2)
MOJ 92 66.4 5.6 (3)–2.5 (1)
MOJ 1A 65.0 1.8 (2) 1.8 (3)
San Bartolo lava cone
MOJ 38 60.6 923–971 912–960 5.6 (1) 5.6 (1)
Lower Fuya Fuya
MOJ 26 63.5 4.4 (3)–2.6 (1) 2.3 (4)
MOJ 21A 62.6 1,061–1,100 801–1,015 5.8 (1)–3.5 (9)
MOJ 16 62.0 941–1,020 860–981 5.90 (2) 5.9 (1)
MOJ 44 63.4 982–1,018 880–952 3.4 (4) 3.3 (1)
MOJ 55 64.8 2.0 (5) 2.0 (3)
Peculiar samples (rocks with Mojanda affinities within FF units)
MOJ 77B 61.1 5.3 (2) 5.4 (2)
MOJ 115 F 60.1 6.7 (1)–3.8 (3) 2.3 (7)
Upper Mojanda
MOJ 80A 60.0 6.2 (3) 6.15 (2)
MOJ 68B 60.9 5.2 (1)–2.7 (4) 2.1 (3)
MOJ 40A 56.0 1,045–1,094 1,048–1,084
MOJ 4 57.1 1,022–1,156 1,007–1,084
MOJ 5 55.0 1,053–1,170 1,016–1,158
Lower Mojanda
MOJ 2 62.8 1,017–1,091 908–971
MOJ 73A 60.7 975–1,056 919–996 839 (1 pair)
MOJ 69 56.0 1,028–1,103 1,026–1,099
MOJ 3 62.25 973–1,125 923–1,065 808–843
MOJ 74 65.0 996–1,090 980–1,058

Clinopyroxene–orthopyroxene and magnetite–ilmenite equilibrium temperatures were calculated using the Quilf software (Andersen et al. 1993).
Pressures were estimated after amphibole compositions (Johnson and Rutherford 1989). In brackets: number of analyses (couples).

unlikely that the voluminous Ecuadorian magmatism is
related to lower crustal melting.
Figure 11 is a synthetic La/Yb vs Yb plot that compares
the Mojanda and Fuya Fuya compositions to magmatic
liquid compositions calculated for partial melting or
fractional crystallisation of different sources (Table 4). For
each model, the mineralogical composition of the residue or
of the cumulate has been obtained by major element mass
balance calculation (Störmer and Nichols 1978). Line (4)
shows the calculated composition of liquids generated by
E-MORB partial melting, with an eclogitic residue. Ada-
kitic compositions (ADK) are obtained for 10% to 20%
melting of this source. Although our data plot near this
calculated trend, unrealistic degrees of partial melting are
required to generate the Fuya Fuya lavas (60% to 80%) and
the Mojanda magmas (90%).
The relatively high Mg# and Ni and Cr contents, as well
as the presence of a few Mg-rich olivine crystals in both
suites, plead in favour of the participation of a more mafic
source, the mantle wedge being the most probable source.
In log (compatible element) vs log (incompatible element)
diagrams (Fig. 12; Table 5), Mojanda samples show a
252
80
ADK
La / Yb
60
20
60
(4)
(6) Bulk-mixing 0 1
La/Yb
E-MORB (5)
40 fusion 40 Fractional
crystallization
with
40 (5)
20 amphibole 2
20 40
(6) without 4
6 (2)
amphibole
20 10
60
AMM 60 40
DM 50 40 30 20
0
0 1
Yb (ppm)
Fig. 11 Petrogenetic model for the Mojanda–Fuya Fuya volcanic
complex, using the La/Yb vs Yb diagram. Fields for Mojanda (light
grey), Fuya-Fuya (stippled) and San Bartolo (ruled) are shown. DM=
depleted mantle; AMM=adakitic metasomatised mantle. ADK=adakite.
Three models of batch partial melting (Shaw 1970) of an AMM with
various residual modal compositions are given. Curve 1: lherzolitic (0%
Grt) residue (69% Ol + 11% Cpx + 20% Opx); curve 2: garnet
lherzolitic (2% Grt) residue (61% Ol + 12% Cpx + 25% Opx + 2%
Grt); curve 3: garnet lherzolitic (4% Grt) residue (61% Ol + 12% Cpx +
23% Opx + 4% Grt). Bold parts of these curves represent degrees of
melting ranging from 10% to 20%. Curve 4: slab partial melting of an
enriched basaltic source (E-MORB, Sun and McDonough 1989),
leaving an eclogitic residue (61% Cpx + 38% Grt + 1% Rt). Curve 5
poorly defined but almost flat and horizontal pattern typical
of different degrees of melting of a mantle source, whereas
Fuya Fuya samples reveal a two-stage genesis: (1) partial
melting of a mantle source followed by (2) fractional
crystallisation. Curve 5 of Fig. 11 shows that up to 40% of
fractional crystallization of plagioclase, amphibole and
pyroxene can account for the distribution of most of the
observed Fuya Fuya data. In this figure, partial fusion
modelling of mantle has also been visualised. It appears
that a depleted mantle (DM) composition could account for
Mojanda lavas only when at least 2% of garnet is stable in
the melting residue (curve not shown); on the contrary, this
process cannot easily account for any Fuya Fuya lava
composition, even with a garnet-bearing residue.
Consequently, at least Fuya Fuya magmas required
melting of an enriched-mantle source. Figure 13a shows
calculated melting of a mantle peridotite (DM=depleted
mantle) modified (metasomatised) by interactions with slab
melts (ADK; 3% slab melts+97% mantle=AMM adakite
metasomatised mantle). Such an AMM source can account
for the Fuya Fuya lavas when 2 to 4% of garnet is stable in
the residue (curves 2 and 3), and for Mojanda when no
garnet (curve 1) or a small amount of garnet (curve 2) is
stable. Figure 13b also shows that one of the parental
Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258
ADK Upper Fuya Fuya Upper Mojanda
San Bartolo Lower Mojanda
40 Lower Fuya Fuya Mojanda in
“Transitional” Fuya Fuya
20 rocks
Calc-alkaline
rocks
0
2
Yb (ppm)
Adakitic Metasomatized Mantle
(3) (1) fusion without garnet
(2) fusion with 2% garnet
(3) fusion with 4% garnet
5
10
10 5 (1)
E-MORB
2 3
illustrates a model of fractional crystallization with plagioclase,
amphibole and pyroxene of sample MOJ 17. Lastly, curve 6 presents
a bulk-mixing model between an adakitic (ADK) and an andesitic
(adakitic-like=resulting from the partial fusion of the AMM source) end
member. Partition coefficients used (Table 5) for mantle melting (mafic
liquids) are given in Halliday et al. (1995); and those for slab-melting
models (felsic and/or intermediate liquids) are given in Martin (1987).
Inset: La/Yb vs. Yb diagram showing analytical data for the volcanic
rocks (same symbols as Fig. 4). Samples the compositions of which
could be explained by melting of an AMM source (named transitional
or adakite-like rocks) are located in between true adakites and calc-
alkaline volcanic rocks
magmas used in the Fuya Fuya calculation (MOJ 26) can
be obtained with 10% to 15% of partial fusion of this AMM
source, leaving a garnet lherzolite residue.
Although this calculation shows that the mantle wedge
metasomatised by slab melts can be the source of the Fuya
Fuya magmas, it does not imply that this is the only
possible process. Indeed, in subduction environments,
mantle wedge composition can also be modified by fluids
produced by dehydration of the subducted slab. These
fluids would enrich the mantle peridotite in La without
significantly changing Yb contents. With regard to these
two elements, the consequence will be similar to slab-melt
metasomatism.
For similar SiO2 contents, Fuya Fuya samples are Na2O-
richer and K2O-poorer (Fig. 4) than Mojanda samples. Due
to low slab/fluid partition coefficients for K, fluid meta-
somatised mantle is efficiently enriched in K2O. On the
contrary, slab melts are Na2O-rich and K2O-poor, with
K2O/Na2O ratios of about 0.42 (Martin 1999) resulting in
less efficient K-enrichment of the mantle wedge. The
difference in K2O and K2O/Na2O ratio between Mojanda
and Fuya Fuya could be consistent with slab melt involve-
ment in the magma source, at least for the Fuya Fuya
volcano.
Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258 253

Table 4 Fractional crystallization modelling

Parent rock wt.% Daughter rock wt.% Crystallizing minerals Comment

SiO2 SiO2 pl amph bio cpx opx ol mt R2 1-F

Upper Fuya Fuya (post-collapse units: FF IV → V)

MOJ 107 61.15 MOJ 81 68.85 34.3 53.1 9.2 2.3 1.1 0.06 0.62 OK
MOJ 107 61.15 MOJ 42B 68.53 32.3 55.3 8.3 2.0 2.1 0.052 0.65 OK
MOJ 107 61.15 MOJ 51C 64.75 31.4 43.0 23.3 0.2 2.1 0.032 0.774 OK
MOJ 107 61.15 MOJ 10 69.17 38.3 45.0 10.7 3.5 2.5 0.039 0.608 OK
FF V → FF I
MOJ 107 61.15 MOJ 20 73.67 47.3 31.2 12.6 5.9 3.0 0.093 0.466 OK
MOJ 51C 64.75 MOJ 20 73.67 53.4 40.2 4.0 2.5 0.061 0.603 OK
MOJ 51C 64.75 MOJ 10 69.17 49.2 37.8 10.8 2.2 0.028 0.765 OK
Differentiation from MOJ 115 F (MOJ in FF → FF V)
MOJ 115F 61.74 MOJ 42B 68.53 41.8 25.1 14.2 15.0 3.9 0.157 0.645 ±
MOJ in FF → MOJ I
MOJ 115F 61.74 MOJ 121 66.65 55.5 9.9 33.1 1.5 0.249 0.67 No FC
MOJ in FF → FF II
MOJ 115F 61.74 MOJ 55 65.71 36.2 25.8 16.3 17.8 3.9 0.06 0.761 OK
MOJ in FF → FF I
MOJ 115F 61.74 MOJ 20 73.67 53.6 7.6 17.5 16.8 4.5 0.222 0.468 No FC
MOJ 115F 61.74 MOJ 20 73.67 55.5 2.8 19.9 17.5 4.5 0.208 0.457 No FC
San Bartolo (FF III)
MOJ 38 61.44 MOJ 87 65.21 60.7 18.1 14.2 7.0 0.245 0.745 No FC
Lower Fuya Fuya (FF I–II)
MOJ 17 61.97 MOJ 55 65.71 37.1 25.5 28.1 9.3 0.085 0.82 OK
MOJ 17 61.97 MOJ 20 73.67 49.4 22.8 18.4 2.7 6.6 0.146 0.54 ±
MOJ 120 61.97 MOJ 54B 68.42 39.4 46.5 3.6 6.7 3.8 0.06 0.69 OK
MOJ II → MOJ I
MOJ 110B 55.37 MOJ 69 58.62 32.1 35.2 25.1 7.2 0.4 0.003 0.79 OK
MOJ II → FF V
MOJ 80A 59.62 MOJ 51C 64.75 35.0 33.5 26.9 4.7 0.125 0.697 ±
MOJ 80A 59.62 MOJ 51C 64.75 31.8 38.3 24.0 1.0 4.9 0.116 0.713 ±
MOJ 80A 59.62 MOJ 10 69.17 39.8 36.0 14.0 6.0 4.1 0.138 0.55 ±
Upper Mojanda (MOJ II)
MOJ 110B 55.37 MOJ 85 62.59 51.3 19.3 16.8 9.0 3.6 0.172 0.52 ±
MOJ 110B 55.37 MOJ 8OB 63.88 52.3 20.8 5.7 17.5 3.8 0.346 0.52 no FC
MOJ 5 55.1 MOJ 8OB 63.88 63.2 6.3 25.1 5.4 0.406 0.47 no FC
MOJ 5 55.1 MOJ 31B 57.35 35.4 17.0 45.8 1.8 0.304 0.75 no FC
MOJ 5 55.1 MOJ 40C 57.18 55.3 9.7 32.7 2.2 0.05 0.74 OK
MOJ 110B 55.37 MOJ 32B 60.56 44.2 22.2 30.5 3.2 0.114 0.559 ±
Lower Mojanda (MOJ I)
MOJ 69 58.62 MOJ 3 62.79 61.2 10.5 14.2 7.6 6.5 0.3 0.64 No FC
MOJ 69 58.62 MOJ 75A 65.11 62.3 3.1 27.9 6.7 0.637 0.55 No FC
MOJ 29 58.62 MOJ 3 62.79 65.7 4.7 18.9 3.3 7.2 0.277 0.63 No FC
MOJ 3 62.79 MOJ 75A 65.11 71.9 21.0 7.2 0.227 0.89 No FC
MOJ 2 64.32 MOJ 75A 65.11 47.8 33.9 8.5 9.9 0.02 0.95 OK

The mineralogical composition of cumulate obtained with major elements was applied to trace elements, considering that their concentration
follows the Rayleigh equation: CL=CLo F (D-1). The bulk distribution coefficient D=∑ xα kD, where kD is the crystal/liquid partitioning
coefficient, xα is the weight fraction of the phase α in the cumulate, and F the fraction of liquid remaining, (1-F=fraction crystallized). Crystal/
melt partition coefficients used are from Martin (1987). In the comment column, “OK” means that the calculation result is correct, “±” means that
the result is acceptable, “no FC” means that the calculation was not successful for the parent/daughter rock and mineral assemblage considered.

Other arguments in favour of the existence of slab melts in the Carnegie Ridge, this low seismic activity could result
the Ecuadorian volcanic arc include: (1) Weak seismicity from the rheological state of the slab, considered to be hot.
related to subduction (Gutscher et al. 1999; Guiller et al. Consequently, the conditions required for slab melting
2001). Whatever the interpretation of the slab dip in front of should be present. (2) Slab melt involvement in the
254 Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258

100
A 100
ADK
3% ADK
10 PM
30%
10% 6% 2% (1)
AMM

log Co (ppm)
Rock/Primitive mantle

1
97% DM
DM 10 10%
0.1 (3)
30%
100 FC
10% 5% MOJ 17 (FF-II) B (2)
10 15%
1
PM 50%

PM
1
residue: garnet (4% Grt) lherzolite
0.1
Rb Ba Nb K La Ce Sr Nd Sm Zr Eu Gd Dy Y
Fig. 12 Process identification logarithmic diagram based on incom-
patible (Rb) versus compatible (Co) element behaviours. PM=partial
melting. FC=fractional crystallization. Crystal/melt partition coeffi-
cients used are given in Table 5
1 10 100
log Rb (ppm)
AMM
Fig. 13 Mass balance model of mantle metasomatism by adakitic
Er Yb magma. a Adakite metasomatised mantle (AMM) is modelled as a
combination of 97% depleted mantle (Yogodzinski et al. 1995) and
3% of an adakitic component (resulting from 5% partial melting of an
E-MORB source). b Batch partial melting of an AMM source leaving
a garnet lherzolitic (4% Grt) residue (same model as for curve 3 in
Fig. 11). Fuya Fuya andesite (MOJ 17), used in the fractional
crystallization model (Fig. 11, curve 5), results from ~20% partial
melting of such a source

petrogenesis of other Ecuadorian volcanoes. Examples are

the Nevado Cayambe (Samaniego et al. 2002, 2005), El
Soche, Pululahua, Guagua Pichincha (Bourdon et al. 2002a,
2003), and Iliniza (Hidalgo et al. 2006) volcanoes. For
instance, in Nevado Cayambe, some magmas display Yb=
0.4 ppm and La/Yb=60; such characteristics (with many
others), typical of slab melts, cannot be produced by pure
mantle melting, regardless of the enrichment mechanism. (3)
A regional Nb enrichment (Monzier et al. 2003), especially
in the back-arc area where high-Nb basalts are found. Such
Nb enrichment must reflect mantle-source metasomatism by
slab melts (Defant et al. 1992; Sajona et al. 1996).
Mixing model

Table 5 Crystal/melt partition coefficients used for the calculation of Fuya Fuya magmas may also reflect mixing between a
partial melting and fractional crystallization of Figs. 12 and 13 mantle-derived calc-alkaline magma (Mojanda) and an
adakitic component. Almost all Lower Fuya Fuya volcanic
Co Rb La Yb
units were erupted after the large, bimodal, rhyolitic and
Partial fusion: intermediate liquids andesitic R1 event, and show mineralogical evidence for
Garnet 3.00 0.03 0.04 21.00 mixing, such as ubiquitous complex zoning with high-Ca
Clinopyroxene 2.2 0.03 0.1 0.6 peaks in plagioclase (e.g. MOJ 21A and 44 or 55, Fig. 8).
Magnetite 0.01 0.00 0.1 14.00 In post-sector collapse lavas, mixing is supported by
Partial fusion: basic liquids
reverse zoning in opx (En71 to En83) from the bi-
Olivine 4.3 0.01 0.00 0.00
Orthopyroxene 3.2 0.02 0.00 0.18
compositional (dacitic and andesitic) Atahualpa ash-flow
Clinopyroxene 1.5 0.03 0.07 0.28 deposits. The juvenile clasts related to the sector collapse
Fractional crystallization event contain at least two plagioclase populations (MOJ
Plagioclase 0.1 0.04 0.4 0.05 1A, 115F and 92, Fig. 8), two types of amphibole
Clinopyroxene 8.00 0.03 0.3 1.58 phenocrysts (a subcalcic alumino-magnesio-hornblende
Orthopyroxene 2.9 0.01 0.13 0.89 and ferri-tschermakitic amphibole) and olivine with reac-
Olivine 4.3 0.00 0.00 0.00 tion rims. These features, which are strong arguments in
Amphibole 10.00 0.01 0.74 8.4
favour of a mixing process, also characterise the andesites
Magnetite 9.5 0.00 0.22 0.18
from the final phases of construction of Fuya Fuya, as MOJ
Data from Martin (1987) and Halliday et al. (1995). 103 and 107.
Bull Volcanol (2009) 71:233–258
This process has been tested assuming that the less
differentiated Fuya Fuya lava (MOJ 107) resulted from the
mixing of a mafic mantle-derived magma (MOJ 110B) and
a slab-melt. Sample MOJ 110B has been selected because it
represents the least differentiated member of the Mojanda
suite, and probably corresponds to a primitive mantle-
derived magma. The choice of the slab-melt end member is
complicated because a pure adakitic composition is lacking
in the Mojanda-Fuya Fuya Volcanic Complex. For this
purpose, the adakite generated in the Quimsacoha caldera in
the southern part of the volcanic arc (Beate et al. 2001; Yb=
0.4; La/Yb=35; Sr/Y=110) was selected. Figure 14 is a
(CFuya Fuya–CMojanda) versus (CAdakite–CMojanda) plot, where
Ci corresponds to the concentration of a given element
in the magma i. Based on a mixing
equation CFuya Fuya ¼
ðx
CAdakite Þ þ ð1  xÞ
CMojanda , if mixing occurs, ana-
lysed elements plot on the linear trend y=χx, where χ
represents the proportion of the adakite component in the
mixture. Disregarding Cr, all data clearly plot on a line with
a very good correlation coefficient (r2 =0.990). Although
the Cr behaviour is not explained by this model, it must be
noted that in Mojanda samples, Cr contents are highly
variable (Fig. 4): Cr ranges from 35 to 280 ppm, without
any correlation with the degree of differentiation.
In summary, the most primitive Fuya Fuya samples can
be best explained by mixing between Mojanda-like mantle-
derived magma and slab-melts. The calculated degree of
mixing involves approximately ~30% of slab-melts. At
200
Ba
150
100
CFuya-Fuya - CMojanda
50
Rb Sr
0
Ni
-50
V
-100 y = 0.28 x -0.92
r2 = 0.99
-150 (without Cr)
Cr
-200
-300 -100 100 300 500
CAdakite - CMojanda
Fig. 14 Mixing test for various major and trace elements, assuming
that the less differentiated Fuya Fuya lava (MOJ 107) results from
mixing between 72% of a mafic mantle derived magma (MOJ 110B)
and 28% of a pure adakitic magma (Quimsacoha; Beate et al. 2001)
255
present, it is difficult to determine precisely what part of the
Fuya Fuya differentiation trend is due to magma mixing and
what part results from fractional crystallisation. Geological
and mineralogical data provide evidence for both mecha-
nisms, and a magma generated by mixing could subsequent-
ly evolve by 10% to 40% fractional crystallisation.
Relationship with eruptive dynamics
Because the eruptions of both volcanoes alternated, and/or
were contemporaneous from the beginning of construction of
the Lower Fuya Fuya construction up to the cessation of
Mojanda’s activity, the Mojanda–Fuya Fuya Volcanic Com-
plex allows comparison of the eruptive styles as a function of
magma composition. The contemporaneous development
implies that two magmatic reservoirs exist below the volcanic
complex. The andesites from Lower Mojanda and Upper
Mojanda edifices and the rocks from San Bartolo (unit FF-III)
erupted during mainly effusive and constructional phases.
Conversely, the hydrous magmas inferred to be derived from
slab-melt metasomatism or mixing processes, consisting of
high-silica andesite, dacite and rhyolite, produced the ex-
tremely explosive volcanism that characterised the Lower
Fuya Fuya volcano (units FF-I and FF-II) and post-sector
collapse volcanic units (FF-IV and FF-V).
Interactions between the two volcanic plumbing systems
occurred. The andesitic magma that mixed with R1 rhyolitic
magma at the beginning of the first explosive cycle of the FF-
II period displays Mojanda’s geochemical characteristics, as
do the andesitic bands in the dacitic pumice of the post-sector
collapse Atahualpa ash-flow deposits. We conclude that on at
least two occasions, renewed mafic magma of Mojanda type
intruded the shallower Fuya Fuya reservoir and was respon-
sible for triggering the two largest Fuya Fuya eruptions. It is
also worth noting that the least adakitic magmatism at Fuya
Fuya was responsible for the construction of the mostly
effusive San Bartolo cone. Conversely, Lower Fuya Fuya and
Upper Fuya Fuya units have more marked adakitic character-
istics and result from explosive eruptions.
Possible influence of the Carnegie Ridge on magmatism
The variable participation of adakite in the genesis of
Mojanda–Fuya Fuya magmas raises questions about the
Ecuadorian geodynamic context. A recently-proposed the-
sis tries to reconcile the abnormal width of the volcanic arc
in Ecuador (in comparison with the narrow Colombian arc)
700 and the regional involvement of slab melts generated from
20 million year old oceanic crust (Samaniego et al. 2002,
2005; Bourdon et al. 2002a, b, 2003). The Carnegie Ridge
represents the trace of the Galápagos hotspot on the Nazca
plate; this ridge is younger, slightly less dense, and hotter
than the Nazca lithosphere. The subduction of this modified
256
ridge, probably accompanied by shear heating, could
provide an additional heat source for partial slab melting,
and could be the cause of the unusually high thermal
regime in the region. This model is consistent with recent
seismo-tectonic results, which indicate that there is an
intermediate seismicity gap from 70 to 220 km deep along
the Benioff zone (Gutscher et al. 1999; Guillier et al. 2001;
Bourdon et al. 2003).
Conclusion
The contrasting eruptive style and volcanic development of
the close-proximity Mojanda and Fuya Fuya volcanoes are
undoubtedly due to their different magmatic suites. At Fuya
Fuya, two periods of particularly explosive activity (Lower
Fuya Fuya and Upper Fuya Fuya stages), have especially
marked adakitic characteristics.
Different magmatic processes and sources are suggested.
For Mojanda rocks, partial melting of the mantle wedge,
thought to be slightly metasomatised by slab-melts, is the
dominant process producing the calc-alkaline suite. The
primary magmas have subsequently evolved slightly at
shallow levels by fractional crystallisation dominated by
plagioclase-pyroxene cumulates. At Fuya Fuya volcano,
modelling indicates two possible petrogenetic processes: (1)
mafic magmas generated by melting of the mantle-wedge
metasomatised by slab-melts or, (2) mixing between mafic
magmas generated by mantle-wedge melting and slab-melts.
The resulting batches of siliceous and hydrous primary
magmas would have subsequently evolved at shallow levels
by fractional crystallisation of a hornblende-bearing assem-
blage. In this model, melting is favoured by the rheology of
the subducted slab. The latter is considered to be hot, due to
the involvement in the subduction of the young and hot
Carnegie Ridge, and strong shear at the slab/mantle interface.
Acknowledgements We acknowledge Erwan Bourdon for stimulat-
ing discussions. We are also very grateful for the comments on a
preliminary version of this paper by Suzanne M. Kay and Nick
Petford. We thank Marcel Bohn (CNRS, UMR 6538, Brest, France)
for his help in performing the microprobe analyses and Thierry Pilorge
(IRD, Bondy, France) for his careful preparation of the thin sections.
This research was supported by the French IRD (Institut de Recherche
pour le Développement) and the Instituto Geofisico de la Escuela
Politecnica Nacional of Quito in the framework of their cooperation
agreement. The careful reviews and suggestions of James Luhr and
Leonid Danuyshevsky are greatly acknowledged.
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