Day 4 9/19/22

Bird Morphology
'

Skeletal -
Muscle system :
highly modified for flight & Bi
pedaling
skeleton : air filled hollow bones , horny beak ,
short tail → reduce
weight

Many fused elements : stiff body

•
collarbones fused : wishbone stores energy
like
springs

Keeled breast flight

-

: large muscles

:
muscles

white fibers
/ aerobic
s
-

endurance

dark fibers
w/ /
-

glycogen -

quick burst anaerobic

!
•

Vertebrates closed capillaries tissues

circulatory system exchange
-

Birds Mama /
'

Crocs , ,
s

4 Chambers w/ circuits
-

2
separate

high Oz i. high BP
-

•
Blood

•
blood u
/ dense RBC
Carries
Oz
•

'

Inactive DNA in nature RBC

WBC
•

: immune
system

Adaptive
'

immune response
-

thymus : T -

cells → cellular immunity

Bursa i. antibodies in Plasma
'

bone mar row :B cells →

Innate immune response without anti -

inflammation control

Vector of
•

zoonotic viruses

'

lungfish & Amphibian lungs are single

-
chambered ; complement gills É skin

throat to breath pressure pushes air in

lungs
-

muscles :
positive
'
Amniote lungs are multi chambered;
principle site for gas exchange
Amniotes
-

use rib cage to breathe

negative
-

pressure

•
Crocs and Birds : one way air flow through multichansbeoeel lung
birds / air sacs
'

in
Counter current exchange w/ capillaries
- -

Digestive system
Crop i. gizzard except in fruit i.
-

nectar eaters

Crop stores É
'

moistens

gizzard grinds
'

vertebrate
prey pellets
-

Cloaca : one opening

Uric Acid excreted as
/ feces
•

a
white paste mixed in

Nontoxic É saves water

Diverse beak morphology diverse functions Diverse foot diverse function

-

→ →
morphology

Feeding Walk
- '

on their toes

Grooming Feet
-

types
-

'

nest
building
-

locomotion

Grooming
•

Cooling
building
-

Grasping
-

Diverse leg i. neck lengths

-
diverse functions Nervous System :
Brain

leg i. neck length

-

Cerebellum larger in fliers →

con # rolls movements & muscles

wadding birds Midbrain → for

_

: eyes
large optic the
-

lobes nerves

Cerebrum :
large important for rational
shorebirds basal not
thinking
_

ganglia →
-

↳
Dabbling & diving birds a lot
( dense)
-

more n e u ro n s

Running Birds
-

Nervous System :
Hearing
-

Outer ear
just canal

enlarged in owls ,
feathers funnel sound

Middle
•

ear 1 bone : transmits cochlea

sound from eardrum to

Inner :
short uncoiled
-

ear
cochlea senses sound

narrow pitch but

highly acute time disrimi nation

large semi -
circular canals -

balance

Nervous system :
Eye
-

2- 3 fulveas ( high concentration of cones ]

Head
judge distance / depth
-

bob to

Acute
?
: b-
/
-

×
more receptor cells mm

4 types of [ better ]
-

cones color vision

sensitivity
to
change in photoperiod → hormones
→ affect motivation to
migrate , final a
mate
,
build a nest

↳ Know when the equinox is