Answers

Chapter 6
19 –8 J
Exercises
20 (a) It accelerates downwards.

1 2 × 10–4 N (b) 12 J

2 20 N C–1, south 21 4 eV

3 5.7 × 10–10 N C–1 22 3 eV

4 (a) 1.8 × 106 N C–1 23 (a) 7.1 × 10–6 m3

(b) 4.5 × 105 N C–1 (b) 8.5 × 1028 m–3

(c) 0.045 N (c) 9.4 × 10–5 m s–1

(d) 0.01 N 24 3.7 × 10–4 m

5 (a) 1 × 10–7 N 25 10.8 Ω

(b) 1 × 10  ms –5 –2
26 3 kΩ
6 2.25 × 106 V 27 0.3 V
7 1.13 × 10  V 6
28 0.02 A
8 (a) Q1 positive 29 100 Ω, 100 Ω, 25 Ω
(b) towards Q2
30 1 Ω
9 F
31 11.5 V
10 (a) 20 V
32 (a) 500 J
(b) 10 V
(b) 3 × 104 J
(c) 0 V
33 0.031 W
11 (a) 40 J
(b) –20 J 34 0.5 W

(c) 0 J 35 (a) 450 kJ

12 50 Vm–1; field not uniform (b) 37.5 kW

(c) 125 A
13 –3 nC
36 no energy is lost, no heat produced, motor is
14 (a) –10 eV
100% efficient, no friction / no other losses
(b) –50 eV
37 (a) 0.45 A
(c) 20 eV
(b) 20 J
15 2 V
38 (a) 4.5 A
16 5 V
(b) 1.8 × 107 J
17 15 J
39 16  Ω
3
18 4 J
40 8 Ω
1
 41 28 Ω 61 (a) 1.5 × 10–5 Tm2

42 16  Ω (b) 1.3 × 10–5 Tm2

7
(c) 0.67 μV
43 0.5 A, 5 V
62 156 V
44 3 A, 3 V
63 18 A
45 1.5 A, 6 V
64 (a) (i) 100 
π rad s–1
46 3 A, 6 V
(ii) 3.9 V
47 2.4 V, 3.0 V, 20% (iii) 2.8 V
48 1.7 A, 2.0 A, 15% (b) 1.4 V

49 4.8 V 65 48.4 Ω

50 3 A, 1.5 V 66 (a) 10

51 0.44 V (b) 2 W

(c) 9.2 mA
52 0.49 V
(d) 0 A
53 (a) 2 × 10–5 N
67 (a) 5 × 103 A
(b) east
(b) 200 MW
54 (a) 5 × 10–6 N (c) 40%
(b) west (d) 300 MW
55 (a) up (e) 300 MW
(b) right (f) 1.36 MA
(c) up 68 1.39 × 10–11 F
56 4 × 10–19 N 69 2.78 × 10–10 F
57 (a) 8.0 × 10–17 J 70 8.85 × 10–9 F
(b) 1.3 × 10  m s7 –1

71 1.2 × 10–5 C
(c) 7.4 × 10–4 T
72 (a) 2.67 μF
58 4 × 10–20 N
(b) 12 μF
59 (a) 2 × 10–4 V
73 4 V
(b) 1 × 10–4 A
(c) 2 × 10–8 J 74 9 V

(d) 2 × 10–8 J 75 2.03 × 10–4 J

(e) 20 m 76 (a) 1.39 × 10–10 F
(f) 1 × 10  N
–8
(b) 8.34 × 10–10 C
60 (a) 1 × 10–6 Tm2 (c) 2.5 × 10–9 J
(b) 0.25 × 10–6 Tm–2 s–1 (d) 5 × 10–9 J, work is done pulling plates apart.
(c) 0.25 μV 77 8 × 10–11 V

2
 78 (a) 50 s 2 (a)
(b) 50 mC V
(c) 6.7 V
(d) 1 mA
(e) 35 s

79 (a) yes
(b) 1 × 10–5 A
(c) 3.35 V

Practice questions
0
0 I
1 (i) use of emf = energy ;
charge Any reasonable curve in the right direction.
= (8.1 × 103)
3

(5.8 × 10 ) [1]
= 1.4 V; [2] (b) (i) from the value of V at any point on the
F
I
Award [0] for formula E = seen or implied
Q
curve;[1]
even if answer is numerically correct. Do not accept just ‘from V ’.
I
(ii) pd across internal resistance = 0.2 V; (ii) non-ohmic because the resistance ( V at
I
or each point) is not constant / OWTTE;[1]
current = 1.2
6 = 0.2 A; (c) (i) 50  Ω;[1]
resistance r = ( 0.2
1.2 ) × 6.0 ; (ii) recognize that the voltage must divide
total resistance = 1.40.2 = 7.0 Ω; in the ratio 3 : 1;
= 1.0 Ω;
to give R = 150 Ω;[2]
internal resistance = 7 – 6 = 1.0 Ω;[3]
Or answer could be solved via the
Accept any other valid route.
current.
(iii) idea of use of ratio of resistances;
 [Total 6 marks]
energy transfer = 67 × 8.1 × 103
= 6.9(4) × 103 J; [2] 3 (a) (i) when connected to a 3 V supply, the
Accept any other valid route. lamp will be at normal brightness;
and energy is produced in the filament
(iv) charge carriers/electrons have kinetic
at the rate of 0.60 W;
energy / are moving;
these carriers collide with the lattice/lattice Look for the idea that 3 V is the
ions (do not allow friction); operating voltage and the idea of
energy transformation.
causing increased (amplitude of) vibrations;
this increase seen as a temperature rise; or
i.e. a transfer to thermal energy; [5] when connected to a 3 V supply, the
Allow any other relevant and correct lamp will be at normal brightness;
statements. and the resistance of the filament is
15 Ω / the current in the filament is
 [Total 12 marks]
0.20 A; [2]

3
 (ii) I = P ; 3.0 V therefore divides between 3.0 Ω and
V
12.0 Ω;
to give I = 0.20 A;[2]
to give pd across the lamp = 0.60 V;
(b) (i) a
 t maximum value, the supply voltage
Give relevant credit if answers go via the
divides between the resistance of the
currents i.e.
variable resistor, the internal resistance,
calculation of total resistance = 15.0 Ω;
and the resistance of the filament;
total current = 0.20 A;
i.e. response must show the idea
current in lamp = 0.15 A; [4]
of the voltage dividing between the
various resistances in the circuit. Do not  [Total 18 marks]
penalize if responses do not mention EI;[1]
4 (a) (i) 
internal resistance here.
(ii) I2r;[1]
at zero resistance, the supply voltage
is now divided between the filament (iii) VI;[1]
resistance and the internal resistance of (b) (from the conservation of energy),
the supply; [2] EI = I2r + VI;
(ii) w
 hen resistance of variable resistor is therefore, V = E – Ir; E = V + Ir;[2]
zero, emf = Ir + Vlamp; (c)
3.0 = 0.2 r + 2.6; V
to give r = 2.0 Ω;[3]
(c) (i) 3.3  Ω;[1]
(ii) 13  Ω;[1]
(d) at the higher pd, greater current, and
therefore hotter; the resistance of a
A
metal increases with increasing
temperature; OWTTE;[2]
(e)
V
correct position of voltmeter;
correct position of ammeter;
correct position of variable resistor; [3]
 = V when I = 0;
(d) (i) E
so E = 1.5 V; [2]
(ii) recognize this is when V = 0;
intercept on the x-axis = 1.3 (±0.1) A;[2]
(iii) r is the slope of the graph;
0 sensible choice of triangle, at least half
0 I
the line as hypotenuse;
correct approximate shape (i.e. showing = 0.7 ;
0.6
increasing gradient with increasing V );[1]
= 1.2 (±0.1) Ω
(f) parallel resistance of lamp and YZ is
or
calculated from 1 = 1 + 1 ;
R 4 12 when V = 0, E = Ir;
to give R = 3.0 Ω;
r= E
I

4
 = 1.5 ; 6 (a) (i) emf (induced) proportional to;
1.3
rate of change /cutting of (magnetic)
= 1.2 Ω[3]
flux (linkage); [2]
(e) R = 1.2 Ω;
(ii) m
 agnetic field / flux through coil will
I= 1.5 = 0.63 A;
1.2 + 1.2 change as the current changes; [1]
P = I2R = (0.63)2 × 1.2 = 0.48 W; [3] (b) (i) sinusoidal and in phase with current; [1]
 [Total 18 marks] (ii) s inusoidal and same frequency;
with 90° phase difference to
5 (a) force exerted per unit mass;
candidate’s graph for ϕ;[2]
on a small / point mass; [2]
(iii) emf is reduced;
(b) from the law of gravitation, the field strength
F = GM; because B is smaller; [2]
m 2
R Award [0] for ‘emf is reduced’ if
= g0 to give GM = g0R2;[2]
argument fallacious.
N.B. To achieve full marks, candidates need
(c) advantage: no direct contact with cable
to state that F = g0.
m required;
(c) downwards; (accept 90° to B field or down disadvantage: distance to wire must be
the wire)[1] fixed;[2]
(d) F = Bev cos θ;[1]  [Total 10 marks]
(e) work done in moving an electron the length
7 A[1]
of the wire is
W = FL = BevL cos θ; 8 C[1]
emf = work done per unit charge;
therefore, E = BLv cos θ;
or
Challenge yourself
electric field = F = Bv cos θ;
e
emf E = electric field × L; 1 3  cm
to give E = BLv cos θ;[3]
Award [2] if flux linkage argument is used. 2 W
 hen the motor coil is stationary, there is no
induced emf to oppose the current.
(f) F = G Mm = mv ;
2

2
R R 3 ∆E = 96 μJ
such that v2 = GM = g0R ;
2

R R
v = 10
2 × (6.4)2
× 1012
6.7 × 10 6

to give v = 7.8 × 103 m s–1;[3]

(g) L = E ;
Bv cos θ
= 10 3
= 2.2 × 104 m;
6.3 × 10–6 × 7.8 × 103 × 0.93
[2]
 [Total 14 marks]