Testing of Material

Properties

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1.1 Significance of testing materials

The testing of materials may be performed with one

of the three points below:
(1) to supply routine information on the quality of a
product- commercial or control testing,
(2) to develop new or better information on known
materials or to develop new materials- materials
research,
(3) to obtain accurate measures of fundamental
properties of materials- scientific measurement.

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 Commercial testing
Commercial testing is concerned with;
checking the acceptability of materials with respect
to the specifications,
control of production.
Generally, the type of the test has been specified,
standard procedures are used, and the object is to
determine whether the properties of a material fall
within the required limits.

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 Materials research
Materials research is done in order to;
(1) obtain new understanding of known materials,
(2) discover the properties of new materials,
(3) develop meaningful standards of quality or
test procedures.

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 Scientific testing

Scientific testing is the accumulation of orderly

and reliable informations on the fundamental
and useful properties of materials.

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 What is the difference between
experiments and tests?
Experimentation means that the outcome is
uncertain, that new insights are to be
gained.
Testing is a more defined procedure, with the
limits and results are clear.

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Materials testing may be carried out on
1. Full size structures, members, or parts,
2. Models of structures, members, or parts,
3. Specimens cut from finished parts,
4. Specimens of raw or processed materials,

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 Destructive testing vs
Non-destructive testing
● Destructive testing is carried out until the
specimen’s failure. These tests are generally
much easier to carry out, yield more
information and are easier to interpret than
non-destructive testing
● Non-destructive testing is the type of testing
that does not destroy the test object. It is vital
when the material in question is still in
service.

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Field Tests vs Laboratory Tests
● Field tests usually lack the precision of
similar tests conducted in the laboratory,
● However, some tests cannot be made in
the laboratory and others cannot be
made in the field.

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 1.2 Standard Specifications &
Standardizing Agencies
● Specification: A precise statement of a set of
requirements, to be satisfied by a material,
product, system or service. It is desirable that the
requirements, together with their limits, should be
expressed numerically in appropriate units.
● A standard specification for a material is the result
of agreement between those concerned in a
particular field and involves acceptance for use by
participating agencies.

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Standardizing Agencies &
Relevant Standards
● Turkish Standards Institute (TSE)-Turkish
Standards (TS) http://www.tse.org.tr/
● American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM)- ASTM Specifications
http://www.astm.org
● International Standards Organization (ISO)-
ISO Standards http://www.iso.org
● European Commitee for Standardization
(CEN)- European Norms (EN)
http://www.cen.eu

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 1.3 Properties of Engineering
Materials
Principal materials used in construction are;
● metals,

● woods,

● portland cement concretes,

● bituminous mixtures,

● clay products,

● masonry materials,

● plastics.
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 Engineering Materials
The principal function of these materials is
to develop
● Strength,

● Rigidity,

● Durability,

adequate to the service for which they are

intended.

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 An important property- Strength
The major work of the ordinary materials
testing laboratory has to do with mechanical
properties. – mechanical testing
A first requirement of any engineering material
is adequate strength
The term testing machine refers to a machine
for applying loads.

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Properties of engineering
materials-1
Class Property
General Density or specific gravity,
Porosity
Moisture content
Macrostucture
Microstructure
Chemical Oxide or compound composition
Acidity or alkalinity
Resistance to corrosion or weathering
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 Properties of engineering
materials-2
Class Property
Physico-ch Water-absorptive or water-repellent action
emical Shrinkage and swell due to moisture
changes
Mechanical Strength: Tension, compression, shear
and flexure
Stiffness
Elasticity, plasticity
Ductility, brittleness
Hardness, wear resistance
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 Properties of engineering
materials-3
Class Property
Thermal Specific heat
Expansion
Conductivity
Electrical and Conductivity
magnetic Magnetic permeability
Galvanic action

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Properties of engineering
materials-4
Class
Acoustical Sound transmission
Sound reflection

Optical Color
Light transmission
Light reflection

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