Testing and Evaluation of

Engineering Materials
Introduction
Lecture 1
‫توجان الجغبير‬.‫م‬
Text Book
References
 Testing
• Testing is an essential part of any engineering activity.
Inspection and testing must take place at many stages:
1- In the complex process of producing engineering
materials.
2- During the forming of these materials into components
and assembling the components to create an engineering
product to satisfy some specific requirement.
The requirement for testing does not automatically cease
when the product has been manufactured. It is
frequently necessary to check and test the article during
its service life in order to monitor changes, such as the
possible development of fatigue or corrosion damage.
 Types of Tests Used
The types of test used can be broadly classified
into two categories:
(a) Tests to establish the properties of the
material.
(b) Tests to determine the integrity of the
material or component.
Test to Establish the properties of the
materials
• Those tests in the first category are generally
of a destructive type. They are performed on
samples of a material and the test-piece is
damaged or broken in the process.
• The properties of the materials mean :
Physical properties and Mechanical properties
Physical Properties of the material
• Typical examples of physical properties are
density, magnetic properties (e.g.,
permeability), thermal conductivity and
thermal diffusivity, electrical properties (e.g.,
resistivity), specific heat, and coefficient of
thermal expansion.
 Mechanical Properties
• Are described as the relationship between
forces (or stresses) acting on a material and
the resistance of the material to deformation
(i.e., strains) and fracture. This deformation,
however, may or may not be evident in the
metal after the applied load is removed.
 Mechanical Properties
• Different types of tests, which use an applied
force, are employed to measure properties,
such as elastic modulus, yield strength, elastic
and plastic deformation (i.e., elongation),
hardness, fatigue resistance, and fracture
toughness. Typical specimens for these
evaluations are shown in Fig.
Mechanical Properties
Tests to determine the integrity of the
material or component.
• They are of a non-destructive nature and are
used to detect the presence of internal or
surface flaws in a material, component or
finished product. By their very nature, these
tests do not damage the parts being tested
and sampling is not required as, if necessary,
every item can be checked.
 The Need for Testing
1- As a quality control check in the production of
metal semi-finished products, for example
sheet, strip, bar stock, etc. Sample destructive
property tests are made to ensure that the
material can meet the appropriate
specification. Non-destructive tests may also
be made at this stage to ensure that the
product is defect-free.
 The Need for Testing
2- As an acceptance check by a component
manufacturer to ensure that the material will
give the required performance. Again this will
generally involve sample destructive property
tests.
 The Need For Testing
3- To check finished components prior to final
assembly. Non-destructive tests would be
used for this purpose. It is also possible to use
one form of non-destructive test, namely
radiography, on some completed
multicomponent products to check for the
correctness of assembly.
 The Need for Testing
4- For the in-service checking of components.
Non-destructive tests are used here to detect
deterioration or damage, for example the
presence of corrosion or fatigue cracks.
5- property testing of materials is widely used
during research and development programs
and also for the compilation of general design
data files.
Mechanical Properties depend on:
1- Microstructure (e.g., grain size, phase
distribution, second phase content).
2- Crystal structure type (i.e., the arrangement
of atoms).
3- Elemental composition (e.g., alloying
element content, impurity level).
Examples