PHY 115: Mechanics and Properties of Matter Hamattan Semester 2014

Lecture 6: November-December, 2014

Lecturer: Ibrahim T. T. Department: Physics Institution: Unilorin
Modified: O.A. Oladipo (Dec. 2016)

Disclaimer: This Lecture note introduces some concepts of Mechamics. However it has not been subjected
to the usual scrutiny reserved for formal publications and may be distributed outside this class only with the
permission of the Instructor.

6.1 Particle Kinematics

Particles may be described as point-like objects with mass but no size i.e. they exhibit negligible size and
internal structure. Kinematics is the mathematical description of motion of an object without referring to
the cause of the motion. Here we shall be concerned with the study of one-dimensional straight line motion
of a particle and its generalization to two- and three-dimensional motion.

6.1.1 One-Dimensional Rectilinear Motion

A rectilinear motion is the motion of a particle along a straight line. It may, for example, be the motion of a
ball rolling across the floor, the motion of a car on a straight road, the motion of a ball tossed straight up
or that of an object dropped from a height.
Consider a particle moving from an initial position to a final position along a straight line, the change
in position ∆ = − , is equal to the DISTANCE covered by the particle. If the direction of
motion is specified along with the magnitude ∆X , then the change in position is a vector quantity
referred to as the DISPLACEMENT. If the corresponding initial time at the start of the motion and
the final time tf are noted, then the time interval for the duration of the motion is given by ∆ = −
. The ratio ∆ /∆ therefore defines the SPEED of the particle. If the direction is specified then the ratio is
referred to as the VELOCITY. In summary, Speed is the rate of change of distance covered with time, and
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement with time.
When the rate of change of distance covered (or displacement) with time is constant the Speed (Velocity) is
said to be UNIFORM. This means that the particle travels equal distance in equal time interval.
Similarly the rate of change of the velocity of a particle, say from an initial value U to a final value V over a
time interval ∆t, defines the ACCELERATION of the particle i.e. ~ = ∆ /∆ .

6.1.1.1 Average Speed and Instantaneous Speed

Average speed is defined as the ratio of the total distance covered with time. Instantaneous Speed on the other
hand is the speed of the particle at an instant or a particular time t.

6-1
 6-2 Lecture 6: November-December, 2014 Lecture 6: November-December, 2014 6-2

6.1.1.2 1-D Motion plus Uniform Acceleration

Uniform acceleration is therefore a constant rate of change of velocity with time. Positive acceleration is
associated with increasing velocity, while negative acceleration or DECELERATION refers to a decreasing
velocity.
Consider a uniformly accelerated particle whose velocity changes from an initial velocity U to a final velocity
V over a time interval t, the acceleration of the particle is given by
= (6.1)

For the motion, the area on the velocity-time (V − t) corresponds to the total distance covered by the particle
and the slope or the gradient gives the acceleration a. For a uniformly accelerated body, the (V − t) graph is
a straight line graph whose area is given by the area of the trapezium formed by the line and the two axes.
Thus the total distance is given by either,

= ∫ (6.2)
= + (6.3)
or

= ∫ (6.4)
( )
= (6.6)

A quick look at equations 6.1, 6.3 and 6.5 show that each contains four of the five parameters a, V, U, S, and t,
describing the particle motion. Eliminating the time t from equation 6.3 or 6.5 using equation 6.1 gives the
fourth equation

2 = 2 + 2 . (6.6)
The four equations are together referred to as the Newtons’s equations of motion.
Note, objects falling freely on the earth’s surface experiences the force of attraction towards the earth’s
surface. The associated acceleration is a constant called the acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 / 2 . The
values of g is a function of the radius of the earth but is independent on the mass m of the falling body. For
example, the values of g at the pole is greater than that at the equator.
Examples
Q1.) A car starts from rest and travels 0.25 Km in 25 s at constant acceleration.
a.)Calculate the acceleration of the car, b.) Determine the final speed of the car.
Soln:
Rest implies the initial velocity U = 0 Distance covered S = 0.25 Km = 250 m, time interval t = 25 s.
Require to calculate the velocity V =?, and the acceleration a =?

2
= + 1/2 , Use an equation that does not contain the unknown V (6.7)
. = 2( − )/ 2
(6.8)
2
= 2 ∗ (250 − 0)/625 = 0.8 / (6.9)
= ( + ) /2, (6.10)
= 2 / − = 2 ∗ 250/25 − 0 = 20 / . (6.11)
6-3 Lecture 6: November-December, 2014 Lecture 6: November-December, 2014 6-3

Q2.) A man sitting on the ground throws a ball vertically upward with an initial speed 30 m/s.
a.) How long does it take the ball to return to the ground?
b.)What is its velocity on striking the ground?
Soln:
U = 30 m/s, deceleration a = g = −9.8 m/s2 , t=? V=?
If the time required to travel up to the maximum height is t1 , at this height the particle is momentarily at
rest and as such the final velocity V=0, then

= − 1 (6.12)
1 = ( − )/ − = (0 − 30)/ − 9.8 = 3.06 (6.13)

therefore the actual time to return to the ground t = 2 ∗ t1 = 6.12 s

For final velocity on striking the ground V=?

= − 1 (6.14)
= 30 − 9.8 ∗ 6.12 = −29.98 / (6.15)

The negative sign indicates the direction of motion.

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