CHAPTER 10

Section 10.1 Solutions--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. 1, 2,3, 4 2. 1, 4,9,16
3. 1,3,5, 7 4. x, x 2 , x 3 , x 4
1 2 3 4 3 4 5
5. , , , 6. 2, , ,
2 3 4 5 2 3 4
7. 8.
4 8 16 n! n! 1
2, , , , = = ,
2! 3! 4! (n + 1)! (n + 1) n ! n + 1
4 8 16
= = =
2⋅1 3⋅2⋅1 4⋅3⋅2⋅1 1 1 1 1
so the terms are , , ,
4 2 2 3 4 5
which is equivalent to 2, 2, ,
3 3
9. − x , x , − x , x
2 3 4 5
10. 1, − 4,9, − 16
11. 1 4 9
12. 0, , ,
−1 1 −1 1 9 16 25
, , ,
2 ⋅3 3⋅ 4 4 ⋅5 5⋅ 6 =
1
4
−1 1 − 1 1
which is equivalent to , , ,
6 12 20 30
⎛1⎞ 1
9 15 15
13. ⎜ ⎟ = 14. =
(16 )
2
⎝ 2 ⎠ 512 256

( −1) 19! = −1 = −1 ( −1) (12 )(15) = 180

19 14

15. 16.
( 21)! 21⋅ 20 420 13 13
⎛
2
1 ⎞ ⎛ 101 ⎞ 10, 201
2 1 99
18. 1 − =
17. ⎜1 + ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = 2
10 100
⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠ 10, 000
19. log1023 = 23log10 = 23 20. eln 49 = 49
21. an = 2n, n ≥ 1 22. an = 3n, n ≥ 1
1 ⎛1⎞
n
23. an = ,n ≥1 24. an = ⎜ ⎟ , n ≥ 1
( n + 1) n ⎝2⎠
⎛2⎞ (−1) 2
n n n 3n −1
25. an = ( −1) ⎜ ⎟ = 26. an = n , n ≥ 1
n
, n ≥1
⎝3⎠ 3n 2
( −1) n
n +1
27. ,n ≥1 28. ( −1)
n +1
,n ≥1
n+2

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 9! 9 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 7! 4! 4! 1
29. = = 72 30. = =
7! 7! 6! 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4! 30
29! 29 ⋅ 28 ⋅ 27! 32! 32 ⋅ 31 ⋅ 30!
31. = = 812 32. = = 992
27! 27! 30! 30!

33.
75!
=
75!
=
1 34. 100! = 100!
=
1
77! 77 ⋅ 76 ⋅ 75! 5852 103! 103 ⋅102 ⋅101⋅ 100! 1, 061,106

97! 97 ⋅ 96 ⋅ 95 ⋅ 94 ⋅ 93! 101! 101 ⋅100 ⋅ 99 ⋅ 98!

35. = = 83,156,160 36. = = 999,900
93! 93! 98! 98!
38. (
( n − 1)! n + 2 ) ! (n + 2)(n + 1) n !
37.
( n − 1)! = =
1 = = ( n + 2 )( n + 1)
n! n!
( n + 1)! ( n + 1) n ( n − 1)! ( n + 1) n
39. 40.
( 2n + 3)! = ( 2n + 3)( 2n + 2 ) ( 2n + 1)! ( 2n + 2 )! = ( 2n + 2 )( 2n + 1)( 2n ) ( 2n − 1)!
( 2n + 1)! ( 2n + 1)! ( 2n − 1)! ( 2n − 1)!
= ( 2n + 3)( 2n + 2 ) = ( 2n + 2 )( 2n + 1)( 2n )
41. 7,10,13,16 42. 2,3, 4,5
43. 1, 2, 6, 24 44. 2, 6, 24,120
45. 46.
100 50 25
3
5
100, , , 20 5
2! 3! 4! 20, 2 , 2 , 92 ,
=50 50 25 = 25 = 25
= =
2 3 4
3⋅2 3 3⋅4⋅3⋅2 72 5
=5 =
144
25 25
which is equivalent to 100, 50, , . 5 5
3 72 which is equivalent to 20, 5, ,
9 144
47. 1 a a
48. 1, 2, , 4 (Note that a3 = 1 , a4 = 2 )
1, 2, 2, 4 (Note that a3 = a2 ⋅ a1 , a4 = a3 ⋅ a2 ) 2 a2 a3
49. 50.
1, − 1, − ⎡(1) + ( −1) ⎤ , ⎡( −1) + ( −2 ) ⎤
2 2 2 2 1, − 1, 2 ( −1) + 1, 3 ( −1) + 2 ( −1)
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ =−1 =−5
=−2 =5
which is equivalent to 1, − 1, − 1, − 5
which is equivalent to 1, − 1, − 2,5
(Note that a3 = 2a2 + 1a1 , a4 = 3a3 + 2a2 .)
51. 2 ⋅ 5 = 10 52. 7 ⋅ 5 = 35
53. 02 + 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 = 30 1 1 1 25
54. 1 + + + =
2 3 4 12

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55. 56.
6 6

∑ (2n − 1) =1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 = 36
n =1
∑ ( n + 1) =2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 = 27
n =1

57. 58.
4 4
20 + 21 + 22 + 23 + 2 4 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16
1n = 1, for all n. So, ∑1 = ∑1 = 5 (1) = 5.
n=0
n

n =0 = 31
59. 1 − x + x − x 2 3
60. − x + x − x + x
2 3 4

61. 62.
0
2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + + = − + − + − =
0! 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 0! 1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
4 8 16 32 1 1 1 1 11
=
2⋅1
=
3⋅2
=
4⋅3⋅2
=
5⋅4⋅3⋅2 1−1+ − + − =
2 6 24 120 30
4 2 4
1+ 2 + 2 + + + =
3 3 15
4 109
7+ =
15 15
63. 64.
1 x x 2 x3 x 4 1 (1) x (2) x 2 (3) x 3 (4) x 4
+ + + + = − − − − =
0! 1! 2! 3! 4! 0! 1! 2! 3! 4!
x 2 x3 x 4 x3 x 4
1+ x + + + 1 − x − x2 − −
2 6 24 2 6
( 0.1)
0 0
2 ⎛1⎞
65. 2 = = 2.2 = 20
⎜ ⎟
10 5
66. 5 ⋅ ⎝ ⎠ =
9
1 − 0.1 0.9 = 5.5 = 509
1 0.9
1−
10
67. Not possible. (The result is infinite.) 68. Not possible. (The result is infinite.)
6 ∞
n 1 1
69. ∑ ( −1) n 70. ∑ n
n= 0 2 n =0 2
∞ 23

∑ ( −1) ∑n
n −1
71. n 72.
n =1 n =1
6
( n + 1)! 5 ∞
2n −1 ∞
2n
73.
∑
n =1 ( n − 1) !
= ∑ n(n + 1)
n =1
74. ∑
n =1 ( n − 1) !
= ∑
n=0 n !

(Remember that 0! = 1! = 1.)

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 ∞
x n −1 ∞
n x
n 6
xn
∑ ( −1) = ∑ ( −1) ∑
n −1
75. 76.
n =1 ( n − 1)! n=0 n! n =1 ( n − 1) !
72 12
⎛ 0.06 ⎞ ⎛ 0.05 ⎞
77. A72 = 20, 000 ⎜1 + ⎟ ≈ $28, 640.89. 78. A12 = 7, 000 ⎜1 + ⎟ ≈ $8,125.28
⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
So, she has approximately $28,640.89 in her So, he has approximately $8,125.28 in
account after 6 years (or 72 months). his account after 3 years (or 36 months).
79. Let n = number of years experience. 80.
Then, the salary per hour is given by Here, an = 275, 000 + 75, 000 ( n − 1) , n ≥ 1.
an = 20 + 2n, n ≥ 0. 3

So, a20 = 20 + 2(20) = 60. Thus, a

So, ∑a
n =1
n = salary for a 3 year career.

paralegal with 20 years experience would

make $60 per hour.
81. Let n = number of years on the job. 82. Let n = # 20 minute periods.
Then, the salary is given recursively by Then, the number of E.coli cells is described by:
a0 = 30, 000 a0 = 2

an = an −1 + 0.03an −1 = 1.03an −1 an = 2 ⋅ an−1 = 2n+1 , n ≥ 1.

raise
After 12 hours, 36 20-minute periods
previous year
have passed and so, a36 E.coli cells exist,
which equals 237 ≈ 1.374 ×1011.
After 48 hours, 144 20-minute periods
have passed and a144 E.coli cells exist,
which equals 2145 ≈ 4.46 ×1043.
83. Let n = number of years. 84.
Then, the number of T-cells in body is given by: a3 = 3.8 + 1.6 ( 3) = 8.6 billion in sales
a1 = 1000 a4 = 3.8 + 1.6 ( 4 ) = 10.2 billion in sales
an +1 = 1000 − 75n, n ≥ 1.
1 4 1
We must find n such that an +1 ≤ 200. So, ∑
2 n =3
an = ( 8.6 + 10.2 ) = 9.4
2
To do so, note that the above formula can be
represents the average sales for the
expressed explicitly as an +1 = 1000 − 75n.
years 2003 and 2004.
So, we must solve 1000 − 75n = 200 :
75n = 800
n ≈ 10.7
As such, after approximately 10.7 years, the
person would have full blown AIDS.

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85. Observe that 86. Observe that
A1 = 100, 000 (1.001 − 1) = 100 A1 = 50, 000 (1.001 − 1) = 50

( )
A2 = 100, 000 (1.001) − 1 = 200.10
2
( )
A2 = 50, 000 (1.001) − 1 = 100.05
2

A = 100, 000 ( (1.001) − 1) ≈ 300.30 A = 50, 000 ( (1.001) − 1) ≈ 150.15

3 3
3 3

A = 100, 000 ( (1.001) − 1) ≈ 400.60 A = 50, 000 ( (1.001) − 1) ≈ 200.30

4 4
4 4

A = 100, 000 ( (1.001) − 1) ≈ 3663.72 A = 50, 000 ( (1.001) − 1) ≈ 2457.27

36 48
36 48

87. 88.
At x = 2 A6 = 195, 000(1.035)6
1 1 = 239, 704.7886
1+ x 3
So, approximately $239,705.
1 + x + x2
2
5
1 + x + x2 + x3!
2 3
≈ 6.33
1+ x + x2
+ x3
+ x4!
4
≈ 7.0
2 3!

Approx. of
e2 ≈ 7.38906
89. ⎡ (1.06) n − 1 ⎤
At 90. FV = 5000 ⎢ ⎥
x = 1.1 ⎣ 0.06 ⎦
( x − 1) 0.1
n FV
( x −1)2 0.0950
( x − 1) − 2
1 5,000
2 10,300
( x −1)2
+(
x −1) 0.0953
( x − 1) −
3

2 3 3 15,918
0.09531 4 21,873.08
( x − 1) − ( x −21) +(
x −1)
−(
x −1)
2 3 4

3 4 5 28,185.4648
( x − 1) − ( x −21)
2

+(
x −1)
3

−(
x −1)
4

+(
x −1)
5
0.095306
3 4 5
Approx of
ln(1.1)

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91. The mistake is that 6! ≠ 3!2!, but rather 92. The mistake is that
6! = 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1. ( 2n − 2 )! ≠ ( 2n − 2 )( 2n − 4 )( 2n − 6 ) ⋅ ⋅ (2)
The terms should be consecutive and decrease
by 1 (not 2). Therefore, it should be
( 2n − 2 )! = ( 2n − 2 )( 2n − 3)( 2n − 4 ) ⋅ ⋅ (1).
The same error is made when computing
( 2n + 2 )!.
93. 94. Same error as 93.
⎧ 1, n = 1,3,5,…
( −1) = ⎨
n +1
95. True
⎩−1, n = 2, 4, 6,…
So, the terms should all be the opposite sign. 96. True

97. False. Let ak = 1 = bk and n = 5. 98. False. Let a = 3, b = 2.

Then, observe that Then, observe that
n 5 ( a !)( b !) = ( 3!)( 2!) = ( 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1)( 2 ⋅1) = 12
∑ a b = ∑1 = 1⋅ 5 = 5
k =1
k k
k =1 whereas
whereas ( ab )! = ( 2 ⋅ 3)! = 6! = 720.
⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞
⎜ ∑ ak ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ ∑ bk ⎟ = ⎜ ∑ 1⎟ ⋅ ⎜ ∑ 1⎟ = 25.
⎝ k =1 ⎠ ⎝ k =1 ⎠ ⎝ k =1 ⎠ ⎝ k =1 ⎠
99. False. Not necessarily. Suppose that 100. True.
a1 = 1, a2 = 2, and ak = 0, for k ≥ 3 . Then, If m = n, then m! = n!, not m! < n!.
n If m > n, then m = n + p, for some
∑a k = 3. positive integer p. Thus,
k =1 m ! = (n + p)!
= (n + p) (n + 1)n ! > n !
So, it must be the case that m < n.
101. 102.
a1 = C a1 = C
a2 = ( C ) + D a2 = D ( C )
a3 = ( C + D ) + D = C + 2 D a3 = D ( DC ) = D 2C
a4 = ( C + 2 D ) + D = C + 3D a4 = D ( D 2C ) = D 3C

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103. 104.

F1 =
(1 + 5 ) − (1 − 5 ) = 2 5
=1
n an = an −1 , n ≥ 2
2 5 2 5 1 7
2 7 =7
1

( ) ( )
2 2 2

1+ 5 − 1− 5
F2 = 3 7 =7
1
4
2
2 5
4
7 =7
1
1+ 2 5 + 5 −1+ 2 5 − 5 8

= =1
4 5
7 = 7 16
1

In general, an = 7 2 n−1 , n ≥ 2 .
105. Using a calculator yields the following table of values:
n ⎛ 1⎞
n

⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ n⎠
100 2.704813 ≈ 2.705
1000 2.716923 ≈ 2.717
10000 2.718146 ≈ 2.718
100000 2.718268
1000000 2.718280
10000000 2.718281693
↓ ↓
∞ e

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106.
n an an +1 an +1
an
1 1 1 1
2 1 2 2
3 2 3 1.5
4 3 5 1.66
5 5 8 1.6
6 8 13 1.625
7 13 20 1.53846
8 20 33 1.65
9 33 53 1.60606
10 53 86 1.62264
11 86 139 1.616279
12 139 228 1.618705
13 225 364 1.61777
14 364 589 1.618131
15 589 953 1.617996
16 953 1542 1.618048
17 1542 2495 1.618028
18 2498 4037 1.618036
19 4037
107. The calculator gives 15 , which 109
108. The calculator gives 11
30 , which
agrees with Exercise 61. agrees with Exercise 62.
109. Observe that an = 4 − n20+5 . Then, 110. Observe that the terms of this
an +1 = 4 − ( n +201)+5 = 4 − n20+ 6 > 4 − n20+5 = an . sequence repeat every 8 terms because
sine has period 2π . Thus, the sequence is
since subtracting a smaller
fraction. not monotonic.
So, the sequence is monotonic; in fact,
increasing.
111. The terms oscillate toward zero 112. Observe that long division enables us
because of the term ( −1) in the to express an in the equivalent form
n

3
numerator. Hence, the sequence is not an = 53 − 5 n25+1 .
monotonic. 3
Since 5
5 n 2 +1
gets smaller as n gets larger,
we are subtracting off less each time. So,
the sequence is monotone nondecreasing.

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