1888

218
ENGELS TO MARGARET HARKNESS
IN LONDON
[Draft]
f
[London^ beginning of A p ril 1888]

Dear Miss Harkness,

I thank you very much for sending me your City Girla through
Messrs. Vizetelly. I have read it w ith the greatest pleasure and
avidity. I t is indeed, as my friend Eichhoff your translator calls
it, ein kleines Kunstwerkh; to which he adds, what will be satis­
factory to you, th a t consequently his translation must be all
but literal, as any omission or attem pted m anipulation could
only destroy part of the original’s value.
W hat strikes me most in your tale besides its realistic tru th
is th a t it exhibits the courage of the true artist. Not only in the
way you treat the Salvation Army, in the teeth of supercilious
respectability, which respectability w ill perhaps learn from
your tale, for the first tim e, why the Salvation Army has such
a hold on the popular masses. But chiefly in the plain unvarnished
manner in which you make the old, old story, the proletarian
girl seduced by a middle-class man, the pivot of the whole book.
Mediocrity would have felt bound to hide the, to it, commonplace
character of the plot under heaps of artificial complications and
adornments, and yet would not have got rid of the fate of being
found out. You felt you could afford to tell an old story, because
you could make it a new one by sim ply telling it truly.
Your Mr. A rthur G rant is a masterpiece.
If I have anything to criticise, it would be th a t perhaps, after
all, the tale is not quite realistic enough. Realism, to my mind,
implies, besides tru th of detail, the tru th in reproduction of
typical characters under typical circumstances. Now your char­
acters are typical enough, as far as they go; but the circumstances
which surround them and make them act, are not perhaps equally
so. In the City Girt the working class figures as a passive mass,
unable to help itself and not even showing (making) any attem pt
at striving to help itself. All attem pts to drag it out of its torpid
a A novel by Margaret Harkness.—Ed.
b A small work of art. —Ed.
380 218. EN G ELS TO M ARGA RET H A R K N ESS, A P R IL 1888

misery come from w ithout, from above. Now if this was a correct
description about 1800 or 1810, in the days of Saint-Simon and
Robert Owen, it cannot appear so in 1887 to a man who for nearly
fifty years has had the honour of sharing in most of the fights
of the m ilitant proletariat. The rebellious reaction of the working
class against the oppressive medium which surrounds them, their
attem pts—convulsive, half conscious or conscious—at recovering
th eir status as human beings, belong to history and must therefore
lay claim to a place in the domain of realism.
I am far from finding fault w ith your not having w ritten a point-
blank socialist novel, a “ Tendenzromarf , a as we Germans call it,
to glorify the social and political views of the authors. That is
not at all what I mean. The more the opinions of the author
remain hidden, the better for the work of art. The realism I allude
to, may crop out even in spite of the author’s opinions. Let me
refer to an example. Balzac whom I consider a far greater m aster
of realism than all the Zolas passes, presents et a venirp in La
Comedie humaine gives us a most wonderfully realistic history
of French “society”, describing, chronicle-fashion, almost year
by year from 1816 to 1848 the progressive inroads of the rising
bourgeoisie upon the society of nobles, th a t reconstituted itself
after 1815 and th a t set up again, as far as it could, the standard
of la vieille politesse francaise.cHe describes how the last remnants
of this, to him, model society gradually succumbed before the
intrusion of the vulgar moneyed upstart, or were corrupted by
him; how the grande dame whose conjugal infidelities were but
a mode of asserting herself in perfect accordance w ith the way
she had been disposed of in marriage, gave way to the bourgeoisie,
who corned her husband for cash or cashmere; and around this
central picture he groups a complete history of French society
from which, even in economic details (for instance the re-arrange-
m ent of real and personal property after the Revolution) I have
learned more than from all the professed historians, economists
and statisticians of the period together. Well, Balzac was polit­
ically a Legitimist; his great work is a constant elegy on the
irretrievable decay of good society, his sympathies are all with
the class doomed to extinction. But for all th a t his satire is
never keener, his irony never bitterer, than when he sets in motion
the very men and women w ith whom he sympathises most deeply—
the nobles. And the only men of whom he always speaks with
undisguised adm iration, are his bitterest political antagonists,
the republican heroes of the Cloitre Saint-M ery,360 the men, who

a Problem n o v el.— E d .
b Past, present, and yet to come. — E d .
c Old French refinement.— Ed.
218. EN G ELS TO M ARGA RET H A R K N ESS, A P R IL 1888 381

at th a t tim e (1830-36) were indeed the representatives of the popu­

la r masses. That Balzac thus was compelled to go against his
own class sym pathies and political prejudices, th a t he saw the
necessity of the downfall of his favourite nobles, and described
them as people deserving no better fate; and th a t he saw the real
men of the future where, for the time being, they alone were to
be found—th a t I consider one of the greatest trium phs of realism,
and one of the grandest features in old Balzac.
I must own, in your defence, th a t nowhere in the civilised world
are the working people less actively resistant, more passively
subm itting to fate, more h ebetes a than in the East End of London.
And how do I know whether you have not had very good reasons
for contenting yourself, for once, with a picture of the passive
side of working class life, reserving the active side for another
work?

a Bewildered. — Ed.