TVET CERTIFICATE V in AUTO ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS SYSTEM

REPAIRING VEHICLE DRIVE ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS

AEEDA501 Repair vehicle drive assistance systems

RTQF LEVEL: 5

Credits: 10 Learning hours:

100
Sector: Transportation and logistics

Sub-sector: Automobile

Module Note Issue date: November, 2020

Purpose statement

This module describes the skills and knowledge required to repair vehicle drive assistance system.

The knowledge acquired from this module will allow the learner to describe vehicle drive assistance
system.

The module will allow the participant to perform Diagnose, maintain and repair vehicle drive assistance
system components and test vehicle drive assistance system in order to keep good driving condition of
vehicle.

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Table of Contents

Elements of competence and performance criteria Page No.

Learning Unit Performance Criteria
1. Describe drive 1.1Proper identification of drive assistance sub-Systems in 2
assistance systems accordance with drive assistance Types.

1.2 Proper description of drive assistance sub- Systems in

accordance with drive assistance types

1.3Proper identification of drive assistance sub- System

components in accordance with drive assistance types

1.4Proper description of drive assistance sub- system

Components in accordance with drive assistance Types

2. Perform repairing of 2.1 Adequate selection of tools, materials and Equipment 64

drive assistance according to the given work.
systems 2.2 Proper Diagnose of vehicle drive assistance systems
In accordance with diagnosis procedures.

2.3 Correct repair vehicle drive assistance systems

components in accordance with the required Standard.

3. Test drive assistance 3.1 Proper testing of drive assistance system Operation 83
systems according to the manufacturer Instructions

3.2 Systematic reporting of achieved work in

Accordance to performed work.

Total Number of Pages: 86

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Learning unity 1: Describe drive assistance systems

1. Introduction to Drive Assistance Systems

Advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), are electronic systems that help the vehicle driver
while driving or during parking. When designed with a safe human-machine interface, they are intended to
increase car safety and more generally road safety. ADAS systems use electronic technology such
as microcontroller units (MCU), electronic control units (ECU), and power semiconductor devices.

Most road accidents occur due to human error. Advanced driver-assistance systems are systems developed
to automate, adapt and enhance vehicle systems for safety and better driving. The automated system
which is provided by ADAS to the vehicle is proven to reduce road fatalities, by minimizing the human
error. Safety features are designed to avoid collisions and accidents by offering technologies that alert the
driver to potential problems, or to avoid collisions by implementing safeguards and taking over control of
the vehicle. Adaptive features may automate lighting, provide adaptive cruise control and collision
avoidance, pedestrian crash avoidance mitigation (PCAM), incorporate satnav/traffic warnings, alert driver
to other cars or dangers, lane departure warning system, automatic lane centering, show what is in blind
spots, or connect to smartphones for navigation instructions.

Driver assistance systems, also known as advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), are designed to
support drivers of cars and trucks in driving and thus increase road safety. The range of methods is quite
broad: there are relatively simple assistance systems such as the parking aid, but also much more complex
ones such as traffic jam pilot. Highly automated and autonomous systems are currently not yet authorized.

Level 1: driver assistance

At this level, the driver still handles most of the car's functions but with a little autonomous help. For
example, a level one vehicle might provide you with a brake boost if you edge too close to another vehicle,
or it might have an adaptive cruise control function to control your distance and speed.

LO 1.1 – Identify Drive assistance sub systems

 Content/Topic 1 Drive assistance subsystem identification
1. Cruise control: It automatically keeps the vehicle at a speed set by the driver, so cruise control will
keep your vehicle at a set speed so that you do not have to keep your foot on the accelerator pedal.
It was invented in the US over 70 years ago but has only become common in the UK in the last two
decades. It’s popular with motor way drivers not only because it allows you to relax your right foot,
but also because it can help drivers avoid penalties, particularly in scenarios such as average speed
checks.
Cruise control is a great extra to have if you do regular motor way journeys, while adaptive cruise
control arguably makes even more sense. What is cruise control? Cruise control is an electronic
system that automatically regulates a car's speed without the driver having to keep their foot on
the accelerator

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 Cruise control

While adaptive cruise control often abbreviated to ACC, adaptive cruise control is a recent development
first found on expensive cars but now finding its way to cheaper models. It’s a significant improvement on
cruise control, since it uses lasers or a radar mounted at the front of the car to match your speed with that
of the vehicle in front. You can also set a distance from the vehicle that you’re happy with and it’ll maintain
it.

ACC is an automatic speed and distance control system. It works in a speed range from 30 km/h to approx,
200 km/h. It serves to aid the driver in flowing traffic. However, only systems that are paired with an
autonomous emergency braking system will automatically perform an emergency stop if the car ahead
comes to a halt. Fortunately, if the car ahead suddenly shoots off, the system won’t follow suit. Instead, it
holds the speed you set yourself, until you change it or it catches up to another vehicle.
Carmakers have their own names for ACC, with Mercedes calling it Distronic Plus and Porsche ‘Porsche
Active Safe’. Some vehicles like the Volkswagen Passat even have Traffic Jam Assist, an extension of
adaptive cruise control that can automatically slow the car to a halt and accelerate and brake at low
speeds in congestion, reducing driver fatigue. It’s worth noting that after coming to a halt for more than a
few seconds, safety requirements mean driver intervention is usually required; squeezing the accelerator
should allow Traffic Jam Assist to resume.

Adaptive cruise control is similar to conventional cruise control in that it maintains the vehicle's pre-set
speed. However, unlike conventional cruise control, this new system can automatically adjust speed in
order to maintain a proper distance between vehicles in the same lane.
Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) is an automotive feature that allows a vehicle's cruise control system to
adapt the vehicle's speed to the traffic environment. A radar system attached to the front of the vehicle is
used to detect whether slower moving vehicles are in the ACC vehicle's path. If a slower moving vehicle is
detected, the ACC system will slow the vehicle down and control the clearance, or time gap, between the
ACC vehicle and the forward vehicle. If the system detects that the forward vehicle is no longer in the ACC
vehicle's path, the ACC system will accelerate the vehicle back to its set cruise control speed. This
operation allows the ACC vehicle to autonomously slow down and speed up with traffic without
intervention from the driver. The method by which the ACC vehicle's speed is controlled is via engine
throttle control and limited brake operation.
(R, 2003)

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Figure1: ACC Vehicle Relationships

Definitions
Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) – An enhancement to a conventional cruise control system which allows the
ACC vehicle to follow a forward vehicle at an appropriate distance.
ACC vehicle –the subject vehicle equipped with the ACC system.
Adaptive cruise control (ACC) – a system that automatically controls the gap between vehicles driving at
highway speeds (by actuating engine and brake controls) based on measurements of the distance to the
preceding vehicle.
Active brake control – a function which causes application of the brakes without driver application of the
brake pedal.
Clearance – distance from the forward vehicle's trailing surface to the ACC vehicle's leading surface.
Forward vehicle– any one of the vehicles in front of and moving in the same direction and traveling on the
same roadway as the ACC vehicle.
Set speed – the desired cruise control travel speed set by the driver and is the maximum desired speed of
the vehicle while under ACC control.
SYSTEM STATES
ACC off state – direct access to the 'ACC active' state is disabled.
ACC standby state – system is ready for activation by the driver.
ACC active state – the ACC system is in active control of the vehicle's speed. ACC speed control state – a
sub state of 'ACC active' state in which no forward vehicles are present such that the ACC system is
controlling vehicle speed to the 'set speed' as is typical with conventional cruise control systems.

ACC time gap control state – a sub state of 'ACC active' state in which time gap, or headway, between the
ACC vehicle and the target vehicle is being controlled. (www.BMW.com)

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Figure2: ACC States and Transitions
Target vehicle – one of the forward vehicles in the path of the ACC vehicle that is closest to the ACC
vehicle.
Time gap – the time interval between the ACC vehicle and the target vehicle. The 'time gap' is related to
the 'clearance' and vehicle speed by: time gap = clearance / ACC vehicle speed.

2. PARKING ASSISTANCE SYSTEM

Brake assist is an active vehicle safety feature designed to help drivers come to a stop more quickly during
an episode of emergency braking. Brake assist is called by other names including emergency brake assist
(EBA) and predictive brake assist (PBA).
The Parking Assist System assists the driver in steering and checking the rear to ensure that the area is
clear when backing the vehicle. When a driver puts a vehicle in reverse so as to enter a parking space, the
Parking Assist System displays the two types of information given below:
• An image taken by an image sensor (affixed to the rear roof of the vehicle), that includes views that
cannot be seen by the driver simply by turning around and looking toward the rear
• Superposed vehicle travel direction information, which varies with the steering angle. The driver backs
the vehicle while steering it so that the curve indicating the direction of the vehicle (projected path lines)
matches the path to the parking space. This allows anyone to park in a parking lot easily and safely.
3. SEAT, SUN ROOF AND MIRRORS SYSTEM
This allows the convertible roof to be opened and closed electrically via a pushbutton switch.
The standard car seat is designed to support thighs, the buttocks, lower and upper back, and head support.
The front driver and passenger seats of most vehicles have three main parts: the seat back (squab), seat
base (cushion), and the headrest.
An automotive sunroof is a movable panel that is operable to uncover a window in an automobile roof,
which allows light and/or fresh air to enter the passenger compartment. A moon roof has a glass panel that
is transparent and usually tinted.
The difference between sunroof and moon roof: Both are panels in the roof of a car that let light or fresh
air inside the vehicle's cabin. But that's where the similarities end. A sunroof is typically a solid body-
colored panel that can manually tilt up or be removed. A moon roof is a type of sunroof, except that it's a
transparent, sliding, tinted glass panel (Tom Denton, 2004)
A leaking sunroof is typically due to dirty/plugged drains, not a seal or anything similar. If the drains clog it
will leak. Modern sunroofs don't actually seal like you think they would, they have drain tubes that pour
out the liquid around the front fender usually. As long as those stay clear you won't have a leak.
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A side-view mirror (often called side mirror), also known as the wing mirror, is mirror placed on the
exterior of motor vehicles for the purposes of helping the driver see areas behind and to the sides of
the vehicle, outside the driver's peripheral vision (in the "blind spot").
They are used whenever a mirror with a large field of view is needed. For example, the passenger-side rear
view mirror on a car is convex. You may have noticed that many of these mirrors say "Objects in mirror are
closer than they appear."
Mirror system: Apart from side mirrors and rear mirrors. Because the image is smaller; more image can fit
onto the mirror, so a convex mirror provides for a larger field of view than a plane mirror. This is why they
are useful. They are used whenever a mirror with a large field of view is needed. For example, the
passenger-side rear view mirror on a car is convex
This mirror system integrates with the car's gear shift lever so that when the driver puts the car into
reverse, the passenger side mirror automatically repositions itself giving the driver a better view around
the rear bumper and behind the car. (Vehicle Seat Vacancy Identification , 2018)

Lo 1.2 – Describe drive assistance sub-systems

 Content/Topic 1Design of drive assistance subsystem
1. DESIGN OF CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM
Cruise control is designed by: Speed sensor
Throttle valve with servo-motor
Controller
Means of entering commands
Electronic Cruise Control Layout: Below is a diagram that depicts a typical layout of an electronic cruise
control system including the E-Cruise Module, accelerator pedal harness tie-in, OBD II port connector,
control switch, and universal clutch disengagement switch (for some M/T vehicles).

Figure3.Electronic layout of cruise control

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The problem of cruise control system is to maintain the output speed v of the system as set by input signal
base on the command signal from the driver. Cruise controller design is applied assuming a single-
loop system configuration with a linear model and nonlinear model
Components of Cruise Control:

 Steering Wheel Controls.

 Vehicle speed sensor.
 Clutch pedal switch.
 Brake pedal switch.
 Throttle position sensor.
 Vacuum valve control.
 Vacuum actuator.
 ECU
The Cruise Control is a system that is capable of automatically maintaining the desired speed (i.e. speed set
by the driver) of the vehicle without the need to press the accelerator pedal. This system is particularly
useful while driving at a constant speed as it significantly reduces driver fatigue.
(STUDY OF CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM USED IN VEHICLE, 2016)

The system uses many components for its operation. They are:

1. Steering Wheel Controls

2. Vehicle speed sensor
3. Clutch pedal switch
4. Brake pedal switch
5. Throttle position sensor
6. Vacuum valve control
7. Vacuum actuator
8. ECU

Figure4: ACC signals and Information Flow

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Advantages of Cruise control:
1. This system helps to improve driving comfort on long journeys as there is no need to press the
accelerator pedal.
2. It reduces driving fatigue to a great extent.
3. It improves the fuel economy of the vehicle significantly.

Disadvantages of Cruise-control:
1. This system is not useful in heavy traffic conditions with varying speeds.
2. Its inability to recognize the road surface may lead to skidding on wet or icy surfaces (Shimizu,
1997)

Figure5: Cruise control display

2. DESIGN OF PARKING ASSISTANCE SYSTEM

Figure6: Design of parking

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To meet modern safety expectations and driver’s convenience, parking-assistance systems have become
quite popular. To ensure safety, they generally use ultrasonic transducers to measure distance from nearby
objects, which acts as a decision to control a display or other outputs, or sent to a MCU for further
processing using a communication interface.
(http://www.linkedin.com/in/iriches, n.d.)
3. DESIGN OF SEAT, SUN ROOF AND MIRRORS SYSTEM
Seat

Sun roof

Mirror

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Figure7: design of seat, sun roof and mirror
These components of seat system are usually constructed from foam to provide comfort to the rider.
When choosing this product, foam manufacturers must consider the most suitable foam for balancing
comfort, support, safety, and recycling properties (VEHICLE SEAT IDENTIFICATION)

 Content/Topic 2 Operating principle of drive assistance sub-systems

1. OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM
Operating principle. The driver sets the desired speed by pressing the control lever. The throttle valve is
adjusted to furnish the engine with the corresponding volumetric flow of induction mixture. If the speed
changes, the controller receives a signal to this effect. It alters the throttle valve angle and thereby the
mixture volume using the servo-motor (Fig. 3,).The vehicle accelerates or decelerates. Automatic brake
intervention does not occur. If the brake or clutch pedal is pressed, regulation stops immediately.

The driver interface for the ACC system is very similar to a conventional cruise control system. The driver
operates the system via a set of switches on the steering wheel. The switches are the same as for a
conventional cruise control system except for the addition of two switches to control the time gap
between the ACC vehicle and the target vehicle. In addition there are a series of text messages that can be
displayed on the instrument cluster to inform the driver of the state of the ACC system and to provide any
necessary warnings. The driver engages the ACC system by first pressing the ON switch which places the
system into the 'ACC standby' state. The driver then presses the Set switch to enter the 'ACC active' state
at which point the ACC system attempts to control the vehicle to the driver's set speed dependent upon
the traffic environment.
When the ignition key is in the off position, no power is applied to any of the systems. When the key is
cycled to the on position, the ACC system initializes to the 'ACC off' state.

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 1.1. Engaging Cruise Control
Entering 'ACC standby' - Before active cruise control can be engaged the driver must first enter 'ACC
standby'. This is performed by the driver pressing the ACC 'On' button. If no system faults are present, the
ACC system will transition to the 'ACC standby' state.
Entering 'ACC active' – The driver enters the 'ACC active' state by pressing the 'Set' or 'Resume' button. If a
prior set speed is present in memory, the system uses this prior value as the target speed when Resume is
pressed, else, the current speed of when the Set button was pressed will become the target speed. The
following conditions must be true for the system to enter 'ACC active' in response to the cruise switches:

 Brake Switch 1 = brake not applied

 Brake Switch 2 = brake not applied
 Vehicle Speed >= 25 mph
When entering active ACC control, the vehicle speed is controlled either to maintain a set speed or to
maintain a time gap to a forward vehicle, whichever speed is lower.

The cruise control system controls the speed of your car the same way you do – by adjusting the throttle
(accelerator) position. However, cruise control engages the throttle valve by a cable connected to an
actuator, rather than by pressing a pedal. The throttle valve controls the power and speed of the engine by
limiting how much air it takes in (since it’s an internal combustion engine).

Figure8. Cruise control buttons

An electronic control module controls most of today’s cruise control systems. It can be a standalone or
integrated into the PCM or BCM.

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Figure9: Cruise control lever operation

The module uses several inputs to control operation and vehicle speed. These are the components
found on most cruise control systems.

Figure10: Cruise control devices

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 Cruise Control Switch: The basic control switch has an on/off button, set/accelerate, and a resume
option.

Figure11: Vehicle speed sensor

Vehicle Speed Sensor: The VSS informs the vehicle’s computer modules over the network, including the
cruise control module, of the vehicle's speed. It is this speed that the module attempts to maintain when
the set button is pressed.

Figure12: Throttle position sensor

Throttle Sensor/Actuator: A TPS or throttle position sensor informs the PCM of the throttle plate angle.
The greater the throttle angle, the greater the engines rpm. Some cruise control systems are throttle
activated, controlled by engine vacuum applied to a spring-loaded solenoid. They’re typically controlled
by a module and considered an electromechanical system. Late-model vehicles contain an electronic
throttle actuator that’s controlled by the engine management system.

Brake Switch: The brake switch informs the system of the driver’s intent on slowing down. They are
reactivated to the set speed by using the resume function.

Three types of cruise control are used

Modern cars are more often equipped with additional electronics that can make it easier for the driver to
operate the car safely. As an example, consider the cruise control, which was always divided into two
types: passive and adaptive. Now, there is one more type, which should be described. You can read about
them all in this article.

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This option is extremely convenient for drivers, who are traveling long distances. For example, when you
need a car at MCO Enterprise, you can find cars for rent are equipped with passive cruise control, which
will be beneficial at highways. Most often, you can see cruise control in American and European cars. In
America, the majority of the roads run long distances in straight sections. Cruise control on such roads
becomes a necessity. In the urban cycle, it is not so important, but today new systems for active cruise
control are developed. (JamesD, 2012)

Passive cruise control

Passive cruise control is a device that allows you to maintain a constant speed of the car. The driver sets
the speed. The thing is that the leg gets tired to hold the pedal for a long time, which leads to fatigue of the
driver, loss of vigilance and reduced attention. Often, in such situations, the driver begins to exceed the
permissible speed limit, and this is already a threat to traffic safety. When using cruise control, the speed
remains constant without driver exposure. The driver can change it by pressing the gas or brake pedal. In
such situations, the cruise control is turned off while the pedal is pressed, but, as soon as the driver
releases it, the cruise control system is turned on again. The car continues to move at the set speed until
the new manipulation of the driver. You can also change the settings of the cruise control on the buttons
built into the steering wheel. As a rule, there are five of them: On, Off, Set, Resume and Coast.

Figure13: Radar cruise control on Volvo S60 cars

The most important problem of motorists is still traffic jams, which not only significantly reduce the speed
of movement, but also increase the likelihood of traffic accidents. The solution to the second problem may
be this Volvo product. Its developers believe that thanks to it, by 2020 no one should die or be wounded by
a car of this brand. An important step towards this goal is a new radar-based cruise control system.

This system provides additional control over what is happening on the road, even in dense traffic
conditions. For example, when a pedestrian is detected on a vehicle’s route, the system will slow the

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vehicle down to a complete stop. Moreover, in the case of a full stop, the system itself will subsequently
start the engine. The new version of this system, unlike the previous one, is capable of performing its task
even at speeds below 30 km/h. The novelty will appear in the Volvo S60 model. (copyright volvo.car
corporation, 2014)

Adaptive cruise control

This type of cruise control is designed to automatically control the speed of the car. ACC is a further
development of the cruise control system that maintains a given constant speed.

The principle of adaptive cruise control operation

As ACC system consists of:

Sensors for radar, yaw rate, lateral acceleration, wheel speed and steering angle
Control unit for detection of own vehicle motion
Object detection and allocation
Adaptive cruise control
Control units for engine, gearbox and ESP with actuators

Operating principle. With the aid of radar sensors, vehicles travelling ahead and their speed are detected up
to a distance of approx. 100 m. ACC differentiates between the two operating modes 'clear driving1 and
'following driving' as follows

Fig. Clear and following driving on ACC

Object detection the following figure. To pick up the vehicle travelling ahead there is a radar sensor in the
radiator grille. It contains three transceivers with an effective aperture of three degrees each, capable of
monitoring a 3-lane motorway and preceding vehicles at a range of 100 metres. They reflect radar pulses (77
GHz). The distance and the relative speeds of both vehicles are calculated based upon the time that elapses
between the time a signal is transmitted and its subsequent reception. Cornering is determined with the aid
of ESP sensors and the relevant vehicle travelling in the same lane is picked up.

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Fig: Object detection of vehicle travelling ahead
Clear driving. If the road ahead is clear, it works as a cruise control system.
Following driving. If ACC detects a vehicle in the same lane, it adapts the speed to that of the vehicle
travelling directly ahead. It maintains the distance specified by the driver by automatic actuation of the
brakes and automatic acceleration. ACC lowers the speed of the vehicle by reducing engine torque and, if
necessary, brake intervention. If the brake pedal is pressed, the system switches off automatically.

This system usually operates in the speed range from 30 to 180 km/h. Modern ACC systems support
speeds from 0 to 200 km/h, as well as braking and starting in dense traffic conditions (Stop and Go
function). This CC provides vehicle movement in the modes of constant speed, acceleration and
deceleration. If there are no other cars on the road, the system supports the set by the driver speed. When
the vehicle in front of you is accelerating or rearranging, the vehicle accelerates to the set by the driver
speed. When a car in front of you is slowing down or changing lanes, the car slows down to the distance
set by the driver. At low speed, deceleration is achieved by operating the brake system (increasing the
brake fluid pressure in the system), at high speed- by reducing the engine power (reducing the air supply
through the throttle valve) and, if necessary, operating the brake system.

In order to improve vehicle safety, individual ACC designs can be supplemented with systems of preventive
safety, emergency braking, and GPS navigation. Without cruise control, traveling over long distances would
be tedious and would contribute to driver fatigue. The above types of cruise control are all beneficial and it
is up to you to decide which one to choose.

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Figure14: Cruise control diagram

1.2. Operation During Speed Control Mode (ACC Speed Control)

Operation during this mode is equivalent to that of conventional speed control. If no forward vehicle is
present within the Time Gap or clearance of the system, the vehicle's speed is maintained at the target
speed. The engine control system controls the engine output via throttle control to maintain the vehicle
speed at the target speed.
1.3. Operation During Follow Mode (ACC Time Gap Control)
The ACC system enters follow mode or 'ACC time gap control' if the radar detects a forward vehicle at or
within the clearance distance. During this mode of operation, the ACC system sends a target speed to the
Engine Control Module and deceleration commands to the Brake Control module to maintain the set time
gap between the vehicles.
Deceleration control – The ACC system decelerates the vehicle by lowering the target speed sent to the
Engine Control Module and sending a brake deceleration command to the Brake Control Module. The
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maximum allowed braking effort of the system is 0.2 [g]. During brake deceleration events, the Brake
Control Module activates the brake lights.
Acceleration control – The ACC system accelerates the vehicle by increasing the target speed sent to the
Engine Control Module. The Engine Control Module tries to maintain the target speed and can accelerate
the vehicle at a rate of up to 0.2 [g] of acceleration.
Adjusting the time gap – The driver can adjust the time gap via the 'Time Gap +' and 'Time Gap –' switches.
Pressing the 'Time Gap +' switch causes the time gap value to increase and therefore the clearance
between the two vehicles to increase. Pressing the 'Time Gap –' switch causes the time gap value to
decrease and therefore the clearance between the two vehicles to decrease. Reaction to a slow moving or
stopped vehicle – Situations may occur such that the ACC system is not able to maintain the time gap
within the deceleration authority of the system, 0.2 [g]. The clearance between the ACC vehicle and the
forward vehicle may be rapidly decreasing or the minimum vehicle speed of 25 [mph] may be reached.
Under these situations the ACC system enters 'ACC standby' and alerts the driver by displaying a "Driver
Intervention Required" text message on the instrument cluster and by turning on an audible chime. If the
brakes were being applied by the ACC system, they will be slowly released. At this point the driver must
take control of the vehicle.

1.4. Transitioning Between Speed Control and Follow Modes

The ACC system automatically transitions between Speed Control and Time Gap (Follow) Modes. The mode
of operation is determined by the lower of the set speed for Speed Control Mode and the target speed to
maintain the gap between the ACC vehicle and a forward vehicle. Basically, if no vehicle is present within
the clearance distance, the system will operate in Speed Control mode, else, it will operate in Time Gap
mode.
1.5. Cancelling Cruise Control Operation
Cruise Control operation may be cancelled by the operator or automatically via the ACC system. Either of
the following conditions will deactivate ACC:

 Brake pedal is pressed

 'Off' button is pressed
 Vehicle Speed < 25 mph
 An ACC system fault is detected

Adaptive Cruise Control is the next big thing in terms of automated speed management in new cars. It is
an intelligent form of cruise control that slows down and speeds up automatically to keep pace with the
car in front of you. (Denton, 2012)

Figure15: The drivers view in ACC

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The driver sets a maximum speed similar to what one would do with normal cruise control. A radar sensor
located in the front end of the car locates traffic ahead of it and locks on to the car ahead. This sensor then
controls the speed of your car so that it always stays 2-3 seconds behind the car in front.
Using the input from the radar sensors, the computer unit measures the distance of the car ahead and
calculates the speed relative to it. If there are multiple vehicles in the sensor’s field of coverage at the same
time, it automatically selects which of the vehicles the system should track.
For instance, if you’re approaching a slower vehicle ahead or if another vehicle cuts in front of you, the
adaptive cruise control slows down the car by initiating corrective controls in the engine management and,
if necessary, in the braking system as well.

Figure16: Cruise control in operation

ACC is very conscientious when it comes to safety. If you’re driving too close to the car in front, it will warn
you in two stages. First, it will alert you with visual and acoustic signals, and then with a short braking jolt. If
necessary, the system will bring your car to a complete stop. Some units employ a laser, while others use an
optical system based on stereoscopic cameras. Regardless of the technology, ACC works day or night, but its
abilities can be hampered by extreme conditions, such as heavy rain, fog, or snow.

Future applications of ACC

Industries launched its self-driving car a few years back, which completely relies on the technology of
autonomous cruise control.

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Figure17: self-driving car.

This car has a total of eight sensors. The most noticeable one is the rotating roof-top Lidar – a camera that
uses an array of 32 or 64 lasers to measure the distance to objects in order to build up a 3D map at a range
of 200m, enabling the car to analyze potential hazards.
The car also sports another set of eyes in the form of a standard camera that points through the windscreen.
This also looks out for nearby hazards, such as pedestrians, cyclists and other motorists, whilst also reading
road signs and detecting traffic lights. The bumper-mounted radar, which is already used in autonomous
cruise control, looks out for vehicles in front of and behind the car.

Figure12: All the sensors in Google’s driverless car. (www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com,

n.d.)
On its exterior side, the car has a rear-mounted aerial antenna that receives geolocation information from
GPS satellites, and an ultrasonic sensor on one of the rear wheels that monitors the car’s movements. The
interior of the car has altimeters, gyroscopes and a tachometer to produce even finer measurements on the
car’s position. All these sensors act perfectly in unison and obtain accurate data of the car’s location, thus
providing additional safety.

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Figure18: Cruise details

Figure19: Cruise control devices

In this figure, we can see the various components that contribute to the cruise control. The key to the
abbreviations used in this figure are below:

 SWCS: Steering Wheel Control Switches

 CCMS: Cruise Control Master Switch
 IPK: Instrument Pack
 CCIU: Cruise Control Interface Unit
 ECU: Engine control Unit
 CPS: Clutch pedal Position Sensor
 BPS: Brake pedal Position Sensor
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  ABS: Anti-lock Braking System

The CCMS wiring is described in greater detail in the discussion above, and the CCIU wiring is more fully
described below. In addition to these components, there are signal feeds from the ABS (which prevents
cruise engagement if speed is below 21mph), and the signals from the two pedal position sensors
(interestingly, there are two wires coming from the brake sensor - presumably so braking pressure can be
determined)

Advantages of Cruise control:

1. This system helps to improve driving comfort on long journeys as there is no need to press the
accelerator pedal.
2. It reduces driving fatigue to a great extent.
3. It improves the fuel economy of the vehicle significantly.

4. Relax on the Road. The advantages of cruise control are a dime a dozen. One of the primary
advantages is that it allows drivers to maintain the same speed without having to keep their right
foot on the pedal. This allows the driver to relax, something that is very beneficial, especially during
a long road trip.

5. Safety over Speed. Cruise control also helps reduce the driver’s tendency to speed, which can help
increase safety and decrease the likelihood of accidents—and getting pulled over. For those with
the “lead foot syndrome,” this is significantly reduces the risks of speeding.

6. Efficient Fuel Economy. Additionally, keeping the car at a consistent speed significantly improves
fuel economy. Maintaining a consistent speed requires less gas (and less exhaust).

Disadvantages of Cruise-control:
1. This system is not useful in heavy traffic conditions with varying speeds.
2. Its inability to recognize the road surface may lead to skidding on wet or icy surfaces

3. Those who use cruise control should use it with caution, however, because the disadvantages of
cruise control can outweigh the advantages at time.

4. Relax But Don’t Get TOO Relaxed. Although a primary benefit of cruise control is to make it easier
on the driver, if a driver becomes too mentally disengaged from the road, then this can decrease his
or her awareness. As a result, the driver may not react as quickly in the event a car ahead brakes
suddenly, or an animal runs out into the road. Inclement weather conditions can also pose a
problem.

5. This is what’s known as “highway hypnosis” and can, understandably, be very dangerous. In other
words, the ability to “read” the road decreases, meaning that not only is speed an issue, but also
the driver’s ability to react to changing road conditions reduce.

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 6. When Technology Fails… Although cruise control in newer vehicles is much safer than it is in older
models, technology can fail. For example, in some rare—but possible—cases, cruise control can
fail on, which can make it incredibly difficult to brake or stop the car.

7. Again, these cases are extremely rare, but they can happen. So, if you drive an older vehicle with
cruise control, use with caution. Slightly pump the brakes every now and again to ensure that cruise
control shuts off correctly.

2. OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF PARKING ASSISTANCE SYSTEM

PARKING ASSIST SYSYTEM: Parking assist is based around on micro controller

At the front and rear of the vehicle are ultrasonic sensors. They are actuated by the control unit and indicate
the distance via indicator lamps and warning buzzers.
Operating principle. System operation is based on the echo-sounding concept. The system periodically acti-
vates its entire complement of peripheral transmitters, which respond by transmitting 30 kHz ultrasonic
signals. Thereafter, all sensors change to receiver mode and record the sound waves reflecting off the obsta-
cles. The system calculates both the distances to obstacles and their locations relative to the vehicle based
on the bounce times that elapse between transmission and reception of the echo-sounding signals. If the
distance is too small, the system warns the driver.

Parking assist with ultrasonic signals

Parking, especially parallel parking can be tough for experienced driver. However, these days there is
technology that helps to make this easier. Parking sensors such as parking assist will make it easier for the
driver to park without the risk of pumping into anything. The following two different types of parking sensors
are used

The parking sensor has been widely used for some time now and, as a result, is the most common parking
device on the market. Sensors mounted on the bumpers detect the distance of obstacles from the
extremities of the car, and deliver an audible beep which gradually becomes more panicked the closer you
get. Some systems are now combined with a digital graphic which shows which part of the car is closest to
an object, allowing for a safer, more accurate manoeuvre. Parking sensors can even be retro-fitted to a car
which didn’t originally feature them.

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Figure20: Park assist sensors

OPERATION OF PARKING SENSORS

There are different sensors from different manufacturers, but the technology behind them is the same.
Whenever the driver want to park in a tight spot, they will press a button which activates the parking assist.
The system has sensors which can help the driving to identify an empty spot in parking lot. The driver wills
then begins to reverse while gently placing their foot on the brakes. Older model would begin to beep as the
driver approached obstacle, and they would beep more frantically as they drove closer and closer towards
the obstacle. This will help the driver to know when to stop reversing so that they can park properly; newer
models will however help the car to park itself by sensing the obstacle around it and ensuring that the car
does not hit anything. As the car approaches an obstacle, the parking assist will sense it and the car will stop
reversing. It will move slightly forward so that the car can fit perfectly into the parking spot. However, the
driver will still be involved in the process as they will have to step on the brakes in order to check the speed
of the car.

TYPES OF PARKING SENSORS

They are two major types of the sensors:

 Ultrasonic systems sensors
 Electromagnetic system sensors
(ERJAVEC, 2009)
ULTRASONIC SYSTEMS SENSORS

Ultrasonic system sensors are placed onto the bumper of the car and they can calculate the distance
between the car and an obstacle with the help of acoustic pulses. When the sound waves are reflected,
the sensor will be able to tell how near or far an obstacle is. They will then send signals to the driver using
acoustic sounds. The nearer the obstacle is, the faster and more frequent the beeping will be.

The system feature ultrasonic proximity detectors to measure the distance nearby via sensors located in
the front and/or rear bumper fascias or visually minimized within adjacent grills or recesses.

 Rear sensors may be activated when reverse gear is selected and activated as soon as any other
gear is selected.

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  From sensors may be activated manually and deactivated automatically when the vehicle reaches
a pre-determined speed to avoid subsequent nuisance warnings.

 As an ultrasonic systems relies on the reflection of sound waves, the system may not detect flat
objects or object insufficiently large to reflect sound

 Objects with flat surfaces angled from the vertical may deflect return sound waves away from the
sensors, hindering detection.

Figure21: Ultrasonic sensors

Advantages of Ultrasonic sensors

1. They are very cheap

2. They can detect obstacles even if the car is not moving

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Disadvantages of Ultrasonic sensors

1. The driver has to drill their bumper or stick the sensor onto it, and this is quite unattractive.

2. They are designed to only detect obstacles from the front or back of the car. They cannot detect any
obstacles towards the side of the car.

3. They sometimes miss small or narrow objects. Inclines such as a steep ramp can deflect the acoustic
waves.

4. They are not perfect for use with a tow bar.

ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEM SENSORS

 Electromagnetic sensors create an electromagnetic field around the vehicle’s pumper. Therefore, any
obstacle that enters this field will trigger a warning.

 Electromagnetic sensors rely on the vehicle moving slowly and smoothly to be avoided.

 Once detected, the obstacle, if the vehicle momentarily stops on its approach, the sensor continues
to give signal of presence of the obstacle.

 If the vehicle then resumes its manoeuvre the alarm signal becomes more and more impressive as
the obstacle approaches.

 Electromagnetic parking sensors are often sold as not requiring any holes to be drilled offering a
unique design that discreetly mount on the inner side of the bumper preserving the new factory look
of your vehicle.

Figure22: Location of parking sensor

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In the operation of electromagnetic sensors:

A system provides an alarm indicative of a presence of an obstacle in a vicinity of a vehicle.

The system operates by electromagnetic detection, and generates an oscillating radio frequency
signal.

A transmitter transmits the generated oscillated radiofrequency signal to create, all around the
transmitter, an electromagnetic radiofrequency near field.

A receiver receives the electromagnetic radiofrequency near field.

A detector is connected to the receiver and r detects a perturbation resulting in reduction of

oscillation amplitude of electromagnetic radiofrequency near field, and an indicator indicates the
detected perturbation of the received electromagnetic radio frequency near field.

Based on this operation, an obstacle in a vicinity of the vehicle can be detected.

Advantages of Electromagnetic system sensors

1. They can be used with tow bars and cycle racks.

2. They are mounted neatly inside the bumper. There is no need to drill the bumper.

Disadvantages of Electromagnetic system sensors

1. They are quite expensive compared to Ultrasonic sensors.

2. They cannot detect objects when the car is stationary, they will only begin to detect objects when
the car has started to move.

Both types of parking sensors are extremely useful for individuals who usually have trouble parking. As
parking spaces get shorter and cars get wider and longer, it is important to use a parking assist system
to ensure that the vehicle does not hit anything while the driver attempts to park it.

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 Reversing cameras

Figure23: Field vision of driver during parking

A step-up from parking sensors, some vehicles now feature a rear-facing camera. Mounted high and
pointing slightly downward, they show obstacles far more clearly than the rear-view mirror can. These
cameras use a wide-angle lens to give you a broad field-of-view around the back of the car.

These images are relayed to the driver, usually by a screen mounted in the dashboard, and often feature
guide lines which show the direction of the car based on the current steering angle and its proximity to
obstacles.

360-DEGREE CAMERA

Figure24: Parking camera

A Nissan surround camera showing the 360º view around the car

At the posher end of the price range, cars like the BMW X5 feature numerous cameras dotted around the
car, and can generate a bird’s eye-view image. This makes it far easier to see whether or not you’ll squeeze
into the last available space or if you’re about to scrape those posh alloy wheels.

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The optional system on the Range Rover Evoque allows the driver the option of switching between each
camera individually so you can, for example, select the camera looking down at the kerb, so you’ll need
never mount the kerb again.

Parking assist

One of the most intelligent systems currently available is known as park assist. This is about as close to a
fully automated system as you’ll currently find.

Combining the cameras and sensors of the pieces of tech mentioned earlier, park assist systems can judge
the size of a parking space, inform the driver whether or not it is a suitable size, and – with the driver
controlling the speed – steer its own way into the space. It doesn’t matter if you’re looking for a space on
the side of the road or in a multi storey car park either – most of these systems are now capable of both
parallel and bay parking manoeuvres.

Park assist features on many cars – high-end versions of the Ford Focus, Golf and Seat Leon, to name a few.
(Sako, 1978)

NOTE: Some car manufacturers are toying with fully automated parking systems, which negate the need
for the driver to be in the car at all. Perfect for those who own a narrow garage, you simply step out beside
your house, and the car will do the rest for you.

Similarly, BMW has been toying with the idea of a car that could valet park itself – saving you the hassle of
finding a parking space at all. It would probably be an eerie sight though!

Figure25: An info graphic showing roughly how self-parking cars will operate

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Perfectly parked
Now you know a little more about parking systems why not take a look at our list of the 10 most
economical city cars on sale and decide which you’d rather squeeze into a bay at your local shopping
centre. Then head over to our car configurator and see how much you could save. Or, for a schooling in
how not to park check out our story on parking mistakes no one saw coming.
COMMON TYPES OF PARKING
There are different types of parking. The most common types of parking are angle parking,
perpendicular parking and parallel parking. Angle parking is especially widespread in parking lots, where
vehicles are designated to go one way
3. OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF SEAT, SUN ROOF AND MIRROS
 VEHICLE SEATS

Figure26: Seat, sunroof and mirror

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Raise/lower the front edge of the seat cushion* by pumping up/down.

Change the length of the seat cushion by pulling the lever up and moving the seat cushion
forward/backward by hand.

Adjust the seat forward/backward by lifting the handle and adjusting the distance to the steering wheel
and pedals. Check that the seat is locked after the position has been adjusted.

Change the lumbar support* by pressing the button upward/downward/forward/back.

Raise/lower the seat by means of adjusting the control up/down.

Change the backrest rake by turning the control knob.

Warning

Adjust the position of the driver's seat before setting off, never while driving. Make sure that the seat is
in locked position in order to avoid personal injury in the event of heavy braking or an accident.

Multi-functional front seat

Enhance the seating comfort using the multi-function control.

The multi-function control can, in some variants, be used to adjust the lumbar support*, side support*,
cushion length and massage settings*. Settings made with the multi-function control are shown in the
center display*. Certain function selections can also be made directly in the center display.

Centre display

The driver and the passenger seat settings that are made with the multi-function control are shown in
the centre display. If the settings for only one of the front seats are shown in the centre display, the

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settings are positioned centred in the screen. When it is possible to show setting options for both the
front seats, the driver's setting options are shown in the upper half and the passenger's in the lower half.

To stop showing the seat settings view in the centre display, press the home button, which is located
under the centre display.

Adjusting the power front seat

Set to desired sitting position using the control on the front seat's seating section.

Change the lumbar support by pressing the button upward/downward/forward/back.

Raise/lower the seat cushion front edge by adjusting the control up/down.

Raise/lower the seat by means of adjusting the control up/down.

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Move the seat forward/backward by adjusting the control forward/backward.

Change the backrest rake by adjusting the control forward/backward.

Only one movement (forward/back/up/down) can be made at a time.

The backrests of the front seats cannot be lowered fully forward. (James E, 2009)

 VEHICLE MIRROS

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  VEHICLE SUNROOF

When operating with the control that is fitted in the roof, the sunroof is first opened horizontally to a

comfort position.

In ventilation position, the sunroof is raised at the rear edge.

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Warning

Children, other passengers or objects may be trapped by the sunroof's moving parts.

Always operate the sunroof with caution.

Do not allow children to play with the controls.
Remember to always switch off the power supply to the sunroof by setting the car's electrical
system in ignition position 0, and then take the remote control key with you when leaving the car.

Important

Do not open the sunroof when load carriers are fitted.

Figure27: Vehicle sun roof

Opening, manual

Opening, automatic

Closing, manual

Closing, automatic
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In order that the sunroof can be operated, the car's electrical system must be in at least ignition
position I.

Manual operation

To open the sunroof, press the control rearward to the position for manual opening. The sunroof first
reaches comfort position Comfort position is an open position for the sunroof, where wind noise and
resonance noise are at a comfortably low level while driving. In order to open to maximum opening
position - press the control backwards a second time.

Close the sunroof by repeating the preceding procedure in reverse order - press the control
forward/downward to the manual closing position instead.

The movement of the sunroof is stopped if the control is released or when the sunroof reaches the comfort
position or the maximum opening or closing position.

Automatic operation: To open the sunroof, press the control backwards to the position for automatic opening

and release. The sunroof first reaches comfort position Comfort position is an open position for the

sunroof, where wind noise and resonance noise are at a comfortably low level while driving.. To open to

the maximum opening position - press the control a second time backward to the position for automatic

opening and release. Close the sunroof by repeating the preceding procedure in reverse order - press the

control forward/downward to the automatic closing position instead.

The movement of the sunroof is stopped when it reaches the comfort position or the maximum opening
or closing position. The movement is also stopped if the control is operated again while the movement is
in progress. The movement of the sunroof is not stopped when it reaches the comfort position when
closing from maximum opening position.

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Differences in sun roof styles

SUN ROOF DESCRIPTION

Least expensive

Limited range of motion

FITTING
Typically require less space for installation

More versatile for use in most vehicles mid-priced

SLIDING(EXTERNAL)
SLIDING INTERNAL
option
Slide into the vehicle between the headliner and
the roof. Most involved for installation and
modification
Have the cleanest, most sought after look and
more expensive

Ventilation position

Figure28: Ventilation position, vertically at the rear edge.

Open by pressing the control upward.

Close by pressing the control forward/downward.

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When ventilation position is selected, the sunroof is raised at the rear edge. Closing using the remote
control key, central locking button or door handles

Remote control key

Give a long press on the remote control key's lock button until the sunroof starts moving towards
the closed position. Then release the lock button.

Movement stops if the remote control key's lock button is pressed again or when the sunroof has
reached the closed position.

Central locking button

Figure29: Central locking button.

When the car's electrical system is set in at least ignition position I, the central locking button in the
driver's door or passenger door* can be used to close the sunroof.

1. Give a long press on the central locking button until the sunroof starts moving towards the
closed position. Then release the button.

Movement stops if the central locking button is pressed again or when the sunroof has reached the
closed position.

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Door handle

Cars equipped with keyless locking/unlocking* have a touch-sensitive recess on the outer part of the
outside door handle.Place your finger against the touch-sensitive recess on the outside of one of the
door handles until the sunroof starts moving towards the closed position. Then remove your finger from
door handle's recess.

Movement stops if you place your finger against the door handle recess again or once the sunroof has
reached the closed position.

Warning

If the sunroof is closed with the remote control key, central locking button or the door handle, check
that no one risks being trapped.
Important

Check that the sunroof is properly closed when closing.

Sunscreen

The sunroof features a manual, sliding interior sunscreen. The sunscreen slides back automatically when
the sunroof is opened. Grip the handle and slide the sunscreen forward to close it.

Pinch protection

The sunroof's pinch protection function is activated if it is blocked by an object while closing. In the
event of blocking, the sunroof stops and is then opened automatically to approx. 50 mm from the
blocked position (or to full ventilation position). The pinch protection is also active when the sunroof is
opened.

If the pinch protection has deployed then it is still possible to operate the sunroof once more in the same
direction without pinch protection, if this is done within 10 seconds after pinch protection deployment.
It is therefore possible to override the pinch protection when closing has been interrupted e.g. if ice has
formed around the sunroof, by continually pressing the control forward/downward until the sunroof is
closed.

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 LO 1.3 IDENTIFY DRIVE ASSISTANCE SUB- SYSTEM COMPONENTS

 Content/Topic 1.Identification of cruise control system components

 Components of Cruise Control:

1. Vehicle speed sensor: The output shaft speed sensor detects the speed of the drive wheels and
sends this information back to the engine control unit. Together these two shafts allow the wheels
to rotate at a speed that is manageable while the engine continues to run at a speed that makes it
perform efficiently.

A wheel speed sensor or vehicle speed sensor (VSS) is a type of tachometer. It is a sender device
used for reading the speed of a vehicle's wheel rotation. It usually consists of a toothed ring and
pickup.

Figure30: Wheel speed sensor

A wheel speed sensor or vehicle speed sensor (VSS) is a type of tachometer. It is a sender device used for
reading the speed of a vehicle's wheel rotation. It usually consists of a toothed ring and pickup.
Typically, these malfunctions are caused by, a broken gear in the speedometer system, a speed
sensor issue or a faulty engine control unit (ECU). A malfunctioning speedometer may also be due to
damaged wiring. In older cars a break in the cable that connects the transmission to the speedometer is
the most common cause.
Process of Repairing a Vehicle Speed Sensor
1. Park the vehicle on a level surface. Engage the emergency brake and turn the engine off.
2. Place a vehicle jack on the left side and right side of the automobile.
3. Look straight up on the passenger side of the vehicle.
4. Unplug the electrical wire.
5. Align the replacement speed sensor into the transmission.

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2. Throttle position with servo motor: is made of a DC motor, a planetary reduction gear (gearbox ratio η)
and a linkage that connects the shaft of the motor to the shaft of four valves. An angular potentiometer is
mounted on the valve shaft. The ECU motorcycle (with a sample time of 1ms) is used to control
the throttle. And is responsible for the electric throttle in my car.

Figure31: Throttle valve with servo motor

A vehicle propulsion system based on internal combustion engine (ICE) includes a throttle body whose
function is to regulate the amount of air-fuel intake into the engine to vary the engine's power and thus
vehicle acceleration. A mechanical throttle valve body attached to the ICE's air intake manifold is linked to
the driver's accelerator pedal.

Figure32: Circuit of throttle with servo motor

In order to achieve higher precise positioning of the throttle plate, an adaptive servo control strategy is
presented for the electronic throttle control system. Compared with the existing results on the electronic
throttle control schemes, in this paper, the throttle valve reference tracking controller comprises a
proportional-integral-derivative- (Denton, Automobile Electrical and electronic System 3rd Edition, 2004)

3. Controller (ECU): An electronic control unit (ECU) is any embedded system in

automotive electronics that controls one or more of the electrical systems or subsystems in
a vehicle. Some modern motor vehicles have up to 80 ECUs.

An engine control unit (ECU), also commonly called an engine control module(ECM), is a type of electronic
control unit that controls a series of actuators on an internal combustion engine to ensure optimal engine
performance. It does this by reading values from a multitude of sensors within the engine bay, interpreting
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the data using multidimensional performance maps (called lookup tables), and adjusting the engine
actuators. Before ECUs, air-fuel mixture, ignition timing, and idle speed were mechanically set and
dynamically controlled by mechanical and pneumatic means.
If the ECU has control over the fuel lines, then it is referred to as an electronic engine management
system (EEMS). The fuel injection system has the major role to control the engine's fuel supply. The whole
mechanism of the EEMS is controlled by a stack of sensors and actuators
Fundamentally, the engine ECU controls the injection of the fuel and, in petrol engines, the timing of the
spark to ignite it. It determines the position of the engine's internals using a Crankshaft Position Sensor so
that the injectors and ignition system are activated at precisely the correct time.
The ECM is located on the passenger-s side of the vehicle, underneath the instrument panel glove box
area. The ECM is located on the passenger-s side of the vehicle, underneath the instrument panel glove
box area
When Engine Stalling or Misfiring.
Erratic engine behaviour is another common symptom of a bad or failing ECM. A faulty computer can also
be responsible for engine stalling or misfiring, though this tends to be more intermittent.
These symptoms may come and go, and may appear to have no pattern to their severity or frequency.
A "new" ECU will almost certainly need programming to the car - if nothing else there will be anti-theft
measures such as the immobilizer to consider and potentially other systems in the car for it to be
configured with.
4. Means of entering commands: Cruise control is a system that automatically controls the speed of a
motor vehicle. The system .The AMC "Cruise-Command" unit was engaged by a push-button once
the control (ACC), which is a general term meaning, improved cruisecontrol. Non-Braking Type: The
speed can be adjusted to allow traffic calming.

 Content/Topic 2.Identification of parking system components

1. SENSORS: Parking sensors are proximity sensors for road vehicles designed to alert the
driver of obstacles while parking. These systems use either electromagnetic ultrasonic
sensor.

Type of parking sensors

They will also cover any blind spots when you're reversing into a smaller space. Whilst this may be the
option for parking sensor you want to get, it is worth mentioning that they do not pick up every object. The
sound waves mean it may not detect smaller objects such as posts and curbs.
Whereas active park assist will tap into other vehicle systems to physically park the vehicle. Normally,
additional sensors are located in the sides of the bumper or in the fender. The sensors that are used are
generally ultrasonic sensors. An ultrasonic sensor uses sound waves to detect the distance to an object
When the vehicle has gone back far enough into the space, another signal is sent to the driver to tell them
to brake, shift into drive, and once again ease off the brakes. Parking assist uses sensors that are placed
around the vehicle to prevent it from hitting any objects around it.

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 Figure33: Location of physical parking sensor

2. Electronic Control Unit (ECU): An electronic control unit (ECU) is any embedded system in
automotive electronics that controls one or more of the electrical systems or subsystems in
a vehicle. Some modern motor vehicles have up to 80 ECUs. As it has discussed at precious
topic.
3. Actuators: Parking sensors are used for two different styles of systems, park assist and
active park assist. Park assist uses sensors in the rear and/or front bumper covers to sense
the distance between the vehicle and the object.
An actuator is a component of a machine that is responsible for moving and controlling a
mechanism or system, for example by opening a valve. In simple terms, it is a "mover".
An actuator requires a control signal and a source of energy.
An actuator is something that converts energy into motion. It also can be used to apply a
force. An actuator typically is a mechanical device that takes energy — usually energy that is
created by air, electricity or liquid — and converts it into some kind of motion.

There are four main types of actuators: Hydraulic, Pneumatic, Electric and Mechanical.
Hydraulic actuators consist of a cylinder or fluid motor that utilizes hydraulic power to
facilitate mechanical process. The mechanical motion gives an output in terms of linear,
rotary or oscillatory motion.
The term “Actuator” typically refers to a device that provides linear motion… like a piston, a
rod is pushed in a linear manner when voltage is applied. A Motor is a device that provides
rotational movement, like in a toy car, the motor spins a wheel usually through gears to
reduce the speed and increase the torque.
 Content/Topic 3.Identification of Seat System Components

1. MOTOR: It is one among of the components of seat system which help seat movement.
2. SWITCH: This component activates or deactivates the operation of the seat.
3. CONTROLLER UNITY: It is the brain of the system.
4. INDICATOR LAMP: It is warning in field vision of driver indicating the condition of seat
position.
5. MECHANICAL LINKAGES: This linkage connects the seating foam to the motor for proper
movement.
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  Content/Topic 4.Identification of Sunroof System Components
1. CONTROL SWITCH: This component activates or deactivates the operation of the seat.
2. DRIVE MOTOR: this also permit the movement of sun roof.
3. RELAY: The power sunroof is one of those automotive accessories that may car owners desire, like
a control switch, relay and an electrical motor to handle the physical work(Relay work as switch).
4. MECHANICAL LINKAGES: Linkages provides proper movement of sunroof.
 Content/Topic 5.Identification of Mirror System Components
1. MOTOR: Is the component that controls the movement of the mirrors with the help of gears.
2. SWITCH: It allow mirror to work or not work and it is a multifunction switch
3. CONTROLLER UNITY: It is the main controller of the mirror system (looks like brain).
4. RELAY: This component allows the mirrors system to get current and start to operate.
5. MECHANICAL LINKAGES: Linkages provides proper movement of mirror system.

L O 1.4: DESCRIBE DRIVE ASSISTANCE SYSTEM SUBSYSTEM COMPONENTS

 Content/Topic 1 Description of Design and operating principle of cruise control system

components
Speed sensor: The cruise control utilizes the vehicle speed sensor mounted on the transmission to
monitor your vehicle's actual speed and adjusts its output based on that information. The
vehicle speed sensor actively reads the transmission's revolutions in real time to determine
vehicle speed.
Throttle valve with servomotor: The electronic throttle control (ETC) is a key component in modern
automotive, which affects the performance of traction control and engine torque control. (Denton,
Automobile electrical and Electronics system, 1995)

An ETC control system consists of a DC servo motor driving a circular-shaped valve plate, which is
connected to a preloaded spring. The opening angle of the valve plate controls the air flow into the
engine. When the control system fails, the spring can keep the valve at a pre-defined angle, i.e. the
limp-home position, in order to provide the necessary air flow to keep the engine running.

The ETC is commanded by the engine control unit (ECU) to achieve economic fuel consumption and
the required performance. The spring in the ETC unit exhibits a piecewise linear torque-
displacement relationship due to the preload. The stiffness around the limp-home position is much
higher than that in other area in order to withstand the vacuum pressure in the engine cylinder.

There are two major nonlinear effects in an ETC system:

 One is the nonlinear torque-displacement relation resulted from the preloaded spring;
 And the other is the friction force between the valve plate and the manifold.
In order to improve the performance of the current ETC system, we develop a mathematic model
for the spring-loaded ETC system and adopt a closed-loop identification approach to obtain the
nonlinear displacement-torque function in the complete working range. To design the servo control
system for the ETC, we analyse the nonlinear spring effect on the ETC system robustness, and found
that a control design based on the low spring constant area is robust even when the spring constant
becomes ten times larger around the limp-home position.

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We design and implement a two-degree-of-freedom control system; the experiment results show
very good command response regardless the preload spring effect and excellent disturbance
rejection performance against the friction force.

Servo control design for electronic throttlevalve with nonlinear spring effect. An ETC control system
consists of a DC servo motor driving a circular-shaped valve plate, which is .displacement-torque
function in the complete working range. Speed and record the corresponding voltage reading in
PWM.

Servo control design for electronic throttlevalve with nonlinear spring effect .An ETC control system
consists of a DC servomotor driving a circular-shaped valve .the nonlinear displacement-
torque function in the complete working range. The air-flow into the engine to maintain the desired
crankshaft speed as figure follows shows.

Figure34: Throttle valve with servo motor

Controller: cruise control system is actually a close loop control system. The speed adjustment
starts from the change in throttle angle then to the engine and gearbox. In the feedback, a speed
sensor is used to measure the actual output (speed). The principle structure of cruise control

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 (commons.wikimedia.org, n.d.)system as shown on the following figure

Figure35: Controller in circuit

 The input signal to the controller is the error which is the difference between the desired speed and
the actual speed. According to this error, the controller will give throttle control signal that adjust
the throttle angle. The opening range of the throttle changed by controller will change the engine
speed. The cruise controller regulates the vehicle speed based on desired speed and the actual
speed comes from the feedback speed sensor. The regulation of the vehicle speed is done by
adjusting the throttle angle while this will change (increase or decrease) the engine drive force.
Means of entering commands: The prototype CACC controller sends out the same desired speed
command as the higher level ACC controller. Although this would reduce the flexibility of the
prototype controller design compared with the first option, the existing speed servo function could
be utilized for the CACC controller design. Since the desired speed command is inside 6 the ACC
control unit, substantial hardware/software modifications to the existing vehicle would still be
required.
. As shown in Figure 3.2, the ACC sensor sends the relative distance and speed of the preceding
vehicle to the ACC control unit through the CAN bus. A simple way for implementing the
cooperative vehicle longitudinal control is that the prototype CACC controller accepts the ACC
sensor measurement information and sends out calculated virtual relative distance and speed to
the ACC control unit instead. Although this includes the existing Nissan ACC controller in the loop
and poses additional difficulties for the CACC controller design, it only requires minimum
modifications to the existing Nissan software.

Figure36: Acc diagram

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  Content/Topic 2.Description ofDesign and operating principle of parking assistance system
components
Sensors: Parking sensors are proximity sensors for road vehicles designed to alert the driver of
obstacles while parking. These systems use either electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor.

The working principle of the parking sensor mainly depends on an electromagnetic otherwise
ultrasonic sensor principle. Whenever the driver uses reverse gear, then parking sensors get
triggered automatically and transmits ultrasonic signals.

Figure37: Ultrasonic sensors

These systems feature ultrasonic proximity detectors to measure the distances to nearby objects via
sensors located in the front and/or rear bumper fascias or visually minimized within adjacent grills or
recesses.
The sensors emit acoustic pulses, with a control unit measuring the return interval of each reflected signal
and calculating object distances. The system in turns warns the driver with acoustic tones,
the frequency indicating object distance, with faster tones indicating closer proximity and a continuous
tone indicating a minimal pre-defined distance. Systems may also include visual aids, such as LED or LCD
readouts to indicate object distance. A vehicle may include a vehicle pictogram on the car's infotainment
screen, with a representation of the nearby objects as colored blocks.
Rear sensors may be activated when reverse gear is selected and deactivated as soon as any other gear is
selected. Front sensors may be activated manually and deactivated automatically when the vehicle reaches
a pre-determined speed — to avoid subsequent nuisance warnings.
As an ultrasonic systems relies on the reflection of sound waves, the system may not detect flat objects or
object insufficiently large to reflect sound — e.g., a narrow pole or a longitudinal object pointed directly at
the vehicle or near an object. Objects with flat surfaces angled from the vertical may deflect return sound
waves away from the sensors, hindering detection. Also soft object with strong sound absorption may have
weaker detection, e.g. wool or moss.
The Parking Sensor, originally called as Reverse Aid, was a spin-off from the Sonic Pathfinder, an Electronic
Guidance Device for the Blind. Both devices were invented in the late 1970s by Tony Hayes while working
at the Blind Mobility Research Unit at Nottingham University in the UK.
Electromagnetic sensor: The electromagnetic parking sensor (EPS) was re-invented and patented in 1992
by Mauro Del Signor. Electromagnetic sensors rely on the vehicle moving slowly and smoothly towards the
object to be avoided. Once detected, the obstacle, if the vehicle momentarily stops on its approach, the
sensor continues to give signal of presence of the obstacle. If the vehicle then resumes its manoeuvre the
alarm signal becomes more and more impressive as the obstacle approaches. Electromagnetic parking
sensors are often sold as not requiring any holes to be drilled offering a unique design that discreetly
mounts on the inner side of the bumper preserving the 'new factory look' of your vehicle. Now they also

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come equipped with a camera to go with the sensor. By 2018 the US is requiring back up camera with
sensors on all cars.

1. ECU

Figure38: Electronic control unit

Figure39: design of ECU

(James D, 2012)

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Components of ECU:
An ECU consists of a number of functional blocks:

1. Power supply: Digital and analog (power for analog sensor)

2. MPU: Microprocessor and memory(usually flash and RAM)
3. Communication links:( e.g.: CAN BUS
4. Discrete inputs : on/off switch types inputs
5. Frequency output: encoder type signals(e.g. crank or vehicle speed)
6. Analog inputs: feedback signals from sensors
7. Switch outputs: ON/Off switch type output.
8. PWM Outputs: Variable frequency and duty cycle(e.g. Injector or ignition)
9. Frequency outputs: Constant duty cycle (e.g. stepper motor-Idle speed control).

Central Body Control Modules (BCMs) are central elements of vehicle electronics. They combine several
functions in one housing and control practically all the vehicle's electronic basis, comfort and security
functions. As discussed in previous unit.
What an ECU does: The ECU uses closed loop control, a control scheme that monitors outputs of a system
to control the inputs to a system, managing the emissions and fuel economy of the engine ( as well as a
host of other parameters)
Gathering data from dozens of different sensors, the ECU performs millions of calculations each second,
including looking up values in tables, calculating the results of long equations to decide on the best spark
timing or determining how long the fuel injector is open.

Actuators

Figure40: Actuator
Actuators are tasked with supplying a force to move or “actuate” another mechanical device. Their job is to
convert electrical signals from the control unit into a controlled action. In short, they are the end items
that allow for the modification of variables to be controlled within an automated installation.

Actuators are an essential part of vehicle electro mechanics, and for the most part, they are electric
motors and gear motors, or electromagnetic valves that govern, for example, braking and steering
systems.
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During the last few years, actuators have evolved into all kinds of designs, taking part in a number of safety
and driving assistance technologies.

 Brake assist
The emergency brake assists (EBA) or brake assist system (BAS) in one of the most groundbreaking safety
devices in current models. These systems are capable of activating the vehicle’s brakes without any input
from the driver. How does this system work?

The BAS system measures the rate at which the accelerator pedal is released and activates the brake. On
the other hand, it also collects data regarding the pressure used in the braking system to interpret if it is
an emergency braking. For its operation, the system has a speed or force sensor located next to the brake
pedal, a valve with an actuator that increases the pressure in the braking circuit, and a control unit that
manages the entire system based on the measurements taken by the sensor.
Brake assist systems using radar technology have also appeared, with the purpose of identifying possible
obstacles on the road and assist the driver in braking in case an unforeseen hazardous situation emerges.

 Content/Topic 3. Description of Design and operating principle of Vehicle Seat system

components Circuit.
Motor: This switch is wired to the motor, which in turn, is wired to the vehicle's electrical
system. So basically, an electric seat works like this: You push the button, which sends a
signal through the wiring to the motor, which in turn gets its power from the vehicle's
electrical system.
The name 'pneumatic' is given to any office chair that is height adjustable using a lever underneath
the seat. When the piston is moved further out of the chamber, it expands the air inside and allows
the seat to lower.
Eight way power adjustable driver's seat (height, tilt and lumbar) - Driver can individually electronically
adjust the seating position 8 different ways:
 move seat forward
 back;
 Lower
 Raise the seatback up
 or down;
 Move the seat cushion up or down
 or forward/back.
 Right or left
4-way manual-adjustable front passenger seat. Allows you to adjust the seat forward and back, and up and
down.

Switch: Seat switches are used to sense operator presence. These safety switches provide a fail-
safe condition (shutting down the engine, turning off cutting blades, etc.) when an equipment
operator is no longer in the driver’s seat. The switch is actuated only when the operator is seated,
compressing the switch, thus helping to ensure a safe experience.

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Figure41: switch

PARTS AND OPERATION OF POWER SEATs

A typical power-operated seat includes a reversible electric motor and a transmission assembly that may
have three solenoids and six drive cables that turn the six seat adjusters. A six-way power seat offers seat
movement forward and backward, plus seat cushion movement up and down at the front
And the rear. The drive cables are similar to speedometer cables
Because they rotate inside a cable housing and connect the power output of the seat transmission to a
gear or screw jack assembly that moves the seat. Observe the figure below
A screw jack assembly is often called a gear nut. It is used to move the front or back of the seat cushion up
and down.
A rubber coupling, usually located between the electric motor and the transmission, and prevents electric
motor damage in the event of a jammed seat. This coupling is designed to prevent motor damage. Most
power seats use a permanent magnet motor that can be reversed by simply reversing the polarity of the
current sent to the motor by the seat switch.

Figure 42: power seat circuit

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 A typical power seat circuit diagram. Notice that each motor has a built-in electronic (solid-state) PTC
circuit protector.
The seat control switch can change the direction in which the motor(s) runs by reversing the direction in
which the current flows through the motor.

NOTE: Some power seats use a small air pump to inflate a bag (or bags) in the lower part of the back of the
seat, called the lumbar, because it supports the lumbar section of the spine. The lumbar section of the seat
can also be changed, using a lever or knob that the driver can move to change the seat section for the
lower back.

MEMORY SEAT Memory seats use a potentiometer to sense the position of the seat. The seat position can
be programmed into the body control module (BCM) or memory seat module and stored by position
number 1, 2, or 3. The driver pushes the desired button and the seat moves to the stored position.
Easy Exit Seat Programming
Some vehicles are equipped with memory seats that allow the seat to move rearward when the ignition is
turned off to allow easy exit from the vehicle. Vehicles equipped with this feature include an exit/entry
button that is used to program the desired exit/entry position of the seat for each of two drivers. If the
vehicle is not equipped with this feature and only one driver primarily uses the vehicle, the second
memory position can be programmed for easy exit and entry. Simply set position 1 to the desired seat
position and position 2 to the entry/exit position. Then, when exiting the vehicle, press memory 2 to allow
easy exit and easy entry the next time. Press memory 1 when in the vehicle to return.

Process of Replacing a Power Seat Switch

1. Materials Needed.
2. Step 1: Disconnect the negative battery cable.
3. Step 2: Remove the seat trim panel.
4. Step 3: Remove the screws from the switch panel.
5. Step 4: Remove the electrical connector.
6. Step 1: Install the new switch.
7. Step 2: Reinstall the switch panel.
8. Step 3: Reinstall the seat trim panel.
Controller unit: The seat-memory control module stores the individual seat position which has
been selected and drivers can therefore return the seat to their pre-selected position via button
pushing.

Figure 43: Control module

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Seat control module

The seat and its functions are an essential part of cabin comfort and safety and as one of the direct
interfaces to the driver and passengers, it is an important contributor to the user experience and a
differentiator for the car-makers. Today, high-end seats combine applications for:

 Seat adjustment or seat movement, e.g., the setting of position, height, length, width, angle, back
angle and also headrest position and angle
 Seat comfort, e.g. dynamic bolsters, lumbar support, massage, heating, cooling and/or ventilation,
“air-scarf”, entry aid and individualized adjustment memory
 Seat safety functions such as seatbelt pretensioner, which are part of the vehicle safety system

As modern seat modules take on additional functions, they have a comparable complexity to body control
modules with similar challenges in meeting requirements for supply, communication, sense, actuation and
control, and quiescent current targets. To manage seat control modules in the smallest space and with the
lowest power dissipation and low quiescent current, integration of functions is one of the key factors for
design.

Indicator lamp:

Figure44: Indicator lamp

Seat belts are one of the most important safety features in your vehicle. Seatbelts help prevent you from
moving around too much in the seat while you’re driving. This is especially true in the event of a collision
where the seat belt will lock and keep you in the seat even if the car rolls.
Since automakers want you to stay safe, a seat belt warning light is used on every car made these days.
This warning light reminds the driver and sometimes even the front passenger to put on their seatbelts
when the car is moving.
When the seat belt not on warning light means, inside the driver’s seat belt buckle is a switch that activates
when the seat belt is fastened and unfastened. The car’s computer monitors the switch and can tell when
the driver hasn’t clicked his or her seat belt.

When you start the engine, the seat belt light will usually flash for a few seconds even if the seat belt is
already secured. Most vehicles also use a chime as an additional reminder to use the seat belt. If the seat
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belt is fastened, the light should stay off. If you don’t fasten the seat belt and start driving, most vehicles
will start flashing and chiming at you until the seat belt is secured. Sometimes, the seatbelt switch can get
stuck or broken and the light won’t turn off. Clean out the buckle or replace it, if necessary, and everything
should return to normal. While your car’s drivability won’t be affected, in the event of an accident, your
safety is at a much greater risk. Besides risking a ticket from the police, seat belts are known to save lives
so why take the risk

2. Design and operating principle of Airbag system components

An airbag is a vehicle occupant-restraint system using a bag designed to inflate
extremely. Working as a supplemental restraint system to the vehicle's seat-belt systems,

Figure45: Air bag

Airbags work by inflating as soon as the vehicle starts to slow down as the result of an accident. ...
The airbag includes an accelerometer that detects changes in speed. If it detects deceleration above a pre-
set speed, which is greater than normal braking speeds, it triggers the airbag circuit.
The airbag system is one of the most important parts of your vehicle's safety components. Proper airbag
deployment can ensure that you and your passengers survive a crash that you may have otherwise
experienced serious injury or death as a result of. Airbag deployment has saved thousands of lives through
the years. But how exactly do they work? The airbag system is extremely complex and needs to activate
within milliseconds after a crash occurs to ensure the protection of the driver and passengers.
Inflator
once the control unit determines there is an accident, it sends a signal to the inflator system. The inflator
sets off a chemical charge, producing an explosion of nitrogen gas, filling up the airbag. As the airbag fills
up, it bursts through the paneling that contains it and enters into the space of the car in order to protect
you.

This all happens in an instant, usually within 25 or 50 milliseconds. That translates to almost 200 miles per
hour. The airbag then will deflate itself on its own once it deploys.

An airbag can deploy in about 55 milliseconds, according to engineering study. This is about the same
amount of time it takes you to blink your eyes or sneeze. In other words, airbag deployment is very quick.
Authorities have noted that if you are out of position when an airbag deploys, you can be injured. How can
you get out of position? Airbags should be used in conjunction with seatbelts, and if you drive without your
seatbelt fastened, then it is possible for the airbag to fire, and for you to slide under the airbag just far
enough so that you can receive a nasty blow to the face or head.

The airbag control unit detects and evaluates the severity of an accident and then triggers the appropriate
restraint systems. Information is supplied to the unit by as many as six crash sensors. This includes
acceleration sensors and a rotational speed sensor.
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When a vehicle crashes into something, the electronic control unit (ECU) for the airbag system reacts in
milliseconds. The airbag ECU evaluates the data from the vehicle's acceleration and pressure sensors and if
necessary activates the appropriate airbag.
Sensors: A sensor is a device in charge of detecting and transforming physical and chemical
magnitudes into electronic signals or pulses. We can find hundreds of automotive sensors that
measure all sorts of magnitudes. Some of these may be: temperatures, engine air flow intake,
distance from an obstacle, motion, etc.
In 1967, a breakthrough in the development of airbag crash sensors came
.Front airbags normally do not protect the occupants during side, rear
This airbag works as an inflatable seatbelt that inflates upon frontal impact from another vehicle.
Activation of automotive airbags is triggered by crash sensors (also known as impact sensors)
that work to detect frontal impact and trigger a control unit that deploys the airbag to cushion the
passenger

Figure46: Air bag sensor

Crash Sensors
The most important parts of the success of the airbag system are the crash sensors. These small pieces of
electronics are designed to tell when the vehicle has been damaged in an accident. They respond to
several different sets of stimuli, including sudden stopping, increased pressure as pieces of the car are
moved due to the force of the collision, and more.

Different types of sensors measuring wheel speed, seat occupant status, brake pressure and impact, and
other vehicle status indicators are monitored by the airbag control unit located in the front portion of the
cabin. The sensors relay signals to the airbag control unit, which analyzes the data and can orchestrate
safety features like seat belt lock, automatic door locks, as well as airbag deployment.

Two types of airbag sensors used in cars are electrical and mechanical. Electrical sensors vary in design.
Some use an electromechanical "ball and tube" mechanism, which basically consists of a small tube
containing a circuit switch and ball that's held together by a small magnet. If a collision occurs, the ball is
dislodged from the magnet and rolls forward in the tube, hitting a switch that completes the electrical
circuit. Other electrical designs are similar in principle, using a metal roller or spring loaded weight instead
of a ball, or in newer cars, an accelerometer to trip the sensor. Mechanical sensors work independent of
the electrical system and respond similarly to the electrical sensors, with a design that actuates a firing pin

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triggering a small explosion after a crash. Since a mechanical sensor does not require a power source, it
cannot be deactivated like an electrical sensor can when the battery is disconnected.

The success of the airbag system relies upon the crash sensors working not only accurately but also
extremely quickly, so the most expensive and technologically advanced part of the airbag system are here.

ECU: The airbag control unit detects and evaluates the severity of an accident and then triggers the
appropriate restraint systems. Information is supplied to the unit by as many as six crash sensors.
This includes acceleration sensors and a rotational speed sensor. (R, Modern Automotive
Technology, 2003)
When a vehicle crashes into something, the electronic control unit (ECU) for the airbag system reacts in
milliseconds. The airbag ECU evaluates the data from the vehicle's acceleration and pressure sensors and if
necessary activates the appropriate airbag.
Actuators: The air bag actuator provide the output processed information from different sensors
Airbags are passive safety devices that are mandatory on all vehicles sold in the United States. Airbags are a
the Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) in most vehicles. The objective of the airbag, which is deployed wh
suddenly decelerates (as in a collision), is to prevent the vehicle occupants from hitting any rigid surfaces an
forces on their heads and upper or lower bodies. Airbags are typically made of nylon fabric and are hidden b
at various locations in the vehicle, including the steering wheel.

Figure47: Crash sensor

Depending on the crash severity, the rate at which the airbags are deployed is decided by the airbag
control unit. In the event of a crash, the crash sensor (an accelerometer) sends a signal to the airbag
control unit. This control unit triggers the inflation device, which generates nitrogen gas by igniting a
mixture of sodium acid (NaN3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3). The time between crash detection and
complete deployment of the airbag is approximately 0.05 seconds. The airbag speed is about 200 mph,
which itself can be harmful in certain cases. This has given rise to adaptive airbag systems that employ
multiple inflators to produce either low-level or high-level deployments. These systems can adjust the
airbag pressure depending on factors such as seat position, size of passenger, crash severity and seat belt
use.

 Content/Topic 4. Description of Design and operating principle of Sun roof system components

Control switch: A power sunroof, along with all of the other vehicle accessories, is operated by
electrical power supplied by the vehicle battery. A small network of electrical wires carry electrical
current directly to the sunroof switch, which in turn controls the flow of current that allows
the sunroof to be opened or closed.

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Figure48: Automatic operation
To open: Pull the switch back firmly.
To close: Push the switch forward firmly.
The sunroof automatically opens or closes all the way. To stop the sunroof midway, push the switch
briefly.
Manual operation
To open: Pull the switch back lightly, and hold it until the desired position is reached.
To close: Push the switch forward lightly, and hold it until the desired position is reached.
Tilt the sun roof up
To tilt: Push on the centre of the sunroof switch.
To close: Push the switch forward firmly, then release.
WARNING
Opening or closing the sunroof on someone's hands or fingers can cause serious injury.
Make sure all hands and fingers are clear of the sunroof before opening or closing it.
Drive motor :

Figure49: Sun roof motor

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The sunroof motor assembly, which consists of the motor main body, drive gear, and sunroof-ECU, is
installed in front of the housing.
(Denton, Automotive Electrical and Electronics System 2nd Edition, 2000)
Power Sunroof Motor
Attached to the actual sunroof are small rods, which in turn are attached to the sunroof motor at the
opposite end. When the sunroof motor is activated, the motor spins which in turn pushes or retracts the
rods connected to the sunroof. This is what allows the sunroof to either open or close.
Electric sun-roof operation
The operation of an electric sun-roof is similar to the motor reverse circuit. However, further components
and circuitry are needed to allow the roof to slide, tilt and stop in the closed position. The extra
components used are a micro switch and a latching relay. A latching relay works in much the same way as a
normal relay except that it locks into position each time it is energized.
The mechanism used to achieve this is much like that used in ball-point pens that use a button on top.
The micro switch is mechanically positioned such as to operate when the roof is in its closed position.
A rocker switch allows the driver to adjust the roof.
The circuit for an electrically operated sun-roof is shown in Figure 16.5. The switch provides the supply to
the motor to run it in the chosen direction. The roof will be caused to open or tilt. When the switch is
operated to close the roof, the motor is run in the appropriate direction until the micro switch closes when
the roof is in its closed position. This causes the latching relay to change over, which stops the motor. The
control switch has now to be released. If the switch is pressed again, the latching relay will once more
change.

Figure50. Electrical sun roof

The processes of fixing a sunroof motor are:
Step 1: Purchase Replacement Sunroof Motor.
Step 2: Remove Interior Lamp Assembly.
Step 3: Remove Overhead Console.

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Step 4: Unplug Sunroof Motor.
Step 5: Remove Sunroof Motor.
Step 6: Install New Sunroof Motor.
Step 7: Replace Overhead Console.
Step 8: Replace Interior Lamp Assembly.

Figure 51: Sun roof motor

System Description
The sunroofs on 944s are raised and lowered by two lifting
arms at the rear edge of the roof. On cars made after February
1986, the lifting arms are operated by plastic gears (one for each
lifting arm mechanism). The plastic gears have a small set of teeth
which operate the lifting arms. They also have a large set of teeth
which are driven by a flexible cable. The cable is driven by the
sunroof motor.

For cars produced before February 1986, there is a gear

box between the two lifting arm mechanisms. This gear box has a
single gear which moves the lifting arms via two short lengths of
drive cable. The guide tubes for the short sections of the flexible
drive cable are routed such that the drive cables are directly
engaged in the teeth on the lifting arms as opposed to using a
plastic drive gear in each lifting arm housing.

The sunroof drive motor assembly is located in the rear hatch area behind the vertical section of carpet
on the driver's side of the car. On most cars the motor assembly will have a plastic cover over it which is
held in place by six Phillips head screws.

Relay : Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or electronically, and it
control one electronic circuit of opening and closing sun roof by opening and closing its contacts

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Figure 52 Relay

The different types of relay may be used such as:

 Electromagnetic relays: These relays are constructed with electrical, mechanical and
magnetic components and have operating coil and mechanical contacts

 Solid state relay: Solid state uses solid state components to perform the switching operation
without moving any parts.

 Hybrid relay

 Thermal relay

 Reed relay

 Content/Topic 5.Description of Design and operating principle of Mirrors system components

Motor: Motor driver capable of driving the retracting function of vehicle side view mirrors. With
the built-in automotive protection features of over current, thermal,

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Figure53: Mirror motor

Each rear view mirror has two DC motors. Electricity then flows through the switch to the DC motor and
the mirror head moves in the intended direction. If you press the same switch to the opposite direction,
you are reversing the electricity to the mirror motor and the mirror moves in the opposite direction.
The circuit controls the operation of the power fold mirror such that In the case of fold out mirrors, small
electric motors drive the movement of the mirror.

Switch: When you press the directional control button on the switch, the mirror motor inside
the mirror housing will pivot the mirror glass to the selected direction. When you release the
button, the mirror stops moving. The mirror motor has a limited amount of travel that is allowed to
prevent damage to the mirror glass.

Figure54: Export driver door switch panel with added centre mirror button for the power fold-away feature
Controller unit :An electrically operated mirror control device, comprising: a control unit,
comprising: a reverse linking unit for carrying out a reverse linking operation to tilt a mirror to
change a mirror surface angle in linking with reversing of a vehicle; and a reverse angle memorizing
control unit for storing a first setting value of the mirror surface angle in the reverse linking
operation in a memorizing unit; and an angle adjusting unit for adjusting an amount of change in
the mirror surface angle of the mirror in the reverse linking operation, wherein when the reverse
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 angle memorizing control unit detects a predetermined operation in the reverse linking operation,
the reverse angle memorizing control unit changes the first setting value stored in the memorizing
unit into a second setting value of the mirror surface angle including the amount of change in the
mirror surface angle adjusted by the angle adjusting unit at an end of the reverse linking operation,
and wherein when the reverse linking unit carries out the reverse linking operation after the
reverse angle memorizing control unit changes the first setting value stored in the memorizing unit
into the second setting value of the mirror surface angle, the reverse linking unit changes the mirror
surface angle from the first setting value to the second setting value.
The door control module in itself is a pretty dumb device. All key presses are sent over CANBUS to SAM.
SAM then broadcasts message to all modules and module which understands the message acts
appropriately (whether lighting up some bulb, engaging seat heating, moving seat, etc.).
DCM is responsible for:

 External mirror:

 Lighting up mirror turn signal light

 Lighting up mirror courtesy light
 Mirror heating
 Mirror angle altering
 Mirror fold-in

 Receiving signal from infrared receiver

 Engaging door power close
 Opening door window
 Receiving signal from window control switch
 receiving signal from trunk open switch
 Receiving signal from mirror control switch
 Powering door handle LED
 Powering door courtesy light
 Receiving signal from seat regulation switch
Power for driver side front DCM is controlled by fuse X.

Figure 55: Control unity

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 Relay:

Figure 56: Relay in circuit

Relay is a revolutionary product which adds comfort & safety of ORVM (outside rear view mirror) of
your car. It folds the mirrors on lock command & unfolds them on unlock command. The coupler to coupler
fitting leads to no tampering of original wires of the car. As discussed above the relay act as switch to
permit the movement of mirrors according to driver setting.
ELECTRICAL POWER DOOR LOCK OPERATION

Figure57: Power door lock circuit

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A typical electric power door lock circuit diagram. Note that the control circuit is protected by a fuse,
whereas the power circuit is protected by a circuit breaker. As with the operation of power windows,
power door locks typically use reversible permanent magnet (PM) non grounded electric motors. These
motors are geared mechanically to the lock-unlock mechanism.
The electric motor uses a built-in circuit breaker and operates the lock-activating rod. PM reversible
motors do not require grounding because, as with power windows, the motor control is determined by the
polarity of the current through the two motor wires.

Some two-door vehicles do not use a power door lock relay because the current flow for only two PM
motors can be handled through the door lock switches. However, most four-door vehicles and vans with
power locks on rear and side doors use a relay to control the current flow necessary to operate four or
more power door lock motors. The door lock relay is controlled by the door lockstitch and is commonly the
location of the one and only ground connection for the entire door lock circuit.

Learning unit 2- Perform repairing of drive assistance systems

LO.1: Select tools, materials and equipment

 Content/Topic 1 Select of tools, materials and Equipment

They can be selected according to classification as measuring tools, power tools and hand tools
 Tools: Is an item or implement used for a specific purpose. A tool can be a physical object such as
mechanical tools including saws and hammers, spanners, …

Figure 58 Tools
Power tools (Air compressor, Alligator shear, Angle grinder, Band saw, Belt sander, Biscuit joiner,
Ceramic tile cutter, Chainsaw)
Measuring tools:(Calipers, Micrometer, Laser Measure, Ruler, Compass, Square, Measuring Tape,
Tailor's Measuring Tape.
Hand tools: (wrenches, pliers, cutters, files, striking tools, struck or hammeredtools, screwdrivers,
vices, clamps, snips, saws, drills and knives)
Materials: (Fuse, Relay, Grease, Lubricants, Brushes, Wires, Insulator tips, Bulbs
andsockets)
Equipment: ( PPE, Multi-meter, Hand scanner)
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Examples of tools, materials and equipment’s
Tools are:
Spanners(8,9,10,12,14,17 and 19)
Screw drives: star and flat
Allen keys 8,9 and 10
Pliers such as long nose, universal and cutting pliers
Materials are:
Fuel(Diesel or petrol)
Sand paper
Grease
Engine oil
Water
Liquid soap
Wires and soldering accessories
Lamps and other electronic devices ready to replace.
Equipment are:
Hand scanner OBD1 and OBD2
Wireless printer
Car lift
And other required equipment according to the faults identified.

Lo 2.2: Repair vehicle drive assistance system components

1. Content/Topic 1 Process of repairing vehicle drive assistance system components

 Visual inspection
Visual inspection provides a means of detecting and examining a variety of surface flaws, such as
corrosion, burned wires, leak connections, and surface discontinuities on joints.
Visual Inspection is also a method of checking the overall visual appearance or localized visual
defects of a product using the naked eye. Safety and quality assurance personnel across different
industries perform visual inspections to comply with safety regulations and quality standards. In
manufacturing facilities, regular visual inspections ensure conformance with product design
requirements and increase customer satisfaction. In that process visual inspection of driver
assistance system components can be done.

Loosen wires: Run the cable slowly through your hands and feel for any lumps, cuts or rough
areas. At the same time inspect all round the cable whilst working down it a little section at
a time. Watch out for any areas that are discoloured, this might indicate an area of damage.
Be particularly vigilant with any part of the cable that may be prone to having equipment sat
on it or that may be habitually curved or twisted. These are sections that are likely to
become damaged. Uncover any areas of cable that have been covered (e.g. with tape or a
label) as they may be obscuring joints or areas of damage. Cables should not generally have
any joints that are made by means other than standard connectors. Be suspicious of any
joints if they are not formed by fully enclosed, solid, standard connectors.

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 Figure 59: Loosen wire
Broken devises by inspecting different devices of system check the devices are still in their
position and make sure that there is no broken device,to test, connect the multimeter to
each of the wire's ends. As before if a full circuit is made and there are no
problems, when connected the multimeter should show a low reading. If the reading is
showing 'I' it means, there is a break.

Figure 60: Broken wire

Burned wires: Loose connections are primarily responsible for burned wires. This is called
backstabbing, and backstabbed wires have a tendency to become loose. A loose wire
causes the wire to burn, and burned wires will eventually start a fire.

Figure 61: Burned wire

 Verify the fault with scan tool

Plug your car code reader into the diagnostic link connector under the dash (engine off). Then start the
vehicle and follow the auto code reading procedure in the instruction manual. Nothing can knock your day
off track faster than a “Check Engine” light popping up on your dash.

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Figure 62: Scanning faults

Procedures of scanning vehicle by using scan tool

Before any repair decisions are made, access to OEM repair information is required. Diagnostic Trouble
Codes (DTCs) do not identify which part needs to be replaced, rather DTCs are a piece of the diagnostic
process that will lead a trained and qualified technician to the correct test to accurately diagnose the
damage. Ensure that you have proper battery support when scanning. Although this process was
developed to cover Advanced Driver Assist Systems (ADAS), the process can be applied to other electronic
systems, such as restraints, adaptive lighting, and other systems that may require calibration and/or
aiming.

Pre-Scan Proc Pre-Scan Process

1. Conduct customer consultation.

a. Gain customer authorization to scan vehicle and to share data with appropriate parties involved
(Sublet Technician/Insurer/Repair Facility Personnel)
2. Check for Malfunction Indicator Lamps (MILs) and/or information display messages.
a. The 12-volt electrical system must be enabled to identify any MILs.
b. Not all systems will illuminate MILs, even if there is damage to that system.
3. Document any MILs and/or information display messages.
4. Identify Advanced Driver Assist Systems (ADAS). (Collision Braking, Lane Keep Assist, Adaptive Cruise
Control, etc.).
5. Document ADAS.
6. Document potential damage to ADAS, ADAS mounting location(s), damage that may affect ADAS, or
parts that will need to be R&I near ADAS.
7. Identify calibration/initialization/aiming requirements for ADAS parts, including required
calibration/initialization following R&I.
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 a. RTS – OEM Calibration Requirements Search
b. OEM information
8. Identify enable and disable switches
a. Enablement/disablement may be required for some calibration procedures.
b. If it is turned off, system may not be able to be calibrated.
c. Systems that can be enabled/disabled should to be documented, so that a system is not turned
on when customer wants it off.
9. Perform pre-scan.
a. A pre-scan is not possible if the 12-volt electrical system and vehicle communication networks
are disabled or cannot be maintained throughout the scan. If a pre-scan is not possible because
of vehicle damage, it should be done as soon as repair progress allows it to be done safely.
10. Document DTCs and other data.
a. Does not include black box info, speed of accident/accident recreation
b. Include pending, current, and past DTCs
11. Access OEM information to identify system(s) affected by DTCs.
a. Access to OEM information is required
b. Check OEM information for bulletins/recalls/campaigns for DTCs
12. Determine likely related and unrelated DTCs.
a. Leverage the “Collision Advantage”
b. Key cycles/time stamps/freeze-frame data

Post Repair Calibration(s) and Post Scan Processes

1. Perform all required calibration/initialization/aiming steps, following OEM published procedures.

a. Some systems will require the vehicle to be driven to perform calibration/initialization/aiming
within the required driving parameters.
b. Some systems will not detect issues within the system until the vehicle is driven within the
required driving parameters.
c. Some systems will require special tools and/or aiming equipment for
calibration/initialization/aiming.
d. Some systems will require both.
2. Perform post-scan.
3. If related DTCs return, begin OEM published diagnostic process to determine error

Readout the fault code: Read all faults displayed in screen of scan tool
Identification of codes

P: Power train Engine

Gear box

C: Chassis

B: Vehicle Body

U: Universe (CAN-BUS)

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Examples of codes P and it can be followed by 012345

P Power train

0 Standard (Generic)

1 Fuel/Air

2 Fuel

3 Ignition

4 Exhaust

5 Transmission

Collect further information: About the given code by scan tool collect further information
for that codes and found solution it can be guided by auto data software.
Clear fault code: After observing codes in screen of scan tool, Erase/clear all displayed
codes.
Actuation test: Having cleared your codes, start the vehicle and immediately check for any
pending codes. NO pending codes are present, you've proved that there are no faulty
electrical, open or short circuits, with any sensor or actuator. If there is pending code deal
with by using different tools, material and equipment, then proceed to testyour NON-
CONTINUOUS MONITORS. CATALYST monitor— to test this monitor use your PRE and POST
O2 sensors to verify that the post or after-converter.
 Check Drive assistance systems for
Open circuits: An open-circuit fault occurs if a circuit is interrupted by some failure.
Any interruption in the circuit, such as an open switch, a break in the wiring, or a component such as a
resistor that has changed its resistance to an extremely high value will cause current to cease.
The open switch or the fault has caused what is commonly called an OPEN CIRCUIT.

If the fuse is open, then there is either a short circuit or ground fault. If the fuse is not open, then there is
an open-circuit fault. This is our first indication that the fault is an open-circuit fault. You should check the
voltage on wire 1 at the bottom of the control fuse and 2 at the top of the neutral link

If the voltage is not present, the control fuse is open, and if that is the case, then either there is a
ground fault or a short circuit. In case the fuse is not open, then there is an open circuit fault. This is the
first indication that the fault is an open circuit fault.

High resistance circuits: A high resistance in the circuit means a very low current flowing in it when
the voltage of the source is constant. If the source of current is a battery such as a 3 volts button
cells the cells will last for a longer time. Low resistance in the circuit means higher current is flowing
in the circuit.
If resistance is too high, current will be low if voltage is okay. NOTE: When the voltage stays the same, such
as in an Automotive Circuit. Current goes up as resistance goes down, and current goes down
as resistance goes up

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 Short circuits: A short circuit is when there is a low resistance connection between two
conductors that are supplying electrical power to a circuit. This would generate an excess of
voltage streaming and cause excessive flow of current in the power source. The electricity
will flow through a 'short' route and cause a short circuit.

Figure 63: Fuse with short circuit

The test is conducted on the high-voltage (HV) side of the transformer where the low-voltage (LV) side or
the secondary is short circuited. A wattmeter is connected to the primary. An ammeter is connected in
series with the primary winding.

To fix this problem, you will need to replace the wire.

1. Determine which appliance has a short in it.
2. Locate the wires in your device that are causing the short circuit
3. Make a new wire to replace the damaged one
4. Unwind a length of insulated copper wire from a spool and cut the wire so it’s the length you need

Look out for possible signs that indicate faulty outlets, which include:
1. Burn marks on the outlet or a burning smell.
2. Sparks emitting from the outlet.
3. Buzzing sound from the outlet.

Damaged insulation: A unit made of a material that will not conduct electricity. The
electricity in a copper wire covered with a plastic sleeve (insulator) cannot penetrate the
sleeve.
Some of the main reasons for insulation failure include:
 Natural deterioration due to aging.
 Accelerated by excessive heat and moisture.
 Heat, moisture and dirt are main causes of insulation failure.
 Chemical deterioration.
 Mechanical damage.
 Sunlight.
 Excessive voltage stresses.

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 Burnt wiring Connector damaged Terminal

Figure 64: Damaged connector

If it's not damaged from being melted, you can just replace the terminal and splice in a new section
of wire using a solder connector (shown) onto the old wire and covering it with some heat shrink. Any pick
will work to depress the terminals retainer tab.
Damaged Frayed wires Water and moisture

If the outside electric meter is poorly sealed at the top or the service entry cable running from the
electrical meter is damaged, frayed, or deteriorating from age, water can get inside when it rains. When
the coating on older cable wire wears away over time, the wires and insulating material inside can also
absorb water.

Water that seeps into cracks and breaks in the service cable can run down the cable to your electrical
panel box. Moisture that enters the panel can corrode electrical wiring and circuit breakers and even rust
the bottom and inside of the panel box.

The first thing is to locate the source of the moisture. The next step is making the necessary repairs to
prevent additional damage to the wiring.

Lo 2.3: Diagnose vehicle drive assistance systems

1. Content/Topic 1 processes of dismounting and mounting vehicle drive assistance system.

 Dismounting and checking procedures of

Cruise control system components
Dismount and check the quality of the following components:
 Speed sensor
 Throttle valve with servo-motor
 Controller
 Means of entering commands

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Cruise control fitting

S/N Components pars Words and pictures: Rob Bell

1 Cruise control interface

Cruise interface mounting bracket

Cruise control master switch

Steering wheel switches (note that

the cruise control switches come
with replacement horns and ICE
control switches...)

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2 First step - disconnect the battery!

3 Next, open the glove box and

remove the retaining screws in
along its top face (visible in picture
opposite).

4 There are three screws to expose -

one in each corner (as shown
here), and one in the centre.

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5 This is what it will look like after
peeling back the carpet - it comes
up with finger nails...

Now undo all three screws

(unhelpfully, these are star bits -
you may need to expand your tool
selection here). The glove box will
now just pull out...

6 But before removing completely,

disconnect the glove box lamp.

7. Next, I screwed in the two cruise

interface bracket retaining bolts in
the front bulkhead - located to the
right of the fuse box.

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8. The bracket slots on.

9. And now tighten the bolts - and

the bracket is held securely in
place.

10 Now look for the cruise control

wiring loom - it should be taped up
with the main loom cables. This is
where the wheels came of the
wagon for me -it was no where to
be found!

To enable identification, the

connector in question is
rectangular and black. The wires
coming out of it are predominantly
yellow! See detail below (the
second colour statement in italics -
where stated - is the wire's tracer
colour):Cruise interface unit
(connector #C0895; 12-pin
rectangular black plastic female
connector, 2x6 pins): Black,
Red/light green, Light green/red,
Yellow/black (x2), Yellow/brown,
Yellow/black, blue/orange,
Yellow/blue, and Brown (in pins 1
to 9 respectively).

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11 To confirm the absence of the
cruise control loom, I next turned
my attention to the centre
console. First I removed the trim
panel (notice that my car has no
optional switches here - which
appears to predict the absence of
the loom.)

12 Next, to make things easier to find

the wiring loom - if present - I
removed the in car entertainment
system.

Note that there is plenty of space

back there to fit a double DIN head
unit... something I am rather
tempted to do in the future!

13. Now remove the automatic

climate control unit (ATC). Prise
the fascia plate off using the edge
of a credit card or similar. This
exposes four Philips screws. Undo
these and the ATC pulls free.

There are a couple of wiring

connections that need
disconnecting before removing
completely. Straightforward stuff.

The switch panel below simply

unclips and pulls free.

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14. I also went to the trouble of
removing the ashtray/ drink holder
unit below this (for installing cruise
control, this is not necessary).

But doing so does reveal an

interesting area of dashboard that
you never usually see. And I could
see no evidence of a cruise control
loom!!! So I need to source one.
The quest continues.

If there are switches taped up back

there, the wire codes for the
connector are as below (colour in
italics is the wire's tracer colour):

Master switch (S124) (connector

C0749 black plastic; 6-pin female
connector 2x3 pins): Black,
Blue/orange, and White/ blue plus
instrument illumination -
Red/white.
15. For completeness sake, I also
removed the airbag from the
steering wheel. This is inside the
standard MG ZT steering wheel.
Holes are already there for the
retaining self-tappers for the cruise
switches. A slot needs to be cut in
the backing trim of the steering
wheel boss to take the new switch
though.

Take a template from the ICE

switch aperture, and transfer this
to the other side, and the job's a
good 'un! No need to source a
cruise-equipped steering wheel.

The wires in the steering column

should be (colour in italics is the
wire's tracer colour):

Steering column switch (rotary

coupler, connector #C0082): Light
green/red, Yellow/black (plus the
standard wires for horn and ICE
control).

Page 77 of 86
Replacing the cruise control switch

 Note: As always, refer to your vehicle service manual for precise instructions.

In this instructional article, we'll outline the tools, steps and tips for replacing the cruise control switch
system that is located on both sides of a steering wheel. This format is the most common found in vehicles
made over the past decade. However, there are cruise control switches that are located as turn signal
indicators or separate levers that are attached to the steering column. If you're vehicle has the cruise
control switch located on the steering wheel, proceed to follow the instructions below. If it is located in a
different area, consult your vehicle's service manual for precise instructions.

Warning: Do not attempt to complete this job if you do not have the right tools, as you will be removing

Step 1: Disconnect the battery. Locate the vehicle's battery and disconnect the positive and negative
battery cables before proceeding.

Step 2: Remove steering wheel column bolt covers. On both sides of the steering wheel are two plastic
caps that need to be removed prior to taking the steering column cover off. Using a flat screwdriver,
carefully pry the two covers off the side of the steering column. There will be a small tab where you can
insert the blade of the screwdriver to remove them.

Step 3: Remove the steering wheel column bolts. Using a ratchet with a long extension and an 8mm
socket, remove the two bolts inside the steering wheel column holes. Start by removing the driver side bolt
first and then replace the passenger side bolt. Place the bolts and the steering wheel covers in a cup or
bowl so they do not get lost.

Step 4: Remove the center air bag cluster. Grab the air bag cluster with both hands, and carefully remove
it from the center of the steering wheel. This cluster is attached to an electrical connector and cluster, so
be careful not to pull too hard.

Step 5: Remove the electrical connector from air bag cluster. Remove the electrical connector attached to
the air bag cluster, so you can have a clear area to work. Carefully remove the electrical connector by
pressing the side clips or tabs and pull from the hard plastic side areas (not the wires themselves). Once
the electrical connector is removed, place the air bag cluster in a safe area.

Step 6: Remove the cruise control switch. The switches are connected to a bracket that is now accessible
from either side after you removed the air bag. Using a Philips screwdriver, unscrew the bolts that are
holding the cruise control switch onto the bracket. Usually the top one will have a ground wire attached
underneath the bolt. Once the bolts have been removed, the cruise control switch is loose and you can
remove it.

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Step 7: Disconnect the cruise control electrical harness.

Step 8: Repeat the above step(s) with the other side cruise control switch.

Step 9: Replace the old cruise control switch with the new one. After both switches have been removed,
reinstall the new switches by following the instructions in reverse order as listed below. Reinstall wiring
harness and reattach the switch to the bracket, making sure you reinstall the ground wire under the top
bolt. Complete this process on both sides.

Step 10: Reconnect the wiring harness to air bag cluster.

Step 11: Reconnect the air bag cluster. Place the air bag cluster straight in the same location it was
originally sitting inside the steering wheel. Make sure to line up the holes where the bolts will go inside the
side of the steering column.

Step 12: Replace the bolts on the steering column. As noted above, make sure the bolts line up and are
inserted inside the bracket that holds the air bag cluster onto the steering wheel.

Step 13: Replace the two plastic caps.

Step 14: Reconnect battery cables.

Parking assistance system components

Dismount and check the quality of the following components:
 Sensors
 ECU
 Actuators
Vehicle Seat system components Circuit
Dismount and check the quality of the following components:
 Motor
 Switch
 Controller unit
 Indicator lamp
 Mechanical linkages

Vehicle airbag system components

Dismount and check the quality of the following components:
 Sensor
 ECU
 Actuator

Sun roof system components

Dismount and check the quality of the following components:
 Control switch
 Drive motor
Page 79 of 86
  Relay
 Mechanical linkages

Mirrors system components

Dismount and check the quality of the following components:

 Motor
 Switch
 Controller unit
 Relay
 Mechanical linkages

 Greasing mechanical linkages of

Cruise control system components
Parking assistance system components
Seat, sun roof and mirrors system components
 Cleaning of drive assistance system components
After preparing tools, materials and equipment clean the following components:
Components of cruise control system
Components of parking assist system
Components of seat, sun roof and mirror system
 Repair electrical and electronics circuit faults Possibilities
Repair open circuits: A roll of electrical tape and two wires whose ends have been twisted
together. First, lay the twisted part of the wires onto a strip of electrical tape. Wrap the
tape around the wires tightly 5-6 times, making sure to cover up all the wire. Give your
connection a tug to make sure it is strong.

Replace high resistance circuit/wires:The wires with high resistance will be replaced with
one the type fitting with current conduction in vehicle for preventing any further high
resistance.
Replace short circuits/wires: First of all repair the damaged component during short circuit,
and replace wires according to the resistance of current.

Replace damaged insulation: Remove damaged insulation and replace with new according
to the manufacturer recommendation.
Replace burnt wiring :Remove burnt wire and replace with one of good properties
Replace damaged connector : Replace damaged connector through manual book
Replace terminal damaged: Remove and replace damaged terminals, it is better ro use the
same quality.
Replace frayed wires: Also frayed wires are replaced with new according manufacturer
instructions.
Clean water and moisture: Remove moisture and water aided by compressor.
 Mount new/repaired drive assistance system components
Mount correctly all components of cruise control system

Installation of cruise control.

Step 1 - Unhook the Battery.
Step 2 - Move the Airbag.
Step 3 - Find the Cruise Control Connection.

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Step 4 - Mount the Switch.
Step 5 - Install a Cruise Control Computer.
Step 6 - Add Other Parts as Needed.
Mount correctly all components of parking system
Step 1. Install the sensors in the front and/or rear bumpers, or the camera on the license plate.
Step 2. Choose the appropriate angle rings for that particular vehicle.
Step 3. Install the angle rings.
Step 4. Install the speaker and LCD screen.
Step 5. Connect to the power supply.

Mount correctly all components of seat components system

Mounting seat

Figure 66: Seat

Unlike the seats, mounting and wiring the electronics can be done easily and safely. First there is a need to
mount the SCTM. It should be located between the two front seats because it would be easy to hide the
module inside the centre console. If there is no centre console, one can probably mount the module under
one of the seats, although some wires might need to be lengthened.
• Important: Because the SCTM has a g-sensor in it, the module should be mounted as close to horizontal
as possible
• The SCTM should be oriented pointing rearward with the wiring harness connector, to minimize sharp
turns in the wiring harness
• The module has mounting ears so it is easy to use self-tapping sheet metal screws to hold it in place
• The harness has six groups of wires in it. One group of wires goes to the power amplifier for the stereo. It
has a ten-pin connector on one end and will basically fall out of the harness as one removes the outer
covering. This group of wires can be discarded.
Steps of mounting the control seat

Page 81 of 86
Figure 67: Stem of mounting electronic seat

(M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore)

Mount correctly all components sun roof components system

 Drive cable: They convert the rotational motion they receive from the gear motor into a linear
motions that is transferred to the drive rail pivot. They are built as a spira
 Drive rail pivot: It is connected to the drive cable. When it receives the actuation’s motion, it moves
along the guide rail and the slots of the drive rail. The drive rail connects to the sliding roof.
 Deflector: Prevents the transmission of external noises to the interior: wind, swooshing…
 Sunshade cover.
 Gear motor: It moves the roof by acting on the drive cables through a system of gears and drive
pinion which delivers the adequate torque and power to the displacement mechanism.

Mount correctly all components of mirror components system

Side view mirrors or door mirrors, allow drivers to extend their peripheral vision and compensate for their
blind spots. Older cars often have manually adjustable door mirrors, while most contemporary cars come
equipped with electronic ones.
Due to their location, side view mirrors are prone to damage. Often they are clipped by passing cars. If
your door mirror needs replacement, do it yourself and save money.
To replace your side view mirror, you'll need your car manual, a screwdriver, a socket wrench, and a plastic
container.
Method:
Please Note: This is simply a guide - different makes and models will vary.

Step One
Purchase your new replacement mirror

Step Two
first, roll down the window on the door with the broken side view mirror. If the mirror is electrical, also
disconnect the car battery's negative terminals to avoid electrocution.

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Step Three
Take the side mirror off. To do so, you must remove the inside door panel. With a screwdriver, pry off the
covers over the screws on the panel. Then unscrew them. The panel should come off easily.
If the mirror is an electric one, take off the wiring harness beneath the door panel, too. If the mirror is
manual, just use a socket wrench to remove the bolts that attach it to the door. Once the bolts are out,
detach the whole mirror assembly.
Step Four
if the assembly is damaged, replace it as well as the backing. If only the glass is broken, remove the mirror
from the backing and replace it. When that's done, reassemble the door, and you're finished.
Replacing a side view mirror is an easy job. Anyone with basic mechanical skills, time, and the proper tools
can do it.

Learning unity 3: Test drive assistance systems

LO 3.1: Test vehicle drive assistance system operation

1. Content/Topic 1 Testing Vehicle drive Assistance system operation

 Operating verification for

Cruise control system: The distance sensor for an intelligent or adaptive cruise control
system. Courtesy of operation. Typically, on most late model vehicles, cruise
control problems are caused by faulty circuits, sensors, and/or switches. If the cruise
control does not work, apply the brake pedal and verify brake light operation. If the brake
lights.

Before you begin to test out your new cruise control switch, a good rule of thumb is to make sure the
primary switch (the on button) works. To test this, simply start your engine and press the "on" button on
your cruise control switch. If the cruise control light illuminates on your dash or instrument cluster, the
switch should be working fine.

The next step will be to complete a road test to truly examine if your repair was completed correctly. If you
were having problems with the cruise control shutting off after a certain period of time, you'll want to test
the vehicle for at least that same time period. Here are a few tips on how to complete the test drive.

Step 1: Start the vehicle. Let it warm up to operating temperature.

Step 2: Check the codes. Plug in the diagnostic scanner and download any existing error codes or clear the
codes that showed up initially.

Step 3: Drive your vehicle to a highway. Find a place where you can drive smoothly for at least 10 to 15
minutes with the cruise control on.

Step 4: Set your cruise control at 55 or 65 MPH. Press the off button, and if the cruise control light on the
dash turns off and the system shuts down, this button is working correctly.

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Step 5: Reset your cruise control. Once it is set, press the accel button to see if the cruise control increases
the speed of the vehicle. If it does, the switch is good.

Step 6: Test the coast button. While traveling at speed and with very little traffic on the road, press the
coast button and determine if the throttle is disengaged. If it is, release the coast button and verify that the
cruise control returns to its setting.

Step 7: Reset the cruise control again and drive for 10 to 15 miles. Verify that the cruise control does not
shut off automatically.

Replacing the cruise control switch is a rather simple repair. However, if you've read these instructions and
still don't feel 100% confident in completing it, please contact one of Your Mechanic's local ASE certified
mechanics to perform the cruise control switch replacement for you (www.yourMechanic.com, n.d.)

Parking assistance system:

Power-Assist Units Diagnosis and Repair Check brake pedal travel with and without engine
running to .P-1 P-1 P-2 45 Check parking brake operation and parking brake indicator
light system operation; determine needed action. Diagnose electronic brake
control system braking concerns caused by vehicle modifications (tire size, curb height,
final drive ratio.
Seat, sun roof and mirrors systems: Test the operation of seat, include a two-stage
heating for the front seats and a driver's side air bag, and the L7 was available in either
.Check and confirm the operation of the electric windows, sunroof, mirrors, and, when
equipped, the electrically.
 Conduct road testing

Major repairs had been performed with the use of hand cleaning only since the steam cleaner was
inoperable. In making road tests is reduced to a minimum and to provide an accurate measure of vehicles'
functioning efficiency. (Denton, Automobile Electrical and Electronic System 3rd Edition, 2004)

Lo 3.2- Report achieved work.

1. Content/Topic 1 Test Reporting achievable work on vehicle drive assistance.

 Validation and guarantee Repair validation Guarantee provision

It is important to go over the new vehicle warranty with your customer and what they are required
to do in order to keep the warranty valid. Your customer will be required to maintain the vehicle to
the manufacturer's specifications to validate the warranty. Every vehicle is different, but they
all have minimum maintenance requirements that need to be followed. After you have gone over
the owner's manuals, communicate the customer if there are remaining faults so that he/she can
proceed the specialist. And guarantying the resolved faults.
 Test reporting
Confirming that reported fault has been rectified: Indicate customer faults repaired and
the remaining one, and ask customer to take care about it before maintaining those faults.
Confirming that no other faults are present as a result of the repair action: Show the
cleared list faults to the customer

Page 84 of 86
References:

(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.linkedin.com/in/iriches.

commons.wikimedia.org. (n.d.).

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