Matoshri Education Society’s

MATOSHRI INSTUTUDE OF TECHNOGY

A/P: Dhanore, Tal-Yeola, Dist- Nashik, 423401

MICRO PROJECT REPORT

Academic Year:2022-2023

TITLE OF PROJECT
HAMMER FORGING WORKING MODEL
Name Of Student : Tokare Rohit Mahes
Class : SYME
Semester : FOUR
Roll No : 45

Enrollment No : 2111710282
Program : Mechanical Engineering
Course : MPR
Subject code : 22446
Name of Teacher : Prof. GUJAR V. D
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION

CERTIFICATE

This is to Certify that Mr./Ms. Tokare Rohit Mahesh

Roll No. 45 of Third Semester of Diploma in Mechanical
Engineering of Institute MIT Polytechanic College,
Dhanore (Code: 1171) has completed the term work
satisfactorily in course MENUFACTURING
PROCESSES (22446) for the academic year 2022-23 as
prescribed in the curriculum.

Place : Dhanore Enrollment No : 2111710282

Date : / / Seat No : 456927

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal of
Institution
 Micro Project Report Index
Academic Year : 2022- 23 Program: Mechanical Engineering
Class : SYME Course : MPR
Course code : 22446 Roll No : 45
Enrollment No : 2111710282 Seat No : 456927
Title of micro Project:

Five Types of Lathe machines (cutting tool )

Sr. No Content Page No.

1 History 1

2 Introduction 2

3 Types 3

4 Application 7

5 Advantages 8

6 Disadvantage 9

Signature of Student Signature of Faculty

Prof. GUJAR V. D
 ANNEXURE I

Rubric for Evolution of Micro Project

Academic year : 2022-23 Program: Mechanical Engineering
Class : SYME Course: MPR
Course Code: 22446 Roll No: 45
Enrollment No :2111710282 Exam Seat No: 456927
Title of micro Project :
Five Types of Lathe machines (cutting tool )
Sr. No Roll No Name of group members

1. 45 Tokare Rohit Mahesh

2. 32 Gorat Rohit Magan

Co coverage :
a) Produce Job using Lathe and Drilling Machines

Sr.No. Criteria Marks Indicators for different level of Performance (Evaluation Sealed to)
obtained
(out of) Poor(0) Average (1) Good (2)
1. Submission of Project Not Submitted Any Proposal or Project Project Proposal
proposal /Report Thing in Time Report Submitted in Time &Project Report
submitted in Time
2. CO/PRO Attainment Not Attainted Any Attained some CO/PRO Attained maximum
CO/PRO CO/PRO
3. Content of Project/ Not Contains relevant Contains some relevant Contains maximum
Formatting information information relevant information
4. Total Marks (6)

5. Question/Answer(4)

Total (10)

Additional Comments (if any )

Name of Teacher Sign.

Prof. GUJAR V. D
 Micro Project proposal

Academic Year : 2022-23 Program : Mechanical Engineering

Class : SYME Course : MPR
Course Code : 22446 Roll No : 45
Enrollment No : 2111710282 Exam Seat No : 456927

Title of Micro Project :

Five Types of Lathe Machines ( cutting tool )

Group Members:

Sr .No Roll No Name of Candidates

1 45 Tokare Rohit Mahesh
2 32 Gorat Rohit Magan

Content / Key Points:

Five Types of Lathe Machines ( cutting tool )
Stationary/ Material Required (if any):
Internet Source

References:
https://smartbear.com
https://www.irjet.net
Comments by guide:

Subject Teacher
Prof. GUJAR V. D
 Micro Project Log Book

Semester: Four Program : Mechanical Engineering

Class : SYME Course : MPR

Title of micro project : Five Types of Lathe machines (cutting tool )

Sr.No. Roll No. Name of Group Members Sign.

1 45 Tokare Rohit Mahesh
2 32 Gorat Rohit Magan

Week Teacher’s
No.
Discussion & Details Teacher’s Sign
Comment
1. General discussion about project activity.
2. Guidelines for micro project
3. Discussion on different industry application /
Study oriented topics
4. Group member are finalized and topic is decided , as
Five Types of Lathe Machines
5. Work distribution to collect the information
regarding topic by each member
6. Gathered information though the various sources,
such as internet, book, magazine, journal and
newspaper.
7. Discussed the difficulty faced during the collection
of necessary information among the
group member.
8. Discussed with the guide to sort out difficulty
faced while collecting the information.
9. Prepared a rough draft & show into the guide
10. Necessary instructions are given by the guide for
its better presentation & Finalized project.
11. Presentation is given on the topic, Report is
prepare done the topic & final submission of micro
project and report.

Name & Signature of Project Guide Name & Signature of HOD

Prof. GUJAR V. D Prof. KHAIRNAR Y.N
History

A lathe is a machine tool that primarily employs a turning tool to rotate a

workpiece. In addition, bits, reamers, taps, thread dies, and knurling can also be
utilized on the lathe for specific processing . Lathes are predominantly utilized
for machining shafts, discs, sleeves, and other workpieces with rotating surfaces.
They are the most commonly used type of machine tool in machinery
manufacturing and repair shops
Well, after popularizing science, the topic of “Mother of the Machine” should be
discussed – the past and present life of the lathe. The first prototype of the
machine tool, the lathe, was created by our ancestors approximately 2,000 years
ago to make working with tools easier The first prototype of the machine tool,
the lathe, was created by our ancestors approximately 2,000 years ago to make
working with tools easier.
During the 13th century, the development of machine tools continued and it
became necessary to find alternative methods of operation as hanging it on a
tree was no longer feasible. This led to the creation of the “pedal lathe”, which
used a foot pedal to rotate the crankshaft and drive the flywheel. This in turn
powered the spindle, causing it to rotate, and was also known as a flexible bar
lathe.

During the same period in China, the Ming dynasty published a remarkable
book named “Tian Gong Kai Wu”, which documented the technologies of the
Ming dynasty and the dynasty before it, demonstrating the meaning of “the
wisdom of the ancients”. The book also described the structure of a grinding
machine, which employed a similar principle to the European medieval foot-
operated machine. This machine used the pedal method to rotate a metal plate
and utilized sand and water to shape jade.

This process is similar to modern machining techniques such as boring, where a

specialized tool, called a steelyard, is used to remove small amounts of material
from the inner jade. It is remarkable to consider the level of skill and expertise
possessed by ancient craftsmen
 The birth of machine tools

In 1774, the British inventor Wilkinson created the world’s first true boring
machine, the barrel boring machine.

The barrel boring machine invented by Wilkinson was initially utilized for
forging firearms. In 1775, Wilkinson utilized the cylinder bored by this machine
to construct a new version of Wattner’s leaky cylinder, which met the
specifications required for Watt’s steam engine.

To accommodate the boring of larger cylinders, he built a cylinder boring

machine powered by a water wheel in the same year, which greatly contributed
to the advancement of steam engines.

INTRODUCTION: In the Mechanical Engineering field Lathe machine plays an

Introduction

important role in Manufacturing. In this article, I am going…

By Admin , In MANUFACTURING , At March 5, 2020

Table of Contents

• INTRODUCTION:
• Functions of lathe Machine
• Main Parts of lathe Machine
• Working Principle of lathe machine
o Principle
o Working
• Operations of Lathe Machine
• Types of lathe machine
• Lathe Machine Accessories
• Specifications of Lathe Machine:
• Some keys points

In the Mechanical Engineering field Lathe machine plays an important role in

Manufacturing. In this article, I am going to discuss the Lathe machine in detail.
 ▪ A lathe is a machine tool which is used to remove unwanted metals from the
work piece to give desired shape and size.
▪ Lathe machine is one of the most important machine tools which is used in
the metalworking industry.
▪ It operates on the principle of a rotating work piece and a fixed cutting tool.
▪ The cutting tool is feed into the work piece which rotates about its own
axis causing the workpiece to form the desired shape.
▪ It is also known as ” the mother/father of the entire tool family”.
▪ It was invented by DAVID WILKINSON ( 05 Jan. 1771 – 03 Feb. 1852)

Definition of Lathe Machine

▪ The machine tool that ‘s used to remove unwanted metals from the work piece
to give the desired shape and size so called ” Lathe machine “.
▪ Lathe machine is also known as “ Center Lathe ” because of two centers
between which the job can be held and rotated.

Functions of lathe Machine

▪ The main function of Lathe machine is to remove excess material in the form of
chips by rotating the work piece against a stationary cutting tool.
▪ This is accomplished by holding the work securely and rigidly on the machine
and then turning it against cutting tool which will remove metal from the work.
▪ To cut the material properly the tool should be harder than the material of the
work piece, should be rigidly held on the machine and should be fed or progress
in a definite way relative to the work.

Main Parts of lathe Machine

▪ In a lathe machine every individual part performs an important task.
 ▪ Some important parts of a lathe machine are as follows:

Line Diagram: Main Parts of Lathe Machine

1. Bed 1 . Saddle

2. Head Stock 2. Apron

3. Main Spindle 3. Tool Post

4. Tail Stock 4. Cross slide

5. Lead Screw 5. Compound Rest

6. Live Center 6. Compound Slide

7. Dead Center 7. Belt Feed Mechanism

8. Carriage 8. Gear Feed Mechanism

9. Feed Mechanism

1. Bed

• The Bed forms the base of a machine.

 • It is mounted on the legs of the lathe machine, which are bolted to the floor.
• It is made up of cast iron and its top surface is machined accurately and
precisely.

2. Head Stock

• Head stock is an important part of a lathe machine, which is mounted

permanently on the inner guide – ways at the left hand side of the bed.
• It consists of a main spindle, a chuck fitted at spindle nose, back gear drive and
all gear drive.

3. Main Spindle

▪ A main spindle is a hollow cylindrical shaft.

▪ It’s face has a standard moarse taper.
▪ It is used for holding the live Centre or collet.
▪ The spindle rotates on two large bearings housed on the head stock casting.
▪ The front end of the spindle is threaded, those are used for holding the chuck,
face plate, driving plate and catch plate.
▪ It is know as a spindle nose.

4. Tail Stock

• A tail stock is located on the inner guide – ways at the right side of the bed
opposite to the head stock.
• The body of the tail stock is bored and house the tail stock spindle.
• The spindle moves front and back inside the hole.
• It has a taper hole to receive the dead Centre or shunk of tools such as drill or
reamer.
• It’s body made up of cast iron.

5. Lead Screw

• It is used to transmit power to carriage through gear and clutch arrangement in

the carriage apron.

6. Live Center

• A Live Center is mounting on bearings and rotates with the work.

• Live centers are using to hold or support a work-piece.

7. Dead Center

• A dead center may be use to support the work piece at either the fixed or
rotating end of the machine.
• Dead centers are typically fully harden to prevent damage to the important
mating surfaces of the taper and to preserve the 60° angle of the nose.

Types
A lathe machine is a machine that holds the workpiece on a chuck and tool on atoolpost,
the lathe machine rotates the workpiece about an axis to perform different operations such
as turning, facing, chamfering, thread cutting, knurling,drilling, and more with tools that
are applied to the workpiece to design an objectwith symmetry about that axis.

The main function of a lathe is to remove the metal from a workpiece to give a required
size and shape. In a lathe machine, the tool is held, and a workpiece isrotating about an
axis rotation to perform various operations with different tools.The lathe machine is
primarily used to produce cylindrical surfaces and plane surfaces at a right angle to the
axis of rotation. It can also produce tapers and bellows etc. Most suitable lathes can also
be still used to produce most solids ofrevolutions, plane surfaces & screw threads, etc.

TYPE

Types of Lathe Machines

1. Speed Lathe Machine

2. Engine Lathe Machine
3. Bench Lathe Machine
4. Toolroom Lathe Machine
5. Automatic Lathe Machine
6. CNC lathe machine
#1 Speed Lathe Machine

These types of lathe machines are simple in construction. It has a bed, headstock,
tailstock, and tool post mounted on the adjustable slide. There is no feed box lead screw
or carriage. The tool is mounted on the adjustable slide andis fed into the work purely by
hand control. This characteristic of the lathe machines has a speed range from 1200 to
3600 rpm. The headstock construction is very simple and has only 2 or 3 spindle speeds
available.

Speed lathe machine has less depth of cut. Light force and high speed made this to use
this part woodworking, spinning, centering, and polishing. The namespeed lathe has
been given because of the very high speed of the headstock spindle.
#2 Engine Lathe Machine

Engine lathe is the most widely used lathe machine. These machines are drivenby the
gear mechanism or pulley mechanism. The name engine lathe is given because of the
earlier lathe were driven by steam engines. Engine lathe machine has all the parts
similar to that of speed lathe. Such as bed, headstock,tailstock, etc. The headstock of an
engine lathe is rigid in construction and has got an additional mechanism to get multiple
spindle speeds.

Unlike the speed lathe, the engine lathe can feed the cutting tool both in the cross and
longitudinal direction with reference to the lathe axis with the help of acarriage feed and
leadscrew. These types of lathe machines are still used
in workshops and many industries. It has three types Belt-driven, Motor-driven,and
Gearhead type.
2.1 Belt Drive Lathe Machine

A lathe that receives its power from an overhead line shaft is a belt-driven latheand is
equipped with a speed cone and one or more back gears to get a wide range of spindle
speeds.

2.2 Motor-Driven Lathe Machine

A lathe that receives its power from an individual motor integral with themachine is
called a motor-driven lathe.

2.3 Geared-head Lathe Machine

A geared-head lathe gets its power from a constant speed motor, and all-speedchanges
are obtained by shifting various gears located in the headstock. It has no cone pulley.

#3 Bench lathe

These types of lathe machines are small in size and are used for very small precision
work. Bench lathe machines are mounted on the bench. It has all the similar parts of the
engine lathe and speed lathe. Bench lathe machine performsalmost all the operations of
the engine lathe and speed lathe. Its only difference is in size.

#4 Toolroom Lathe Machine

Toolroom lathe machine is the same as that of engine lathe but provides a wide range of
speed. The spindle speed range is from very low to quite high speed upto 2500rpm.

5. Automatic Lathe

In these types of lathe machines, all the work is done automatically. These are the high-
speed heavy-duty, production lathes. In these types of lathe machines,once the tool is
set, it performs all the operations automatically to finish the job.Here the change of
tools and feed is automatic. The single operator can control5 to 6 automatic lathes at a
time.

Lathe machine performs different operations such as turning, facing, taper turning,
knurling, grooving, parting off, electric turning, thread cutting, reaming,etc. Let it take
one by one as follows.

6. CNC Lathe Machine

These types of lathe machines are operated with a precise set of design instructions.
A CNC (computer numerical control) lathe is a machine tool thatrotates the
workpiece around the main spindle, while a cutting tool cuts the workpiece into a
desired shape and size.
A simple CNC lathe operates on two axes with the cutting tool in a fixed positionon an 8
to 24 station turret. CNC lathe ensures consistent product quality and does not require
highly skilled operators to operate the machine. On the other hand, CNC machines are
more expensive than manually operated machines.

Application

The Mechanical engineering stream has seen some tremendous machines

invented and modified all these years. One of the remarkable machines that
completely revolutionized the way we perform operations on metal or wood is
the Lathe Machine.

Lathe is a machine tool commonly used in all industrial applications. Now, a

machine tool is power-driven and designed to move a sharp cutting tool against
a rigidly held workpiece material or vice versa to remove material from the
workpiece.

In this article, we will discuss the definition, parts, working principle, and types of
lathe machines. You will learn the operations that are performed on the machine
in brief.

What is a Lathe Machine?

A lathe machine is a machine tool that is used to remove unwanted material

from a rotating workpiece in the form of chips. This is accomplished with the use
of a tool that traverses across the workpiece and feeds into it.

The machine is used to accomplish all fundamental operations, including drilling,

sawing, tapping, and turning, among others, with the aid of various tools located
in the work area. Hence, the lathe is also referred to as the “Mother of all
machines.”

Andrei Nartov, a Russian engineer, created one of the earliest lathes in 1718. It
featured a carriage for holding mechanical cutting tools and a system of gears.

In the 1950s, servomechanisms were applied to the numerical control of lathes

and other machine tools, which were frequently linked with computers to
produce computerised numerical control (CNC). Both manually driven and
computer numerical control, or CNC, lathes are used in the industry today.

Here is an image of an old lathe.

 Lathe Machine Parts

You may be wondering about the various parts of this ancient machine tool. This
section helps you learn all the parts that are responsible for the work done on
the machine. Refer to the lathe machine diagram below as you learn.

Bed

The bed of the lathe machine serves as the foundation upon which all other
components are installed. The bed is supported by large box-section columns
and is made of cast iron or a nickel cast iron alloy. The bed itself is mounted on
the legs which are bolted to the ground.

Headstock
The headstock is mounted on the left side of the lathe bed. Its primary duty is to
transmit electricity to the components. It is a housing for a spindle where a
chuck or live centre is provided that holds one end of the workpiece as it rotates.
Also, it contains a necessary transmission system with levers for changing
speeds.

Lathe Chuck

Chucks are specialised clamps made to hold objects having radial symmetry
such as cylinders. They typically have jaws to secure the workpiece. The jaws (or
dogs) are organised in a star-like configuration with radial symmetry.

Lathe Spindle

An essential rotating part of a headstock is the spindle. It contains a shaft that

transfers rotary motion to the chuck, thereby turning the workpiece. It is
supported by two sets of angular contact ball bearings to help handle both
radial and axial loads.

Tailstock

The tailstock is a moveable casting opposite to the headstock that is mounted

on the guideways on the bed. It holds tools for operations like drilling, reaming,
tapping, etc., and supports the opposite end of the workpiece during machining.
It includes the dead centre, adjustment screws, and handwheel.

Dead Centre

The workpiece is held in place while it is rotating using a dead centre (not freely
rotated, i.e., dead). There may be friction on the dead centre due to the rotation
of the workpiece when employed in the stationary position. The pointed end of
it is placed touching the other end of the workpiece to avoid an abrupt stop in
rotation and reduce friction.

Carriage

The carriage can be found in the area between the tailstock and headstock.
During operation, the carriage serves as a guide, supports, and feeds the tool
against the workpiece. The following parts are on the carriage.

Saddle

It is cast in the shape of an H and installed on top of the lathe. It supports the
cross-slide, the compound rest, and the tool post. Manual or automatic feeding
is employed to move the saddle.
Cross Slide

It is positioned on the saddle such that it is perpendicular to the bed. One side
of the cross slide is equipped with a female dovetail, and it is joined on top of
the saddle using its male dovetail. The cross slide hand wheel is turned to move
the cross slide at a right angle to the axis of the lathe.

Compound Rest

The compound rest joins the cross slide with the compound slide using a
tongue-and-groove joint. It supports the cutting tool and tool post during the
drilling of short tapers and shapes on forming tools.

Tool Post

The tool post is mounted on the compound rest and is used to carry cutting tool
holders. The holders are supported by a wedge with a bottom that fits into a
ring with a concave surface. It is attached to the upper slide. The tool post is
positioned on the top of the compound slide to securely hold the tools.

An apron is the front section of a carriage. It includes all control keys. The apron
is made up of split nuts that engage with the lead screw when cutting threads,
as well as gears and clutches for transferring motion from the feed rod to the
carriage.

Leadscrew

A leadscrew is used as a linkage in a machine to convert turning motion into

linear motion. It is also referred to as a power screw or translation screw. The
lead screw in a lathe machine is used to move the carriage along with the
revolution of the spindle. Using various gears between the lead screw drive and
spindle, threads can be created.

Advantages
Advantages of a Lathe Machine

Lathe machines are used in many businesses. They can be used for makingsimple things
like cups to making the most detailed parts.

Some models feature CNC capabilities which allow them to be programmed, setup, and
then run automatically. Without any human assistance. They have a wide range of
capabilities for an affordable price. Hobbyists or schools often useit to provide a great
way to get started in turning without breaking the bank.
Here are the main advantages of these machines:

• Provide an excellent way to create metal parts at high speeds and withthe
utmost precision.
• Able to work with a variety of materials and create parts from differenttypes
of metals.
• They are very accurate and precise and can meet the most demanding
requirements.
• They are also very versatile machines that can be used to create parts forhome
projects. Using a lathe machine in school is an excellent way to learn about
turning as a hobby. Without spending too much money on expensive equipment.
• A lathe machine will save you a lot of time and material.

Disadvantages

Disadvantages of a Lathe Machine

Some disadvantages should be taken into account before deciding if a lathemachine is the
right choice.

Some of these drawbacks are harder to avoid than others. And may require extensive
research before making any decisions about which model might bestsuit your needs.

• Expensive
They are quite expensive. The price range for a lathe machine can vary greatly.This
depends on its type and what additional features it might offer.

• Maintenance
Maintenance on a lathe machine is often time-consuming and requires extensive
knowledge of properly fixing the different components. This can makeit difficult for
anyone who wants to learn about turning as a hobby in school.

• Loud
Lathe machines make a lot of noise when they are running. They can be difficultto use in
small homes because the noise will bother someone who is close by. Ifyou use them too
often without protection, it can cause lasting damage.