WOMEN’

SUNI
VERSI
TYI
NAFRI
CA

Addr
ess
inggenderdi
spar
ityandfo
ster
ingequi
tyi
nUni
ver
sit
yEduc
ati
on

FACULTYOFMANAGEMENTANDENTREPRENEURI
ALSCI
ENCES

THEI
MPACTOFDEVI
ANTBEHAVI
ORONORGANI
ZATI
ONALPERFORMANCE,
ACASEOFLAFARGECEMENT2019-2020

ERI
TACAROLI
NEBANDA

W19011
6

SUPERVI
SOR:MRCHI
TOMBO

SUBMI
TTEDTOTHEWOMEN’
SUNI
VERSI
TYI
NAFRI
CAI
NPARTI
ALFULFI
LLMENTOF
THEREQUI
REMENTSFORDI
PLOMAI
NMANAGEMENTANDENTREPRENEURI
ALSTUDI
ES
SPECI
ALI
ZING I
NBUSI
NESSMANAGEMENT

HARARE,
ZIMBABWE

YEAR:20
21
 APPROVALFORM

Theu
nde
rsi
gne
dce
rti
fyt
hatt
heyhav
ere
adandr
eco
mme
ndt
oWo
men
’sUni
ver
sit
yinAfr
ica
fo
rac
cep
tanc
eofr
ese
arc
hpr
oje
ctt
itl
ed,‘
thei
mpac
tofde
viantbe
hav
ioro
nor
gani
zat
ional
p
erfo
rmanc
e(ac
aseo
fLafar
gec
eme
nt)by i
npar
tialfu
lfi
ll
mento
fther
equ
ire
ment
sfo
r
t
hep
art
ialfu
lfi
ll
mento
fther
equ
ire
ment
sFo
rDi
pl
omaI
nBu
sine
ssManage
ment

_____________________ ________
SUPERVI
SOR DATE

______________________ ________
PROGRAMMCOORDI
NATOR DATE

i
i
i
ii
 DECLARATI
ONFORM

I
,Er
itaCar
oli
neBandade
clar
ethatt
hiswo
rkr
epr
ese
ntsmyo
wnwo
rkandhasno
tbe
en
r
epr
odu
cedfr
oms
ome
one
’swo
rk.Whe
reu
sehasbe
enmadeo
fthewo
rko
fot
her
s,i
thasbe
en
du
lyac
kno
wle
dge
dint
het
ext
.

Si
gne
d…………………………….
.
………………

Dat
e…………………………………….
.

St
ude
ntNo
:W1
904
63

i
v
v
 DEDI
CATI
ON

Ide
dic
atemydi
sse
rtat
ionwo
rkt
omyfami
lyandmanyfr
iends
.As
pec
ial
fe
eli
nggr
ati
tudet
omyhu
sband No
ber
tMat
yenyi
ka,myc
hil
dre
nMe
ll
is
a,Mal
com,and
Mc
Mil
lan.Ial
sode
dic
atet
hist
omyfami
lyJ
ame
sBanda,Fat
imaKap
uta
,Ne
li
aBandat
he
Mat
enyi
kafami
ly,
andmyfai
thfu
lnannyTr
acyMu
bingi
.

v
i
v
ii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Iwi
sht
othankt
heLafar
gee
mpl
oye
eswhowe
remo
ret
hange
ner
ouswi
tht
hei
rex
per
tis
eand
p
rec
iou
sti
me.As
pec
ialt
hank
stoMrChi
tombo
,mys
upe
rvi
sorfo
rhi
sco
unt
les
sho
urso
f
gu
idan
ceandmo
sto
fal
lpat
ienc
ethr
ougho
utt
hee
nti
rec
our
se.

Iwo
uldl
ik
etoac
kno
wle
dgeandt
hankt
heFac
ult
yOfManage
mentAndEnt
rep
rene
uri
al
Sc
ienc
esatWo
menu
niv
ers
ityfo
rpr
ovi
dinganyas
sis
tanc
ere
que
ste
d.

v
ii
i
i
x
 ABSTRACT

Zi
mbabwehasbe
ene
xpe
rie
nci
ngane
cono
micdo
wnt
urnfo
rthep
astde
cade
.Thec
ont
rac
ting
andde
ter
ior
ati
ngZi
mbabwe
ane
cono
myhasr
esu
lte
dinde
cli
ningp
rofi
ts,ac
cumu
lat
ings
alar
y
ar
rear
sandhi
ghe
mpl
oye
ere
tre
nchme
nt.Emp
loye
esi
nor
gani
zat
ionsno
wengagei
not
her
ac
tiv
iti
est
omak
eex
trai
nco
meandt
husmaye
ndu
pabu
singt
heo
rgani
zat
ionalr
eso
urc
es
s
uchasdo
ingt
hei
rwo
rkdu
ringt
hewo
rki
ngho
urs
,theo
rgani
zat
ionali
nte
rne
tco
nne
cti
onfo
r
p
ers
onalbu
sine
sse
sandu
singc
omp
anyc
arsfo
rpe
rso
nalu
se.Thi
sst
udyi
nve
sti
gat
edt
he
i
mpac
tofde
viantbe
hav
ioro
ntheo
rgani
zat
ionalp
erfo
rmanc
eatLafar
geCe
mentZi
mbabwe
asac
ases
tudy.Thes
tudyi
nve
sti
gat
edt
hec
aus
eso
fde
viantbe
hav
ior
,it
simp
acto
nthe
o
rgani
zat
ionands
trat
egi
est
hatc
anbeu
sedt
ore
duc
ethei
mpac
t.Thes
tudyado
pte
dami
xed
me
tho
dap
pro
ach,andqu
est
ionnai
resandi
nte
rvi
ewswe
reu
sedfo
rthegat
her
ingdat
a.A
s
amp
les
izeo
f25
0wasu
sed.Themai
nobs
erv
ati
onswe
ret
hat
,maj
orfo
rmso
fde
vian
ceat
Lafar
gec
eme
ntc
omp
ris
e:abs
ent
eei
sm,t
ruanc
y,v
andal
is
m,t
heft
,bu
ll
yinganddi
sco
urt
eou
s
be
hav
ior
.Itwasfu
rthe
rno
tedt
hatmaj
orc
aus
eso
f de
viantbe
hav
iorc
omp
ris
e:l
ow
r
emu
ner
ati
on,u
nfai
rne
ssatt
hewo
rkp
lac
e,har
shs
upe
rvi
si
onaswe
llasc
onfl
ic
ts.Thege
ner
al
o
bse
rvat
ionwast
hatde
viantbe
hav
iorhasane
gat
ivei
mpac
tont
hee
mpl
oye
e’sp
erfo
rmanc
e.
De
viantbe
hav
ior
sle
adt
opo
orp
rodu
cti
vi
tyi
nor
gani
zat
ions
.Thehi
ghe
rther
ateo
fde
vianc
e
wasp
rop
ort
ional
tot
hel
owe
rthep
erfo
rmanc
eoft
heo
rgani
zat
ion
.

x
 Tabl
eofCo
nte
nts
Ap
pro
valFo
rm i
i
De
clar
ati
onFo
rm i
ii
De
dic
ati
on i
v
Ac
kno
wle
dgme
nt v
Abs
trac
t v
i
CHAPTER1:I
NTRODUCTI
ON 1
1
.1I
ntr
odu
cti
on 1
1
.2Bac
kgr
oundOfTheSt
udy 1
1
.3Pr
obl
emSt
ate
ment 3
1
.4Re
sear
chObj
ect
ive
s 4
1
.5Re
sear
chQu
est
ions 4
1
.6Re
sear
chHyp
othe
sis 4
1
.7Si
gni
fic
anc
eOfSt
udy 4
1
.7.
1ToTheSt
ude
nt 4
1
.7.
2Lafar
geZi
mbabweAndAnyOr
gani
zat
ion 5
1
.7.
3TheUni
ver
sit
yAndFu
tur
eRe
sear
che
rs 5
1
.8As
sump
tio
nsOfTheSt
udy 5
1
.9Li
mit
ati
onsOfTheSt
udy 5
1
.10De
li
mit
ati
ons 5
1
.11De
fini
ti
onOfKe
yTe
rms 6
1
.12Co
ncl
usi
on 6
CHAPTER2:LI
TERATUREREVI
EW 7
2
.1I
ntr
odu
cti
on 7
2
.2The
ore
tic
alRe
vie
w 7
2
.2.
1Affe
cti
veEv
ent
sThe
ory(
Aet
) 7
2
.2.
2Age
ncyThe
ory 9
2
.2.
3So
cial
-St
rai
nTyp
olo
gyThe
ory 1
0

x
i
2
.2.
4Typ
olo
gyOfNe
gat
iveWo
rkp
lac
eDe
viat
ion 1
1
2
.3Co
nce
ptu
alFr
ame
wor
k 1
3
2
.4Cau
sesOfDe
viantBe
hav
ior
sAtWo
rkp
lac
e 1
5
2
.4.
1Po
orRe
mune
rat
ion 1
5
2
.4.
2Unfai
rTr
eat
ment 1
5
2
.4.
3Jo
bDi
ssat
isfac
tio
n 1
6
2
.4.
4Jo
bSt
res
s 1
6
2
.4.
5Abu
siv
eSu
per
vis
ion 1
7
2
.4.
6Co
nfl
ic
t 1
7
2
.4.
7Int
ent
ionToQu
itTheOr
gani
sat
ion 1
7
2
.4.
8So
cialPr
ess
ureToCo
nfo
rm 1
8
2
.5I
mpac
tOfDe
viantWo
rkp
lac
eBe
hav
iou
rsOnOr
gani
zat
ions
’Pe
rfo
rmanc
e 1
8
2
.6WaysToRe
duc
eDe
viantBe
hav
iorAtWo
rkp
lac
e 1
9
2
.6.
1Or
gani
zat
ionalFai
rne
ss 1
9
2
.7Emp
iri
calLi
ter
atu
reRe
vie
w 2
0
2
.8Re
sear
chGap 2
3
2
.9Co
ncl
usi
on 2
3
CHAPTER3:RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY 2
4
3
.1I
ntr
odu
cti
on 2
4
3
.2Re
sear
chAp
pro
ach 2
4
3
.3Re
sear
chDe
sign 2
4
3
.4Tar
getPo
pul
ati
on 2
5
3
.5Samp
leSi
ze 2
5
3
.6Samp
li
ngTe
chni
que
s 2
6
3
.6.
1Co
nve
nie
nceSamp
li
ng 2
7
3
.7Dat
aSo
urc
es 2
7
3
.7.
1Se
conda
ryDat
a 2
7
3
.7.
2Pr
imar
ySo
urc
es 2
7
3
.8Re
sear
chI
nst
rume
nt 2
8
3
.8.
1Qu
est
ionnai
res 2
8
3
.8.
2Int
erv
iews 2
8
3
.9Dat
aCo
ll
ect
ionPr
oce
dur
e 2
9
3
.10Dat
aAnal
ysi
s 3
0

x
ii
3
.11Et
hic
alCo
nsi
der
ati
on 3
0
3
.12Val
idi
tyAndRe
li
abi
l
ity 3
0
3
.13Su
mmar
y 3
1
CHAPTER4:DATAPRESENTATI
ON,
ANALYSI
SANDDI
SCUSSI
ON 3
2
4
.1I
ntr
odu
cti
on 3
2
4
.2Re
spo
nseRat
e 3
2
4
.3De
mogr
aphi
cInfo
rmat
ion 3
3
4
.3.
1Pr
ese
ntat
ionOfPar
tic
ipant
sByAge 3
3
4
.3.
2Pr
ese
ntat
ionOfPar
tic
ipant
sByGe
nde
r 3
4
4
.3.
3Re
pre
sent
ati
onOfPar
tic
ipant
sByThe
irLe
velOfEdu
cat
ion 3
4
4
.3.
4 Pr
ese
ntat
ionOf Par
tic
ipant
sBy TheNu
mbe
rOf Ye
arsThe
y Hav
eBe
enI
nThe
Manu
fac
tur
ingI
ndu
str
y 3
5
4
.3.
5Maj
orFo
rmsOfDe
viantBe
hav
ior 3
6
4
.3.
2Ge
ner
alEmp
loye
es’Vi
ewsOnTheMaj
orAnt
iso
cialAc
tiv
iti
esDo
neBySo
meEmp
loye
esAt
TheWo
rkPl
ace 3
8
4
.3.
6TheMaj
orCau
sesOfDe
viantBe
hav
iorAmo
ngTheEmp
loye
esAtLafar
geCe
ment 3
9
4
.4TheI
mpac
tOfDe
viantBe
hav
iou
rOnTheOr
gani
zat
ionalPr
odu
cti
vi
tyAtLafar
geCe
ment
4
1
4
.4.
1De
viantBe
hav
iou
rAffe
cti
ngTheEmp
loye
es’Pe
rfo
rmanc
eOfTheOr
gani
zat
ion 4
1
4
.4.
2 Ge
ner
alEmp
loye
es’Vi
ewsOn The Effe
ct Of Su
ch Ant
iso
cialBe
hav
ior
sOn The
Pe
rfo
rmanc
eOfTheOr
gani
zat
ion? 4
2
4
.5WaysI
nWhi
chAnOr
gani
zat
ionCanCu
rbDe
viantBe
hav
iou
rAtTheWo
rkPl
ace 4
3
4
.5.
1To
pManage
rs’Re
spo
nse
sOnHo
wThe
yNo
rmal
lyDe
alWi
thCas
esOfDe
viantBe
hav
iorAt
TheWo
rkPl
ace
. 4
3
4
.5.
2TheRe
spo
nse
sOfGe
ner
alEmp
loye
esOnWh
atSho
uldBeDo
neByTheManage
men
tTo
Mi
nimi
zeAnt
iso
cialAc
tiv
iti
es 4
4
4
.6Su
mmar
y 4
6
CHAPTER5:SUMMARY,
CONCLUSI
ONANDRECOMMENDATI
ONS 4
7
5
.1I
ntr
odu
cti
on 4
7
5
.2Co
ncl
usi
on 4
7
5
.3Re
comme
ndat
ions 4
8
REFERENCES 5
0
APPENDI
XII:LETTER 5
2

x
ii
i
APPENDI
XI:QUESTI
ONNAI
RESFORSUPERVI
SOR’
S 5
3
APPENDI
XII
I:QUESTI
ONNAI
REFORGENERALEMPLOYEES 5
5
APPENDI
XIV:I
NTERVI
EWGUI
DELI
NES 5
7

I
ndexo
fTabl
es
Tabl
e2.
6.
1:Re
comme
ndat
ionsfo
rPr
eve
nti
ngandDe
ter
ringWo
rkp
lac
eDe
vianc
e 1
9
Tabl
e3.
5.
1:Samp
leSi
ze 2
7
Tabl
e3.
5.
2:Po
pul
ati
onands
amp
les
ize 2
7
Tabl
e4.
2.
1:Re
spo
nser
ate 3
3
Tabl
e4.
3.
1:Sho
wingageo
fthep
art
ici
pant
s 3
4
Tabl
e4.
3.
2:Sho
wingt
hege
nde
roft
her
esp
onde
nts 3
5
Tabl
e4.
3.
3:Sho
wingt
hel
eve
lofe
duc
ati
onfo
rpar
tic
ipant
s 3
6
Tabl
e4.
3.
4:r
epr
ese
nti
ng t
he du
rat
ion whi
cht
he p
art
ici
pant
shad be
en wo
rki
ng i
nthe
manu
fac
tur
ingi
ndu
str
y 3
7
Tabl
e4.
3.
5:s
howi
ngr
esp
ons
eso
fto
pmanage
rso
nthemaj
orc
aus
eso
fde
viantbe
hav
iorat
t
hei
rwo
rkp
lac
e 4
1
Tabl
e4.
5.
1:s
howi
ngr
esp
ons
eso
fto
pmanage
rso
nho
wthe
yde
alwi
thc
ase
sofde
viantbe
hav
ior
att
hewo
rkp
lac
e. 4
5

x
iv
x
v
 CHAPTER1:I
NTRODUCTI
ON

1
.1I
NTRODUCTI
ON

The s
tudy s
eek
stoi
nve
sti
gat
ethe i
mpac
tof de
viantbe
hav
iou
ront
he
p
erfo
rmanc
eofo
rgani
zat
ions
.Thi
schap
ters
eek
stou
near
tht
her
eas
onswhi
ch
madet
her
ese
arc
heru
nde
rtak
ethi
sst
udy.I
tfo
cus
eso
nthebac
kgr
oundt
o
t
he s
tudy,s
tat
eme
nt o
fthe p
robl
em,c
onc
ept
ualfr
ame
wor
k,r
ese
arc
h
o
bje
cti
ves
,re
sear
chqu
est
ions
,si
gni
fic
anc
eoft
hes
tudy,r
ese
arc
hqu
est
ions
,
l
imi
tat
ions
,andde
li
mit
ati
ons

1
.2BACKGROUNDOFTHESTUDY

Ac
cor
ding t
o Pau
land Nat
araj
an (
200
3)t
he mo
sti
mpo
rtant t
hings i
n
o
rgan
izat
ionalp
erfo
rmanc
ear
etoac
hie
vehi
ghe
rpe
rfo
rmanc
eormax
imi
zat
ion
o
fwe
alt
hfo
rthes
har
eho
lde
rs.Lai
ti
nen(
200
2)o
bse
rve
sthatano
rgani
zat
ion
mayac
hie
vei
tsgo
alswhe
neac
hoft
hee
mpl
oye
esu
nde
rst
andst
hei
rro
lesand
r
esp
ons
ibi
li
ti
es fo
rthe o
rgani
zat
ion, and t
her
esho
uld be c
ont
inu
ous
c
ommu
nic
ati
on be
twe
en manage
ment
,le
ade
rs and e
mpl
oye
es t
o s
et
p
erfo
rmanc
eex
pec
tat
ion
s,mo
nit
orp
rogr
amme
sand ac
hie
ve go
odr
esu
lts
(
Kat
ou,2
008
).Ho
wev
er,e
mpl
oye
esi
nor
gani
sat
ion
sco
mpr
isep
eop
lewhoc
ome
t
oge
the
rfr
om di
ffe
rents
oci
o-c
ult
uralbac
kgr
oundswi
thdi
ffe
rentbe
li
efs
,
at
tit
ude
s,v
alu
es and e
xpr
ess
ions o
f di
ffe
rent be
hav
iou
r.Thu
s,t
hes
e
be
hav
iou
rshav
edi
ffe
rentc
ons
equ
enc
eso
nthei
ndi
vi
dual
swo
rki
ngi
nthe
o
rgan
isat
ion and o
nthe o
rgani
sat
ioni
tse
lf(
Winds
per
ger
,20
09)
.Ide
all
y,
wo
rkp
lac
e be
hav
iou
rsmu
stc
oinc
ide wi
tht
he no
rmso
for
gani
sat
ionsand
e
mpl
oye
esmu
stnat
ural
lye
mbr
acet
hec
ult
ureandv
alu
eofs
ucho
rgani
sat
ion
.
I
nth
isc
ont
emp
orar
ywo
rld,t
her
eve
rsei
sthec
ase
;so
mee
mpl
oye
est
endt
o
di
sre
gar
dor
gani
sat
ionalc
ult
ureandp
rac
tic
es,andar
eno
twi
ll
ingt
oco
nfo
rm
t
othe
iro
rgani
sat
ions
’ru
les
.

Emp
loye
ede
vianc
ehasbe
enfo
undt
obeo
neo
fth
emaj
orc
aus
eso
ffai
lu
rei
n
manyo
rgani
zat
ions(
App
elbau
metal
.20
07)
.Asar
esu
lt,managi
nge
mpl
oye
es'
abe
rrantbe
hav
iori
nthewo
rkp
lac
eisamaj
orgl
obalc
onc
ern.I
tno
tonl
yhasan

1
i
mpac
tont
he o
rgani
zat
ion'
seffe
cti
vene
ss,bu
tit al
so has fi
nanc
ial
r
epe
rcu
ssi
ons(
App
elbau
m20
07)
.

Emp
loye
ede
viantbe
hav
iori
sde
fine
daswhe
nane
mpl
oye
ebr
eak
sco
mpany
p
oli
ci
eso
rre
gul
ati
onst
hatc
oul
dhav
eane
gat
ivei
mpac
tont
hec
omp
any'
sor
e
mpl
oye
es'we
ll
-be
ing (
Robi
nso
netal
.19
95)
.Bo
li
n and He
athe
rly(
200
1)
de
fine
d wo
rkp
lac
e de
vianc
e as a v
olu
ntar
y be
hav
iou
r t
hat v
iol
ate
s
i
nst
itu
tio
nal
i
sedno
rmsandi
nsodo
ingt
hre
ate
nst
hewe
ll
-be
ingo
femp
loye
es
and t
heo
rgani
sat
ioni
tse
lf.Wo
rkp
lac
ede
vianc
eisanyt
ypeo
fwo
rkp
lac
e
mi
sco
ndu
ct,r
angi
ngfr
omp
ett
yinfr
act
ionsl
ik
eta
kingl
onge
rbr
eak
s,i
nsu
lti
ng
c
owo
rke
rs,
andl
eav
inge
arl
ytomo
res
eri
ouso
ffe
nse
sli
ket
heft
,sabo
tage
,and
s
oon.Us
eofal
coho
landdr
ugs
,po
orj
obqu
ali
ty,s
teal
ingfr
ome
mpl
oye
rs,
ar
riv
ing l
ate fo
r wo
rk,abs
ent
eei
sm,wo
rkt
ime mi
sus
e,and p
rop
ert
y
de
str
uct
ionar
eal
lex
amp
les(
Var
di,2
001
).Gr
iffi
nandLo
pez(
200
4)hav
e
e
stabl
is
hedt
hatal
lindi
vi
dual
swhoar
eatwo
rkhav
ethep
ote
nti
alo
fcar
ryi
ng
o
utt
hisde
str
uct
ivebe
hav
iou
r.Rahmani
nMaz
niandRo
siah(
201
1)ho
wev
er
c
onc
lude
dthatwo
rkp
lac
ede
vianc
eismo
rep
rev
ale
ntamo
ngt
hes
upp
orts
taff
asi
tisbe
li
eve
dthate
mpl
oye
eswi
thl
owe
rst
atu
sar
emo
rep
ronet
oex
hibi
t
de
vian
tbe
hav
iou
rast
heyc
anc
ommi
tthe
irfr
eet
imet
o‘s
pit
ebac
k’t
owho
eve
r
wo
uldhav
ewr
onge
dthe
m.Thi
sisbe
comi
ngas
eri
ousi
ssu
einhu
manr
eso
urc
e
manage
ment
.

Lawr
enc
e and Ro
bins
on(
200
7)o
bse
rvet
hat t
he i
ncr
eas
ing p
res
sur
ein
o
rgan
isat
ionsasar
esu
lto
finc
reas
ingc
omp
eti
ti
onande
cono
micc
hal
le
nge
s
t
hatmayc
allfo
rre
str
uct
uri
ng and do
wns
izi
ng mayr
esu
lti
nemp
loye
es’
mi
sco
ndu
cti
nor
gani
sat
ions
.Al
tho
ughas
igni
fic
antnu
mbe
rofr
ese
arc
her
s
hav
ede
lve
dint
othec
aus
eso
fde
viantbe
hav
iou
r, de
vianc
eco
nti
nue
sto
e
scal
atei
nthewo
rkp
lac
e.Ah
ugeamo
unto
fpr
odu
cti
vi
tyandr
eso
urc
esar
e
l
oste
achye
ardu
etoe
mpl
oye
ede
vianc
ebe
hav
iou
randt
hishasl
edt
othe
i
mpo
rtanc
eint
hep
redi
cti
onande
xpl
anat
iono
fde
vianc
ebe
hav
iou
r(Be
nne
tt&
Ro
bin
son,2
000
).Chi
ras
haan
d Mahap
a(2
012
)obs
erv
ethatt
hei
mpac
tof
wo
rkp
lac
ede
vianc
eatl
arge and s
mal
lfi
rmshav
einc
urr
ed hu
ge fi
nanc
ial
l
oss
eswhe
re hi
gh l
eve
lso
f fr
audc
ase
shav
e be
enr
eco
rde
d.Maz
niand

2
Ro
ziah (
201
1)i
nChi
ras
haan
dMahap
a(2
012
)re
cor
dedt
hat t
he c
ount
ry
s
uffe
redabo
utfo
urp
ointt
wobi
ll
io
ndo
ll
arsfr
om wo
rkp
lac
e v
iol
enc
e,t
wo
hu
ndr
edbi
ll
io
nfr
om annu
all
yemp
loye
ethe
ft,fi
vep
ointt
hre
ebi
ll
io
ndo
ll
ars
fr
omi
nte
rne
tsu
rfi
ngdu
ringwo
rki
ngho
urswhi
l
esho
pli
fti
ngbye
mpl
oye
es
ac
cou
nte
d fo
rtwe
ntyt
ofo
rtybi
ll
io
nandt
hir
tybi
ll
io
nfo
rabs
ent
eei
sm.
Ev
ide
ntl
y,t
hisc
onfi
rmst
hatde
vianc
eunde
niabl
yhasagr
eati
mpac
tont
he
s
ucc
esso
fano
rgani
sat
ion.

No
tal
lindi
vi
dual
sar
esa
idt
oengagei
nbe
hav
iou
rso
fthe
sek
indsno
rthat
p
eop
lewhoe
ngagei
nthe
sebe
hav
iou
rsdos
otoagr
eate
xte
nt.Ho
wev
er,i
tis
s
ugge
ste
dthats
omeo
fthee
mpl
oye
esdoe
ngagei
nde
vianc
ebe
hav
iou
rand
t
hust
hei
mpo
rtanc
eofp
urs
uingt
hes
tudyp
rev
ail
s.De
spi
tet
hefi
nanc
ial
i
mpac
t,v
ict
imso
fint
erp
ers
onalwo
rkp
lac
ede
vianc
ear
ekno
wnt
osu
ffe
rfr
om
s
tre
ssr
elat
edi
ssu
esl
eadi
ngt
olo
wpr
odu
cti
vi
tyandahi
ght
urno
verr
atet
hus
affe
cti
ngt
heo
rgani
zat
ion(
Henl
eetal
.
,20
05)
.

Lafar
geCe
mentZi
mbabwemanu
fac
tur
esanddi
str
ibu
tesc
eme
ntandal
li
ed
p
rodu
ctsfo
rthebu
il
dingi
ndu
str
y.Fo
rme
rlyk
nownasCi
rcl
eCe
ment
,the
c
omp
anyi
sas
ubs
idi
aryo
ftheLafar
geGr
oup
.Ito
ffe
rsPo
rtl
andc
omp
osi
te
and mas
onr
yce
ment
;and a
ggr
egat
es,s
uchass
tone
s,was
heds
and,and
c
rus
herr
unp
rodu
cts
,aswe
llasgr
ave
l.Thec
omp
anyal
sop
rov
ide
ssp
eci
al
p
rodu
cts
,inc
ludi
ngc
eme
ntbas
edt
il
eadhe
siv
es,agr
icu
ltu
rall
ime
,pi
gme
nte
d
andt
radi
ti
onall
ime
-bas
edp
aint
s;de
cor
ati
vePo
rtl
andc
eme
nt-bas
edp
aint
p
rodu
cts
,and wat
err
epe
ll
entmat
eri
als
.Iti
soneo
fthel
arge
stc
eme
nt
p
rodu
cer
sinZi
mbabwe
.AsRo
ziah(
201
1)o
bse
rve
dthatmi
ll
io
nso
fdo
ll
arsar
e
l
ostdu
etode
vianc
ebe
hav
iort
her
ese
arc
herhasfo
und i
tsi
gni
fic
antt
o
i
nve
sti
gat
ethei
mpac
tofs
uchbe
hav
ioro
ntheo
rgani
zat
ionalp
erfo
rmanc
e
u
singLafar
geCe
mentasac
ases
tudy.

1
.3PROBLEMSTATEMENT

Zi
mbabwehasbe
ene
xpe
rie
nci
ngane
cono
micdo
wnt
urnfo
rthep
astde
cade
(
Gwe
she
,20
19)
.Thec
ont
rac
tingandde
ter
ior
ati
ngZi
mbabwe
ane
cono
myhas
r
esu
lte
dinde
cli
ningp
rofi
ts,ac
cumu
lat
ings
alar
yar
rear
sandhi
ghe
mpl
oye
e
r
etr
enc
hme
nt.Ac
cor
dingt
oChi
ras
ha(
201
7)e
mpl
oye
esno
wengagei
not
her

3
ac
tiv
iti
est
o mak
eex
tra i
nco
me and t
hus may e
nd u
p abu
sing t
he
o
rgan
izat
ionalr
eso
urc
ess
uchasdo
ingt
hei
rwo
rkdu
ringt
hewo
rki
ngho
urs
,the
o
rgan
izat
ionali
nte
rne
tco
nne
cti
onfo
rpe
rso
nalbu
sine
sse
sandu
singc
omp
any
c
arsfo
rpe
rso
nalu
se.I
tisagai
nstt
hisbac
kgr
oundo
fes
cal
ati
ngde
viant
be
hav
iou
rino
rgani
sat
ionst
hatt
her
ese
arc
hers
tudi
est
hei
mpac
tofde
viant
be
hav
iou
rono
rgani
zat
ionalp
erfo
rmanc
eus
ingLafar
geCe
mentZi
mbabweasa
c
ases
tudy.

1
.4RESEARCHOBJ
ECTI
VES

Thep
urp
oseo
fther
ese
arc
hist
ofi
ndt
hei
mpac
tofde
viantbe
hav
iou
ront
he
o
rgan
izat
ionalp
erfo
rmanc
eatLafar
geCe
mentZi
mbabwe
.Ho
wev
ert
ofu
ll
y
u
nde
rst
andge
tfu
lfi
llt
hist
hefo
ll
owi
ngo
bje
cti
vesmu
stbeac
comp
li
she
d:

•De
ter
minet
hec
aus
eso
fde
viantbe
hav
iou
rsatwo
rkp
lac
e

•De
ter
minet
hei
mpac
tofde
viantwo
rkp
lac
ebe
hav
iou
rso
nor
gani
sat
ions
’
p
erfo
rmanc
e.

•De
ter
minewayst
ore
duc
ede
viantbe
hav
ioratt
hewo
rkp
lac
e.

1
.5RESEARCHQUESTI
ONS

Whatar
ethet
ype
sofp
oli
ti
cal
,pr
ope
rtyandp
oli
ti
calde
vianc
est
hat
o
ccu
ratLafar
geCe
mentZi
mbabwe
?

Whati
sthei
mpac
tofde
viantbe
hav
iou
ront
heo
rgani
zat
ionalp
rodu
cti
vi
ty
atLafar
geCe
men
t?

Ho
wcanano
rgani
zat
ionc
urbde
viantbe
hav
iou
ratt
hewo
rkp
lac
e?

1
.6RESEARCHHYPOTHESI
S

H1-De
vianc
ebe
hav
iorhasan
egat
ivei
mpac
tont
heo
rgani
zat
inalp
erfo
manc
e
o
fLafar
geCe
mentZi
mbabwe
.

1
.7SI
GNI
FICANCEOFSTUDY

Thi
sst
udywi
llbe
nefi
tthes
tude
nt,Lafar
geando
the
ror
gani
zat
ions
,the
u
niv
ers
ityan
dfu
tur
ere
sear
che
rs.

4
1
.7.
1Tot
hes
tudent

Ther
ese
arc
hwi
llhe
lpt
hes
tude
nti
nunde
rst
andi
ngt
hei
mpac
tofde
viant
be
hav
iou
rono
rgani
zat
ionalp
erfo
rmanc
ewhi
chwi
l
lbeo
fgr
eathe
lpi
nre
lat
ed
fu
tur
epr
oje
cts
.Itwi
llal
sohe
lpi
npar
tialfu
lfi
ll
mento
fther
equ
ire
ment
sfo
r
t
hea
war
dofaDi
pl
omai
nBu
sine
ssmanage
ment
.

1
.7.
2Lafar
geZi
mbabweandanyo
rgani
zat
ion

Ther
esu
ltso
fthes
tudywi
llhe
lpt
heLafar
geCe
mentZi
mbabweandanyi
n
Zi
mbabwei
nunde
rst
andi
ngt
hec
aus
esandt
her
efo
ret
hei
mpac
tso
fde
viant
be
hav
iou
ront
heo
rgani
zat
ion
alp
erfo
rmanc
eofano
rgani
zat
ion
.Thi
swi
llhe
lp
t
hemi
nthe
irs
trat
egi
cpl
anni
ng.

1
.7.
3Theuni
ver
sit
yandfut
urer
esear
cher
s

The
rei
sal
imi
tedr
ese
arc
hli
ter
atu
reo
nthet
opi
coft
hei
mpac
tofde
viant
be
hav
iou
ront
hep
erfo
rmanc
eofAfr
icano
rgani
zat
ions
.Ass
ucht
hiss
tudywi
ll
he
lpt
heu
niv
ers
itys
tude
ntsaswe
llasfu
tur
ere
sear
che
rsasas
our
ceo
f
r
efe
renc
e.

1
.8ASSUMPTI
ONSOFTHESTUDY

 De
str
uct
ive de
viantbe
hav
iou
rcan be mi
nimi
zedi
f manage
rsand
e
mpl
oye
eswo
rkt
oge
the
rami
cabl
y.

 De
viantbe
hav
iou
rwi
llr
edu
cei
femp
loye
es’mo
tiv
ati
oni
sno
ttak
enfo
r
gr
ant
ed,c
ons
ide
ringt
hatwo
rke
rsc
omet
owo
rkwi
the
xpe
ctat
ionsand
ne
edst
heywantt
osat
isfyv
iat
hei
rwo
rke
ffo
rts
.

 Wo
rki
nge
xpe
rie
nceo
fane
mpl
oye
ehasani
mpac
tont
hee
mpl
oye
e's
wo
rkp
lac
ebe
hav
iou
r.

1
.9LI
MITATI
ONSOFTHESTUDY

Ther
ese
arc
herfac
eds
omec
hal
le
nge
sdu
etot
heCo
vid-1
9re
gul
ati
ons
.The
re
wasa c
hal
le
ngei
ndi
str
ibu
tingt
hequ
est
ionnai
rest
her
efo
re,t
her
ese
arc
her
u
sedo
nli
nes
urv
eyst
odi
str
ibu
tet
hequ
est
ionnai
res
.Ano
the
rli
mit
ati
onwas
t
her
elu
ctanc
eoft
her
esp
onde
ntst
ogi
ves
omefac
tso
uto
ffe
aro
fbe
ing

5
p
uni
she
dbyt
hemanage
ment
,ho
wev
ert
her
ese
arc
hermanage
dtomak
ethe
m
u
nde
rst
and t
hat any i
nfo
rmat
iont
heyp
rov
ide was go
ing t
o be k
ept
c
onfi
dent
ialandt
hei
ride
nti
tywasno
tre
qui
red.

1
.10DELI
MITATI
ONS

Th
est
udywasc
arr
iedo
utfo
rLafar
geCe
mentZi
mbabwei
nMabv
uku
.The
s
tudywasc
arr
iedo
utfo
rthep
eri
odbe
twe
enJ
anu
ary2
019t
oDe
cembe
r20
20.
Th
est
udyal
sofo
cus
edo
nthei
mpac
tof de
viantbe
hav
ioro
ntheSal
es,
p
rodu
cti
onan
dde
li
ver
yofp
rodu
cts
.

1
.11DEFI
NITI
ONOFKEYTERMS

De
vianc
ebehav
iori
sge
ner
all
yde
fine
dasanybe
hav
iou
rthatdo
esno
tco
nfo
rm
t
othee
stabl
is
hedr
ule
sofagr
oupo
findi
vi
dual
sort
hes
oci
etyatl
arge(
Idr
is
2
016
).I
tco
uldal
sober
efe
rre
dtoast
hee
ngage
mento
fpe
opl
einc
rimi
nal
o
ffe
nce
s,i
ll
egal
,ant
iso
cialandu
net
hic
albe
hav
iou
r.De
viantbe
hav
iou
rco
uld
al
sobeanyfo
rmo
fbe
hav
iou
rthatc
ont
rav
ene
sther
ule
sandr
egu
lat
ionso
r
e
venl
awst
hatgo
ver
nane
stabl
is
hme
nt(
Hir
schi1
995
)

Or
gani
zat
ionalper
for
manc
e-Thec
apac
ityo
fano
rgani
zat
ion
,ins
tit
uti
on,o
r
bu
sine
sst
opr
odu
cede
sir
edr
esu
ltswi
thami
nimu
mex
pendi
tur
eofe
ner
gy,
t
ime
,mo
ney,
per
sonne
l,mat
eri
el(
Mes
h,2
012
).

1
.12CONCLUSI
ON

Thi
sch
apt
erwasmai
nlybas
edo
nthebac
kgr
oundt
othes
tudy,
signi
fic
anc
eof
t
hes
tudy,
li
mit
ati
ons
,de
li
mit
ati
ons
,co
nce
ptu
alfr
ame
wor
k,r
ese
arc
hqu
est
ions
,
r
ese
arc
h hyp
othe
sisand r
ese
arc
hobj
ect
ive
s.Thi
schap
terac
ted ast
he
fo
undat
iono
fther
ese
arc
hhi
ghl
ight
ingt
hei
mpo
rtantp
art
soft
hes
tudy.The
ne
xtc
hap
terwi
llc
rit
ical
lydi
scu
ssl
it
erat
urer
elat
edt
othes
tudy.

6
 CHAPTER2:LI
TERATUREREVI
EW

2
.1I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Du
etor
api
dinc
reas
einde
viantbe
hav
iou
rino
rgani
zat
ionsandi
nst
itu
tio
ns
many r
ese
arc
her
s hav
eco
ndu
cte
dre
sear
che
son de
viant be
hav
iou
rin
i
ndu
str
iesand i
nst
itu
tio
ns.Th
iss
ect
ions
eek
stor
eve
alwhato
the
rau
tho
rit
ies
o
r p
rev
iou
s r
ese
arc
her
s s
ay abo
ut de
viant be
hav
ior o
rgani
zat
ional
p
erfo
rmanc
e.The
rear
evar
yingp
oint
erst
othes
ubj
ectu
nde
rst
udy.The
c
hap
terwi
lli
ncl
ude t
he t
heo
ret
icalr
evi
ew,e
mpi
ri
calr
evi
ews
,co
nce
ptu
al
fr
ame
wor
kandr
ese
arc
hgap
.

2
.2THEORETI
CALREVI
EW

At
heo
ryi
sabo
dyo
fani
deas
pec
ifi
cal
lyde
signe
dinafo
rmo
fst
ate
ment
sto
gi
vee
xpl
anat
iont
oa p
art
icu
larc
onc
epto
rphe
nome
non.So
met
heo
rie
shav
e
be
ende
vel
ope
dtogi
vei
nsi
ghti
ntowhatwo
rkp
lac
ede
vianc
eisal
labo
ut.
He
nni
nge
tal(
200
4)o
bse
rvet
hat
,at
heo
ret
icalr
evi
ewp
osi
ti
onst
hes
tudyi
n
t
hedi
sci
pl
ineo
rsu
bje
cti
nwhi
cht
her
ese
arc
heri
swo
rki
ng.I
tenabl
est
he
r
ese
arc
hert
othe
ori
zeabo
utt
hes
tudy.Thi
sse
cti
onr
evi
ewst
het
heo
rie
sthat
we
rede
signe
dtoe
xpl
aint
het
hec
onc
epto
fde
vian
cebe
hav
iori
nor
gani
zat
ions

2
.2.
1Affec
tiv
eEv
ent
sTheo
ry(
AET)

I
twa
spr
opo
unde
dbyWe
issandCr
opanz
ano(
199
6)t
oide
nti
fyho
wemp
loye
es’
e
mot
ionsandmo
odsi
nfl
uenc
ejo
bpe
rfo
rmanc
eandj
obs
ati
sfac
tio
n.“
Thefo
ur
mai
nco
mpo
nent
sofAETar
ethenat
ure
,cau
seandc
ons
equ
enc
eso
femo
tio
nin
t
hewo
rkp
lac
e,whate
vent
scau
see
mot
ionalr
eac
tio
nsi
nthewo
rkp
lac
e,t
hat
e
mot
ionsfl
uct
uat
eov
ert
imeand maybep
redi
cte
d,and t
hate
mot
ional
e
xpe
rie
nce
sar
emu
lti
dime
nsi
onalandt
hisdi
mens
ional
it
yisasi
mpo
rtantast
he
s
tru
ctu
reo
fthee
nvi
ronme
ntsi
nwhi
cht
heyo
ccu
r”(
Wei
ss& Cr
opanz
ano
,
1
996
).

Emo
tio
nsandmo
odsar
eabi
gpar
tofo
urdai
lyl
i
vesandwo
rkl
iv
es,andt
hey
c
ana
ffe
cte
mpl
oye
epr
odu
cti
vi
tyandj
obs
ati
sfa
cti
on.Theaffe
cti
vee
vent
s
t
heo
rye
xpl
ainsho
wemp
loye
esr
eac
temo
tio
nal
lyt
oev
ent
satwo
rkandho
w

7
s
uchr
eac
tio
nsc
ani
nfl
uenc
ethe
irat
tit
ude
sandbe
hav
ior
satwo
rk.Ac
cor
ding
t
oCr
opanz
ano
(19
96)
,ne
gat
ivee
mot
ionalo
ccu
rre
nce
sint
hewo
rkp
lac
emi
ght
c
aus
esho
cks
,whi
cht
henc
aus
elo
ng-t
erm affe
cti
ver
eac
tio
ns.Wo
rkp
lac
e
e
vent
smi
ghti
ncl
ude
,bu
tar
eno
tli
mit
edt
o,anno
yanc
es,du
tie
s,au
tono
my,j
ob
de
mands
,jo
bst
res
s,andu
pli
fti
ngac
tio
ns.Whe
nane
mpl
oye
eex
pre
sse
sthe
c
omp
any'
sde
sir
ede
mot
ionsdu
ringi
nte
rpe
rso
nali
nte
rac
tio
nsatwo
rk,t
hisi
s
k
nownase
mot
ionall
abo
ur.The
sewo
rkp
lac
einc
ide
ntshav
eabe
nefi
ci
alo
rbad
i
mpac
tone
mpl
oye
es.Th
eint
ens
ityo
fane
mpl
oye
e'sr
eac
tio
niss
tro
ngl
y
i
nfl
uenc
edbyt
hei
rmo
od.Asar
esu
lt,t
hei
nte
nsi
tyo
fthi
semo
tio
nalr
esp
ons
e
hasani
mpac
tonj
obp
erfo
rmanc
eands
ati
sfac
tio
n.Fo
rce
dsmi
le
s,fr
ust
rat
ion,
andr
ese
ntme
ntc
anl
eadt
otu
rno
ver
s,ande
mpl
oye
esfe
eli
ngbu
rno
ut.
(Fi
she
r,
2
000
).Ac
cor
dingt
oFi
she
r(2
000
)thefr
equ
enc
y,a
ndi
nte
nsi
tyo
fpo
sit
iveand
ne
gat
ivee
mot
ionsfe
ltatwo
rkr
elat
edt
ore
por
tso
fgl
obalj
obs
ati
sfac
tio
n,
s
upp
ort
ingt
heAETmo
del
.

Affe
cti
vee
vent
sthe
oryal
sop
rop
ose
sthats
tabl
ewo
rkfe
atu
ress
uchasj
ob
s
cop
epr
edi
spo
sest
heo
ccu
rre
nceo
fce
rtai
ntyp
eso
faffe
ctp
rodu
cinge
vent
s.
Fo
rins
tanc
e,ane
nri
che
djo
bmi
ghtmo
reo
fte
nle
ad t
oev
ent
sinv
olv
ing
fe
edbac
k,t
askac
comp
li
shme
nt,ando
pti
malc
hal
le
nges
uchasmayl
eadt
othe
e
mot
ionso
fpr
ide
,hap
pine
ssand e
nthu
sias
m.I
nfo
rmat
ionabo
ute
mpi
ri
cal
r
elat
ionsamo
ngt
hes
evar
iabl
esatwo
rkhasc
omep
rimar
il
yfr
oms
tudi
esu
sing
t
radi
ti
onalbe
twe
en-p
ers
onsc
orr
elat
ionalap
pro
ache
s.Ho
wev
er,gi
vent
he
t
emp
oralfl
uct
uat
ionsi
nmo
odo
nthej
ob,
suc
hbe
twe
en-p
ers
onap
pro
ache
smay
mi
ssmu
cho
fthev
ari
abi
li
tyi
nmo
odsandj
obbe
hav
iou
rsando
bsc
urer
elat
ions
be
twe
ent
hem.

I
tisi
mpo
rtantfo
rmanage
rst
ohav
eemo
tio
nali
nte
ll
ige
nce(
EI)
,whi
chi
s
de
fine
dasap
ers
on’
sabi
li
tyt
obes
elf-awar
eofhi
s/he
rowne
mot
ionswhe
n
s
hee
xpe
rie
nce
sthe
m,de
tec
temo
tio
nsi
not
her
s,andmanagee
mot
ionalc
ues
andi
nfo
rmat
ion(
Ashk
anas
yandDau
s20
02)
.Thi
sthe
refo
rehe
lpsc
urbt
he
de
viantbe
hav
ioratwo
rk.Ac
cor
ding t
o As
hka
nasand Dau
sfo
rbe
tte
r
manage
mento
fhu
manr
eso
urc
esandhe
lpi
nbe
tte
remo
tio
nmanage
ment
,
r
athe
rthans
eei
ngj
obsasp
ure
lyr
ati
onalu
nde
rtak
ings
,manage
rsne
edt
o

8
as
ses
sthe`
emo
tio
nali
mpac
t'o
feac
hemp
loye
e'sj
ob,and t
ode
signj
ob
as
signme
ntst
hat t
aket
hisi
nto ac
cou
nt,t
he du
o al
sop
rop
ose
dthat
o
rga
niz
ati
onsar
eno
tco
ldp
lac
est
hatp
eop
lee
nte
rju
stt
owo
rkManage
rsne
ed
t
ocr
eat
eap
osi
ti
veandfr
iendl
yemo
tio
nalc
li
mat
e,andt
omo
delt
hist
hro
ugh
t
hei
rownbe
hav
ior
.Manage
rsc
anal
soe
nco
urageap
osi
ti
vee
mot
ionalc
li
mat
e
t
hro
ughr
ewar
dsandc
omp
ens
ati
ons
yst
ems
.

I
nsu
mmar
y,i
fthee
mpl
oye
esar
eno
tsat
isfi
edwi
tho
rgani
sat
ionalu
nfai
r
p
rac
tic
es,e
mpl
oye
es’e
mot
ionsar
eaffe
cte
dandt
hisi
sli
kel
ytoi
nfl
uenc
e
t
hei
rac
tio
nswhi
char
eoft
enr
eac
tio
nar
yinnat
ure
.Emp
loye
est
endt
ore
act
t
ounfai
rtr
eat
ment
,ine
qual
it
y,s
tre
ss,r
olec
ongr
uenc
e,p
oorr
emu
ner
ati
on,
abu
siv
esu
per
vis
ionamo
ngo
the
rpe
rce
ive
dunfai
rpr
act
ice
s.Thi
semo
tio
nal
r
esp
ons
e i
nte
nsi
ty c
ons
equ
ent
ly affe
cts j
ob p
erfo
rmanc
e and
s
ati
sfac
tio
n.(
Fis
her
,20
00)

2
.2.
2Agenc
yTheo
ry

TheAge
ncyt
heo
ry(
Jens
enan
dMe
ckl
ing,
197
6)ho
ldse
mpl
oye
esasage
ntsand
e
mpl
oye
rs as p
rinc
ipal
s and ar
eut
il
it
y max
imi
ser
s.The Age
ncyt
heo
ry
p
ost
ulat
est
hatbo
the
mpl
oye
rand e
mpl
oye
esar
epr
one t
oop
por
tuni
sm
(
Sha
pir
o,2
005
).Op
por
tun
ismr
elat
est
ofu
rthe
ringo
ne’
simme
diat
eint
ere
sts
wi
tho
utr
egar
dtobas
icp
rinc
ipl
eso
rco
nse
que
nce
s,t
her
efo
res
elf-i
nte
res
tof
r
ati
onali
ndi
vi
dual
sdo
esno
tne
ces
sar
il
yre
sul
tino
ppo
rtu
nis
ticbe
hav
iou
rs
(
Gome
z-Me
jia,Wi
seman
,& Dyk
es,2
005
).Emp
loye
es(
age
nts
)wi
llbe
hav
e
o
ppo
rtu
nis
tic
all
y(de
vianc
e)i
fgi
vent
hec
hanc
e.Emp
loye
ess
ignc
ont
rac
ts
t
hato
utl
inet
hedu
tie
sthe
ysho
uldu
nde
rtak
ean
dthe
irr
esp
ons
ibi
li
ti
esi
nan
o
rga
niz
ati
on.Thec
ont
rac
tss
igne
dbye
mpl
oye
esar
edi
ffi
cul
ttoi
mpl
eme
nti
n
s
omec
ase
ssi
ncei
tisdi
ffi
cul
ttos
pec
ifyandant
ici
pat
efu
tur
eco
nti
nge
nci
es
(
Shl
ei
ferandVi
shny,1
997
).Asar
esu
lt,e
mpl
oye
ess
ome
time
smak
ede
cis
ions
t
hatgobe
yondt
het
ermso
fthe
irc
ont
rac
ts.I
tishu
mannat
uret
omak
e
de
cis
ionst
hatbe
nefi
tone
'sp
ers
onali
nte
res
ts,e
mpl
oye
esar
enoe
xce
pti
on.
The
ywi
llma
kede
cis
ionst
hatbe
nefi
tthe
mpe
rso
nal
lyatt
hee
xpe
nseo
fthe
c
omp
any.
Thi
sbr
ingsabo
utt
hep
rinc
ipal
’sp
robl
em(
Ros
s,1
973
)andt
heage
ncy
p
robl
em(
FamaandJ
ens
en1
983
).

9
No
net
hel
ess
,emp
loye
rs(
pri
nci
pal
s)c
anr
edu
cede
viantbe
hav
iou
rsi
fpr
ope
r
mo
nit
ori
ngandc
ont
rolme
chani
smsar
einp
lac
e (
Kidde
r,2
005
).Si
ncet
he
c
ont
role
nvi
ronme
nthasbe
enp
rev
iou
slyfo
undt
oinfl
uenc
eemp
loye
efr
aud,
it
i
sthe
refo
rebe
li
eve
dthatt
hec
ont
role
nvi
ronme
ntmayal
sohav
esi
gni
fic
ant
i
nfl
uenc
eto
war
dsc
ount
erp
rodu
cti
vebe
hav
iou
rs.Ki
dde
r(2
005
)pr
opo
sest
wo
waysbywhi
chanage
nt’
sop
por
tuni
sti
cbe
hav
iou
rsc
anber
edu
ced:

1
)co
ntr
act
ingo
ntheo
utc
omeo
fage
nt’
sbe
hav
iou
rbyu
singap
erfo
rmanc
e
r
elat
edc
omp
ens
ati
ons
yst
em,
and

2
)cr
eat
inggo
ver
nanc
eme
chani
smst
hatc
los
elymo
nit
orage
nt’
sbe
hav
iou
rand
t
husi
ncr
eas
ethec
hanc
eso
fde
tec
tio
nandp
uni
shme
nt.

2
.2.
3So
cial
-st
rai
nTypo
logyTheo
ry

Mo
rto
n(1
938
)pr
opo
sedt
hes
oci
als
trai
nthe
ory.Thet
heo
rys
tat
est
hat
p
res
sur
ede
riv
edfr
oms
oci
alfac
tor
s,s
uchasl
acko
finc
omeo
rlac
kofqu
ali
ty
e
duc
ati
on,dr
ive
sindi
vi
dual
stoc
ommi
tcr
ime
s.I
tar
gue
sthatc
rimeo
ccu
rs
whe
nthe
rear
en’
teno
ughl
egi
ti
mat
eop
por
tuni
ti
esfo
rpe
opl
etoac
hie
vet
he
no
rmals
ucc
essgo
also
fas
oci
ety.I
nsu
chas
itu
ati
ont
her
eisa‘
str
ain
’
be
twe
ent
hego
alsandt
heme
anst
oac
hie
vet
hos
ego
als
,ands
omep
eop
let
urn
t
ocr
imei
nor
dert
oac
hie
ves
ucc
ess
.Atwo
rkp
lac
es,s
ucc
essi
ncl
ude
sbu
tisno
t
l
imi
tedt
orai
sesi
ninc
omeandp
romo
tio
ns.

Mo
rto
n(1
938
)ar
gue
dthatwhe
nindi
vi
dual
sar
efac
edwi
thagapbe
twe
en
t
hei
rgo
als(
usu
all
yfi
nanc
es/mo
neyr
elat
ed)andt
hei
rcu
rre
nts
tat
us,s
trai
n
o
ccu
rsandt
hey hav
efi
vewayst
oadap
tname
ly,c
onfo
rmi
ty,i
nno
vat
ion,
r
itu
ali
sm,
ret
reat
ism,
rebe
ll
io
n.

Co
nfo
rmi
tyi
sthe mo
stc
ommo
n adap
tat
ion
.Cl
owar
d(2
003
)fo
und t
hat
c
onfo
rmi
stshav
eac
cep
tedt
hec
ult
uralgo
alo
fsu
cce
sso
rwe
alt
hat
tai
nme
nt,
andt
heyt
ryt
oac
hie
vei
tvi
ale
git
imat
eme
ans
.Att
hewo
rkp
lac
ethe
sep
eop
le
gi
vet
hei
ral
lindo
ingt
hei
rwo
rkandk
eepo
nimp
rov
ingt
hems
elv
esbyge
tti
ng
mo
ree
duc
ati
onandi
mpr
ovi
ngt
hei
rsk
il
ls
.Inno
vat
ioni
stheadap
tat
ionfo
r
t
hos
ewhohav
eac
cep
tedt
hec
ult
uralgo
alo
fsu
cce
ss/we
alt
hat
tai
nme
ntbu
t
ar
etr
yingt
oac
hie
vei
tvi
ail
le
git
imat
eme
ans
.Cl
owar
d(2
003
)fo
undt
hatt
hos
e

1
0
whoar
einv
olv
edi
nst
eal
ingo
rgani
zat
ionalr
eso
urc
es ar
ecl
ass
ifi
edi
nthi
s
adap
tat
ion.Any c
rime fo
rpr
ofi
t wo
uld be an e
xamp
leo
finno
vat
ion.
Embl
ezz
ersatano
rgani
zat
ionc
anc
rip
plet
heo
rgani
zat
ionfi
nanc
es(
Clo
war
d,
2
003
)

Ri
tual
is
mist
hec
ate
gor
yfo
rtho
sewhohav
eaba
ndo
nedt
hec
ult
uralgo
alo
f
s
ucc
ess
/we
alt
hat
tai
nme
ntbu
tco
nti
nuet
ous
ele
git
imat
eme
anst
omak
ethe
ir
l
iv
ing(
Mor
ton
,19
38).The de
dic
ate
d wo
rke
rswhowi
llne
veradv
anc
eto
manage
mentmi
ghtbec
ons
ide
redr
itu
ali
stsi
nMe
rto
n’st
ypo
logy.The
sear
eof
not
hre
att
otheo
rgani
zat
ion(
Clo
war
d20
03)
.Re
tre
ati
smi
stheadap
tat
iono
f
t
hos
ewhoha
ver
eje
cte
dthec
ult
uralgo
alo
fsu
cce
ss/we
alt
hat
tai
nme
ntand
hav
eal
sor
eje
cte
dthel
egi
ti
mat
eme
ans
.Me
rto
nde
scr
ibe
spe
opl
ewhoadap
tin
t
hiswayas“
int
hes
oci
etybu
tno
tofi
t.So
cio
logi
cal
ly,t
hes
eco
nst
itu
tet
he
t
rueal
ie
ns”(
Mer
ton,
195
7).

Re
bel
l
ioni
sthec
ate
gor
yfo
rpo
li
ti
calde
viant
s,t
hos
ewhodo
n’tp
laybyt
he
r
ule
sbu
two
rkt
ochanget
hes
yst
emt
othe
iro
wnl
ik
ing(
Mor
ton,1
938
).Re
bel
s
r
eje
ctt
hec
ult
uralgo
alo
fsu
cce
ss/we
alt
hat
tai
nme
ntandr
epl
acei
twi
th
ano
the
rpr
imar
ygo
al,t
heymayu
see
ithe
rle
git
imat
eori
ll
egi
ti
mat
eme
anst
o
ac
hie
vet
hisgo
alo
newayt
othi
nkabo
uti
tist
hatr
ebe
lswi
llu
sewhat
eve
r
me
ansne
ces
sar
ytor
eac
hthe
irc
hos
engo
al.
Rebe
lsatani
nst
itu
tio
nunde
rmi
ne
t
he au
tho
rit
iesatt
he o
rgani
zat
ion and may s
abo
tage t
he o
rgani
zat
ion
p
rogr
ams
(Me
rto
n,1
957
).

Agne
w(2
002
)su
gge
ste
dthato
rgani
zat
ionsc
anc
reat
epat
hsfo
rfu
rthe
r
de
vel
opme
nto
findi
vi
dual
sandne
wec
ono
micways t
oimp
rov
ethes
oci
al
we
lfa
reo
fthe
ire
mpl
oye
es.Pr
ovi
si
ono
ffi
nanc
ialai
dss
uchasl
oans
,me
dic
al
fac
il
it
iesando
the
rso
cialhe
lpt
othee
mpl
oye
esh
elpr
edu
cet
hes
trai
nont
he
e
mpl
oye
esandhe
lpc
urbde
vianc
e(Agne
w,2
002
).

I
nsu
mmar
yMe
rto
n'st
ypo
logye
xpl
ainst
hate
mpl
oye
esc
ant
urnt
ode
vianc
ein
r
esp
ons
etot
hei
rpe
rce
ive
dine
qual
it
y,u
nfai
rtr
eat
ment
,co
nfl
ic
tofi
nte
res
t,
wo
rkr
elat
eds
tre
sst
hro
ughr
oleo
ver
load, p
oorr
emu
ner
ati
one
tc.whi
ch
i
nvar
iabl
y wi
llmak
eso
me e
mpl
oye
est
osabo
tage o
rgani
sat
ionp
rop
ert
y,

1
1
s
teal
in
g,c
omi
ngl
atet
owo
rk,de
li
ber
ate
lywo
rki
ngs
lowl
yandt
aki
ngfr
equ
ent
u
nne
ces
sar
ybr
eak
s.

2
.2.
4Typo
logyOfNegat
iveWo
rkpl
aceDev
iat
ion

Ac
cor
dingt
oRo
bins
onandBe
nne
tt’
s(1
995
)typ
olo
gyo
fwo
rkp
lac
ede
vianc
e,
de
vian
t be
hav
iorv
ari
es al
ong t
wo di
mens
ions
,mi
norv
ers
uss
eri
ous and
i
nte
rpe
rso
nalv
ers
uso
rga
niz
ati
onal.
‘‘Or
gani
zat
ion
alde
vianc
e’’i
sagr
oup
ingo
f
be
hav
ior
sbe
twe
ent
hei
ndi
vi
dualandt
heo
rgani
zat
iont
hati
nvo
lve
ssu
cht
hings
ast
heft
,sabo
tage
,lat
ene
ss,o
rpu
tti
ngl
it
tlee
ffo
rti
ntowo
rk(
Robi
nso
nand
Be
nne
tt,
199
5).

Ont
heo
the
rhand,‘
‘i
nte
rpe
rso
nalde
vianc
e’’i
sabe
hav
iordi
spl
aye
dbe
twe
en
i
ndi
vi
dual
sint
hewo
rkp
lac
eandi
nvo
lve
sbe
hav
ior
ssu
chas
:be
li
ttl
ingo
the
rs,
p
layi
ngp
rank
sono
the
rs,
act
ingr
ude
ly,
argu
ing,
andp
hys
icalaggr
ess
ion(
Henl
e
e
tal
.
,20
05)
.Thefi
rstdi
mens
iono
fRo
bins
on’
styp
olo
gyi
stheo
rgani
zat
ional
-
i
nte
rpe
rso
naldi
mens
ion.Theax
isr
ange
sfr
om de
vianc
edi
rec
tedt
owar
ds
i
ndi
vi
dual
sto de
vianc
e di
rec
tedt
owar
ds t
he o
rgani
zat
ion
.The s
eco
nd
di
mens
iono
fRo
bins
onandBe
nne
t’s(
199
5)t
ypo
logys
howst
hes
eve
rit
yof
wo
rkp
lac
e de
vianc
erangi
ng fr
om mi
nort
ose
rio
us.The r
esu
ltso
fthe
ir
r
ese
arc
hyi
el
dedat
wo-di
mens
ionalc
har
twhi
cho
rgani
zesde
viantwo
rkp
lac
e
be
hav
iori
ntofo
urqu
adr
ant
slabe
led:p
rodu
cti
onde
vianc
e,p
rop
ert
yde
vianc
e,
p
oli
ti
calde
vianc
e,andp
ers
onalaggr
ess
ion(
Robi
nso
nandBe
nne
tt,
199
5).

1
2
 Fi
gur
e2.
1Adapt
edfr
omRo
bins
onandBennet
t(1995)

Ont
heo
the
rhand,‘
‘i
nte
rpe
rso
nalde
vianc
e’’i
sabe
hav
iordi
spl
aye
dbe
twe
en
i
ndi
vi
dual
sint
hewo
rkp
lac
eandi
nvo
lve
sbe
hav
ior
ssu
chas
:be
li
ttl
ingo
the
rs,
p
layi
ngp
rank
sono
the
rs,
act
ingr
ude
ly,
argu
ing,
andp
hys
icalaggr
ess
ion(
Henl
e
e
tal
.
,20
05)
.Thefi
rstdi
mens
iono
fRo
bins
on’
styp
olo
gyi
stheo
rgani
zat
ional
-
i
nte
rpe
rso
naldi
mens
ion.Theax
isr
ange
sfr
om de
vianc
edi
rec
tedt
owar
ds
i
ndi
vi
dual
sto de
vianc
e di
rec
tedt
owar
ds t
he o
rgani
zat
ion
.The s
eco
nd
di
mens
iono
fRo
bins
onandBe
nne
t’s(
199
5)t
ypo
logys
howst
hes
eve
rit
yof
wo
rkp
lac
e de
vianc
erangi
ng fr
om mi
nort
ose
rio
us.The r
esu
ltso
fthe
ir
r
ese
arc
hyi
el
dedat
wo-di
mens
ionalc
har
twhi
cho
rgani
zesde
viantwo
rkp
lac
e
be
hav
iori
ntofo
urqu
adr
ant
slabe
led:p
rodu
cti
onde
vianc
e,p
rop
ert
yde
vianc
e,
p
oli
ti
calde
vianc
e,andp
ers
onalaggr
ess
ion(
Robi
nso
nandBe
nne
tt,
199
5).

Ro
bin
sonandBe
nne
tt’
s(1
995
)typ
olo
gyo
fwo
rkp
lac
ede
vianc
ecanbeu
sedt
o
c
las
sifyde
viantbe
hav
iorac
cor
dingt
oor
gani
zat
ion
alc
li
mat
e.Re
sear
che
rshav
e
de
ter
mine
dthatt
hee
thi
calc
li
mat
eofano
rgani
zat
ioni
sago
odp
redi
cto
rof
u
net
hic
albe
hav
ior(
Robi
nso
nandBe
nne
tt,1
995
).Thee
thi
calc
li
mat
eofan
o
rgan
izat
ionr
efe
rst
othes
har
edp
erc
ept
ionso
fwhati
set
hic
all
yco
rre
ct
be
hav
iorandho
wet
hic
ali
ssu
ess
hou
ldbehandl
edi
ntheo
rgani
zat
ion(
Pet
ers
on,

1
3
2
002
).Thefac
tor
sthati
nfl
uenc
ethee
thi
calc
li
mat
eofano
rgani
zat
ioni
ncl
ude
p
ers
onals
elf-i
nte
res
t,c
omp
anyp
rofi
t,o
per
ati
nge
ffi
ci
enc
y,t
eam i
nte
res
ts,
fr
iends
hip
s,s
oci
alr
esp
ons
ibi
li
ty,p
ers
onalmo
ral
it
y,and r
ule
s,l
aws and
p
rofe
ssi
onalc
ode
s(Pe
ter
son,2
002
).Pe
ter
son(
200
2)p
erfo
rme
dco
rre
lat
ion
s
tudi
esbe
twe
endi
ffe
rentk
indso
fde
vianc
eex
hibi
ted wi
tht
het
ype
sof
c
li
mat
esi
ntheo
rgani
zat
ion.

Thec
lear
estr
elat
ions
hipl
ink
edp
oli
ti
calde
vianc
ewi
thac
ari
ngc
li
mat
e(Fi
gur
e
2
.1:bo
tto
mle
ftqu
adr
ant
).Po
li
ti
calde
vianc
eisc
las
sifi
edasami
norfo
rmo
f
de
vian
ce,fo
rex
amp
le,‘
‘fav
ori
ti
sm,go
ssi
pi
ng,and bl
ami
ng c
o-wo
rke
rs’
’
(
Pet
ers
on,2
002
).Whe
nth
eor
gani
zat
ionalc
li
mat
eiso
net
hatfo
ste
rst
hes
ens
e
i
nit
semp
loye
est
hatt
he o
rgani
zat
ionc
are
sabo
utt
hei
rwe
lfar
e,t
hen
e
mpl
oye
esar
ele
ssl
ik
elyt
oen
gagei
npo
li
ti
cal
lyde
viantbe
hav
ior
s(Pe
ter
son
,
2
002
).Ano
the
rco
rre
lat
ionwasbe
twe
enp
rop
ert
yde
vianc
e(Fi
gur
e2.
1:l
owe
r
r
ightqu
adr
ant
)andt
hec
li
mat
eso
fru
lesandp
rofe
ssi
onal
is
m.I
nthi
scas
e,
o
rgan
izat
ionst
hatu
pho
ldhi
ghadhe
renc
etoc
omp
anyp
oli
ci
esar
eatt
hel
owe
st
r
iskfo
rpr
ope
rtyde
vianc
e.Pr
edi
cto
rso
fpr
odu
cti
onde
vianc
e(Fi
gur
e2.
1:t
op
l
eftqu
adr
ant
)we
remo
sts
tro
ngl
yco
rre
lat
edt
oins
tru
ment
alc
li
mat
eswi
thi
n
o
rgan
izat
ions
.Or
gani
zat
ionsi
nwhi
chi
ndi
vi
dual
spr
ote
ctt
hei
rse
lf-i
nte
res
ts
ar
emo
stl
ik
elyt
opu
tupwi
ths
uchde
vianc
e.Thefi
nalc
ate
gor
y,p
ers
onal
aggr
ess
ion(
Figu
re2
.1:bo
tto
mri
ghtqu
adr
ant
)wasno
tco
rre
lat
edwi
thany
o
rgan
izat
ionalc
li
mat
ean
dist
husmo
sts
tro
ngl
yre
lat
edt
othep
ers
onal
it
yof
t
hei
ndi
vi
dualc
ommi
tti
ngt
hede
viantac
t(Ap
pel
bau
metal
.
,20
05)
.

2
.3CONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK

The
rear
etwot
ype
sof de
vianc
ewhi
char
eco
nst
ruc
tiv
ede
vianc
ewhe
re
e
mpl
oye
ese
ngagei
ninn
ovat
ivebe
hav
iou
rst
hatc
anp
rov
idet
heo
rgani
sat
ion
wi
tht
hene
ces
sar
ycr
eat
ivi
ty.Thes
tudyi
slo
oki
ngatde
str
uct
ivede
vianc
e
whe
ret
hee
mpl
oye
eint
ent
ional
lywant
stoc
aus
ehar
mtot
heo
rgani
sat
ionand
t
hisc
ate
gor
yoft
hisk
indo
f de
vianc
eiss
hownbe
low.Thi
sst
udyi
sbas
edo
n
t
heRo
bins
onandBe
nne
tt’
s(1
995
)typ
olo
gyo
fwo
rkp
lac
ede
vianc
etome
asu
re
t
hei
mpac
tofde
vianc
eono
rgani
zat
ionalp
erfo
rmanc
e.

1
4
I
ndependentVar
iabl
es Dependent
Var
ibl
es

Fi
g1.
1Co
ncept
ualfr
amewo
rk:r
elat
ions
hipbet
weenDev
iantBehav
iorandOr
gani
zat
ional
Per
fomanc
e
De
vianc
e be
hav
iorc
an be c
ate
gor
ize
dint
ocat
ego
rie
sname
lyp
rodu
cti
on
de
vianc
e,p
rop
ert
y de
vianc
e,p
ers
onalde
vianc
e and p
oli
ti
cal
(Ro
bis
on and
Be
nne
t,1
995
).Pr
odu
cti
onde
vianc
emani
fes
tswh
ene
mpl
oye
esv
iol
atequ
ali
ty
andqu
ant
itys
tandar
dswhi
lep
rodu
cinggo
odsands
erv
ice
swhi
chmaybequ
ite
c
ost
lyt
oano
rgani
sat
ionwhi
lep
oli
ti
calde
vianc
etak
esp
lac
ewhe
nemp
loye
es
e
xhi
bitfav
our
iti
smt
owar
dsc
ert
ains
tak
eho
lde
rs(
e.g.fr
iendsandfami
ly
me
mbe
rs,o
net
hni
cgr
ound,o
nre
li
gio
usgr
ounds
,ort
ocu
sto
mer
s,andc
o-
wo
rke
rs)
,thu
spl
aci
ng o
the
rsat a di
sadv
ant
age
(Mau
fi,2
011
).Pr
ope
rty
de
vianc
einv
olv
est
heac
qui
si
ti
ono
rde
str
uct
iono
fco
mpanyp
rop
ert
ywi
tho
ut
ap
pro
val
.Emp
loye
esmaye
ngagei
npr
ope
rtyde
vianc
ebyo
utr
ights
teal
ing,
e
xto
rti
on,
infl
ati
ngc
ost
sort
radi
ngo
ffi
ci
als
upp
ortfo
rpe
rso
nal
gai
ns.

Thi
sst
udywi
lladap
ttheabo
vefr
ame
wor
kinwhi
chp
oli
ti
cal
,pr
ope
rtyand
p
rodu
cti
onde
vianc
esar
ethei
nde
pende
ntv
ari
abl
esandwi
llbeu
sedt
oas
ses
s
ho
wthe
y i
mpac
tthes
ale
s,p
rodu
cti
ono
fpr
odu
ctsandde
li
ver
y o
fthe
p
rodu
ctsast
hede
pende
ntv
ari
abl
es.

2
.4CAUSESOFDEVI
ANTBEHAVI
ORSATWORKPLACE

De
viantbe
hav
iou
rno
rmal
lyt
ake
spl
acewhe
nane
mpl
oye
epe
rce
ive
sthat
he
/she has be
en wr
onge
d whe
the
r o
r no
t mi
str
eat
ment ac
tual
ly
o
ccu
rre
d(Chi
ras
ha,2
007
).Wo
rkp
lac
ede
viantbe
hav
ior
,ac
cor
dingt
oMi
tche
l

1
5
andAmbr
ose(
200
2),
canbeu
nde
rst
oodasane
gat
iver
eci
pro
cit
yor
ient
ati
oni
n
whi
chani
ndi
vi
dualr
etu
rnsane
gat
ivet
reat
mentwi
thane
gat
ivet
reat
ment
'
ane
yefo
rane
ye.
'Fo
rso
mee
mpl
oye
es,t
hisap
pear
stobeanap
pro
pri
ate
s
olu
tio
ntot
hei
rpr
obl
em.The v
ari
ousc
aus
eso
f wo
rkp
lac
e be
hav
iorar
e
de
scr
ibe
dint
hiss
ect
ion.

2
.4.
1Po
orRemuner
ati
on

Emp
loye
ese
xpe
ctt
obec
omp
ens
ate
dfo
rthet
imeande
ffo
rtt
heyp
uti
nto
t
hei
rjo
bs(He
irs
mac
,20
14)
.Ift
her
emu
ner
ati
onandr
ewar
dst
ruc
tur
eisp
oor
,
c
ert
aine
mpl
oye
esar
eli
kel
ytoe
ngagei
nde
viantbe
hav
iors
uchass
teal
ing,
abu
singo
ffi
ci
alp
rop
ert
yfo
rpe
rso
nalgai
n,s
abo
tage
,ando
the
rde
str
uct
ive
ac
tiv
iti
es.Co
mpe
tit
ionfo
rbe
tte
rco
mpe
nsat
ionandp
oorwage
s,o
ntheo
the
r
hand,
canl
eadt
ode
viantbe
hav
ioramo
nge
mpl
oye
es(Ol
oku
ndu
n,2
014
)

2
.4.
2Unfai
rTr
eat
ment

Whe
nane
mpl
oye
efe
elsu
nju
stt
reat
mentandi
nequ
itywi
thi
ntheo
rgani
zat
ion
,
heo
rshewi
lle
ngagei
nde
viantbe
hav
ior
.Emp
loye
esas
ses
sor
gani
zat
ional
fai
rne
ssbas
edo
nou
tco
mes
,pr
oce
dur
es,p
ers
onale
nco
unt
ers
,andwhatt
hey
be
li
evec
oul
dbedo
nebe
tte
rel
sewhe
re,bu
tman
age
mentr
efu
sest
oac
cep
t
t
his(
Fol
ger&Sk
arl
ic
ki,1
998
).Emp
loye
esmayde
vel
opne
gat
iveat
tit
ude
sand
fe
eli
ngss
uchasj
obdi
sco
nte
nt,ange
r,i
rri
tat
ion
,andmi
str
ustwhe
nthe
yvi
ew
t
hei
rwo
rke
nvi
ronme
ntt
obeu
nfai
r,l
eadi
ngt
ode
viantac
tsagai
nstt
he
o
rga
niz
ati
onando
the
rme
mbe
rso
fst
aff(Al
ge,1
998
).Emp
loye
ere
sent
ment
,
r
age
,ori
rri
tat
ion,
acc
ordi
ngt
oFo
lge
randCr
opanz
ano(
199
8),
wil
lbet
hemo
st
s
igni
fic
antfac
tor
.

2
.4.
3Jo
bDi
ssat
isfac
tio
n

Ac
cor
dingt
oLo
gso
n(2
002
),Thede
gre
etowhi
che
mpl
oye
eshat
ethe
irj
obsi
s
r
efe
rre
d t
o as j
ob di
ssat
isfac
tio
n. Po
za (
200
7) di
sco
ver
ed t
hat an
o
rgan
izat
ion'
scu
ltu
rean
dpo
li
ci
eshav
esi
gni
fic
anti
mpac
tso
nit
semp
loye
es,
wi
ths
omeo
fthe
see
ffe
ctsr
efl
ect
edi
nemp
loye
es'j
obp
erc
ept
ions
.Ifan
e
mpl
oye
eisu
nsat
isfi
ed wi
thhi
sorhe
rjo
b,heo
rshemay be
comel
ess
p
rodu
cti
ve(
Heat
her
ly(
200
1),andi
fthei
ndi
vi
dualr
emai
nsi
ntheo
rgani
zat
ion
,

1
6
t
hey may p
art
ici
pat
einc
ount
erp
rodu
cti
vebe
hav
ior
ssu
chasbad s
erv
ice
,
har
mfu
lru
mou
rs,e
qui
pme
ntt
heftands
abo
tage
,andabs
ent
eei
sm(
Kni
ght
s&
Ke
nne
dy,
200
5).
Thede
viantbe
hav
iou
rsmayber
efl
ect
edbyp
oorp
erfo
rmanc
e
o
rinc
reas
edabs
ent
eei
sm,wo
rki
ngs
lowl
yort
aki
ngl
ong/fr
equ
entbr
eak
sar
e
al
lex
amp
leso
fde
viantbe
hav
ior(Lo
que
t,2
004
).Fu
rthe
rmo
re,e
mpl
oye
eswho
ar
eonbo
ndt
endt
oengagei
nde
viantbe
hav
ioro
npu
rpo
se,
whi
chmi
ghtl
eadt
o
manage
mentfo
rci
ngt
hemo
uto
fthes
yst
emi
fthe
yar
enol
onge
rco
nte
nt
wi
tht
heo
rgani
zat
ion.
ste
mift
heyar
enol
onge
rco
nte
ntwi
tht
heo
rgani
zat
ion
.

2
.4.
4Jo
bSt
res
s

J
obs
tre
ssar
ise
swhe
nth
ejo
bde
mandsdono
tme
ett
hewo
rke
r'sc
apabi
li
ti
es,
r
eso
urc
es,o
rne
eds
,re
sul
ti
ngi
nne
gat
ivep
hys
icalande
mot
ionalr
esp
ons
es
(
Oot
oya
,20
15)
.Whe
npe
opl
ear
eov
erwo
rke
d,i
tcanl
eadt
ode
viantbe
hav
ioras
ar
esu
lto
finc
reas
edwo
rki
ngs
tre
sse
s(Pe
nny& Sp
ect
or,2
005
).Emp
loye
es
whoar
eex
per
ienc
ingne
gat
ivee
mot
ionsl
ik
eir
rit
ati
onasar
esu
lto
fwo
rk-
r
elat
eds
tre
sshav
ebe
enfo
undt
obemo
rel
ik
elyt
opar
tic
ipat
eins
ome
c
ount
erp
rodu
cti
veac
tio
ns(
Khai
rudi
n,2
011
).Tol
imi
tthefr
equ
enc
yofde
viant
be
hav
ior
, manage
ment s
hou
ld gu
arant
ee t
hat t
hei
r s
taff ar
e no
t
o
ver
bur
dene
dwi
tho
bli
gat
ions(
Wit
te,
&Eu
wema
,20
11)
.

2
.4.
5Abus
iveSuper
vis
ion

Emp
loye
evi
ewso
ftheamo
untt
owhi
ch manage
rse
ngagei
npe
rsi
ste
nt
di
spl
ayso
fho
sti
lev
erbalo
rno
nve
rbalbe
hav
iorar
edi
rec
tlyas
soc
iat
edwi
th
wo
rkp
lac
ede
vianc
e(Li
tzk
y,2
000
).I
tisi
mpo
rtantt
ounde
rst
andt
hati
fhar
sh
mo
nit
ori
ngi
sus
ed,r
etal
iat
ionmayfo
ll
ow(Gi
aca
lone
,& Du
ffy2
008
).fo
und
t
hate
mpl
oye
eswhor
egar
dth
eirs
upe
rio
rsasc
ari
ngandhe
lpfu
lhav
eal
owe
r
p
rev
ale
nceo
fwo
rkp
lac
ede
viantbe
hav
ior
.

2.
4.
6Co
nfl
ic
t

Wo
rkp
lac
eco
nfl
ic
tofs
omek
indi
sunav
oidabl
ean
dal
l-p
erv
asi
ve.So
mep
eop
le
mayhav
eco
nfl
ic
tswi
thc
owo
rke
rs,whi
leo
the
rsmaybei
rri
tat
edbyt
he
ac
tio
nso
fthe
irbo
sse
sors
ubo
rdi
nat
es.The
rea
reo
the
rti
meswhe
npe
opl
e
di
sagr
eewi
tht
hep
oli
ci
es,s
trat
egi
es,o
rgo
ver
nanc
eof an o
rgani
zat
ion
.

1
7
What
eve
rthes
our
ceo
fthe
irdi
ssat
isfac
tio
n,mo
stp
eop
ler
eac
tinp
redi
ctabl
e,
s
oci
all
yac
cep
tabl
eways(
Mac
mil
lane
tal
,20
03)
.Ho
wev
er,i
tmu
stbek
ept
u
nde
rco
ntr
ols
othatt
hep
robl
em do
esno
tbe
comet
ooc
omp
li
cat
edfo
rthe
o
rga
niz
ati
ont
ohandl
e.

2
.4.
7Int
ent
iont
oQui
ttheOr
gani
sat
ion

Thei
nte
nti
ont
oqu
itwasfi
rstde
scr
ibe
dast
hep
rox
imals
tepi
nac
hai
nof
fac
tor
sthatr
elat
esne
gat
iveat
tit
ude
sabo
utwo
rkwi
tht
hede
cis
iont
ole
ave
o
ne'
semp
loyme
ntfr
eel
y(Mo
ble
y,1
977
).Ac
cor
din
gtoHas
une
tal
.(2
011
),t
his
i
sas
igno
fdi
sco
nte
ntwi
tht
heo
rgani
zat
ionand,i
fno
tade
quat
elymanage
d,
c
anl
eadt
osi
gni
fic
ants
tafft
urno
ver(
Has
une
tal
,20
11)
.Emp
loye
es'de
sir
e
t
ole
aveac
omp
anyc
oul
dbedu
etoav
ari
etyo
ffac
tor
s,i
ncl
udi
ngu
nju
st
t
reat
ment
,ins
inc
eri
tyo
nthep
arto
fmanage
ment
,anu
nfr
iendl
ywo
rki
ng
e
nvi
ronme
nt,o
rgani
zat
ionalr
ule
sandp
oli
ti
cs,an
dine
qui
tyi
nco
mpe
nsat
ion
admi
nis
trat
ion,t
onameafe
w(Car
mel
i
,20
05)
.Emp
loye
es'i
nte
nti
onst
ole
ave
ano
rgani
zat
ion,ac
cor
din
gtoAp
pel
bau
metal
.(2
007
),c
anl
eadt
oune
thi
cal
andu
npr
ofe
ssi
onalbe
hav
iors
uchasabs
ent
eei
sm,s
ubs
tanc
emi
sus
e,p
riv
il
ege
abu
se,
andt
heft
,al
lofwhi
char
eco
unt
erp
rodu
cti
ve.

2
.4.
8So
cialPr
ess
uret
oCo
nfo
rm

Ac
cor
ding t
o Ak
ert(
200
5),gr
oup no
rmc
omp
li
anc
eisi
nfl
uenc
ed by an
i
ndi
vi
dual
'sne
edfo
rap
pro
val
,gr
oupc
ohe
siv
ene
ss,r
ewar
dsc
onne
cte
dwi
th
c
onfo
rmi
ty,andp
uni
shme
ntsas
soc
iat
edwi
thno
n-c
onfo
rmi
ty.Asar
esu
lt,
wo
rkp
lac
ede
vianc
ecane
mer
gewhe
nmanage
rse
ngagei
norac
cep
tde
viant
be
hav
ior
,or whe
nthe
ycr
eat
eor
gani
zat
ionalc
li
mat
est
hat e
nco
urage
e
mpl
oye
est
ofo
ll
owgr
oupno
rms
.Ne
wemp
loye
esa
rei
ndo
ctr
inat
edt
oco
ndu
ct
bu
sine
ssi
nawayt
hatmai
ntai
nst
hede
viantbu
tac
cep
tedbe
hav
iorwhe
n
me
mbe
rso
fawo
rkgr
oupfi
ndi
tac
cep
tabl
e(Maz
ni&Ro
ziah,
201
1).

2
.5I
MPACTOFDEVI
ANTWORKPLACE BEHAVI
OURSON ORGANI
ZATI
ONS’
PERFORMANCE

Lar
geands
mal
lfi
rmsha
vei
ncu
rre
dhu
gefi
nanc
iall
oss
eswhe
rehi
ghl
eve
lso
f
fr
audc
ase
shav
ebe
enr
eco
rde
d.Ec
ono
mic
all
ysp
eak
ingt
hec
osto
femp
loye
e

1
8
t
heft
,fr
audando
the
rfo
rmso
fde
viantac
tsatt
hewo
rkp
lac
etoabu
sine
ss
we
ighsi
nabo
vet
hev
alu
eofwhati
stak
en(
Chi
ras
haandMahap
a,2
012
).The
se
i
ncl
uder
ecr
uit
ment
,int
erv
iewi
ngands
ecu
ringt
hec
osto
fhi
ri
nge
mpl
oye
es
whi
chi
sbo
rnebyt
heo
rgani
sat
ion.
Int
heUSA.
Maz
ni&Ro
ziah(
201
1)r
eco
rde
d
t
hatt
hec
ount
rys
uffe
redabo
ut4
.2bi
ll
io
nfr
omwo
rkp
lac
evi
ol
enc
e,2
00bi
ll
io
n
fr
omannu
ale
mpl
oye
ethe
ft,
$5.
3bi
ll
io
nfr
omi
nte
rne
tsu
rfi
ngdu
ringwo
rki
ng
ho
urswhi
les
hop
li
fti
ngbye
mpl
oye
esac
cou
nte
dfo
r$2
0-$4
0bi
ll
io
nand$3
0
bi
ll
io
nfo
rabs
ent
eei
sm.Or
gani
zat
ionsl
ost$4
8.9bi
ll
io
nin2
016fr
omi
nve
nto
ry
s
hri
nkage
,ofwhi
ch3
0%—ne
arl
y$1
5bi
ll
io
n—wasdu
etoi
nte
rnalt
heftc
arr
ied
o
utbye
mpl
oye
es(
Mor
aca& Ho
ll
inge
r,2
017
).US bu
sine
sse
sre
por
tedan
av
era
gel
osso
f$1
.1mi
ll
io
nfr
ome
mpl
oye
ethe
fti
n20
16(
His
cox
,20
16)
.
Ex
ami
ningt
hec
osto
foc
cup
ati
onalfr
aud,t
heAs
soc
iat
iono
fCe
rti
fie
dFr
aud
Ex
ami
ner
s(2
016
)re
por
tedt
het
otalc
ostfr
omt
hec
ase
sfe
atu
redi
nthe
ir
s
tudywaso
ver$6
.3bi
ll
io
n,wi
thane
sti
mat
edl
osso
f$4
.0t
ril
li
ongl
obal
ly.
Ho
wev
er,p
hys
icalt
hefto
finv
ent
oryi
sno
ttheo
nlymaj
ormo
net
aryl
oss
s
temmi
ng fr
ome
mpl
oye
es;t
hewas
ting o
rthe
fto
fti
meal
sok
nownas
p
rodu
cti
on de
vianc
e affe
ctsal
mos
tev
ery wo
rkp
lac
e.Al
tho
ugh t
he c
ost
as
soc
iat
edwi
tht
imet
hefti
sinhe
rent
lymo
redi
ffi
cul
ttoe
sti
mat
e,ar
ece
nt
s
tudyp
lac
edt
heannu
alU.
S.c
ostat$7
59bi
ll
io
n(Mar
tin,Br
ock
,Bu
ckl
ey,&
Ke
tche
n,2
010
)

Thi
scl
ear
lys
howst
hatp
rodu
cti
onandp
rop
ert
yde
vianc
ehasal
argebe
ari
ng
o
for
gani
sat
ionals
ucc
ess
.Theo
the
rimp
act
sofwo
rkp
lac
ede
vianc
eal
soar
e
u
npl
eas
ante
mot
ionsatwo
rk,de
pre
ssi
on,andl
osso
fse
lf-e
ste
em,anx
iet
y,
s
lee
ple
ssne
ss,
pani
cat
tac
ksan
dat
ens
ewo
rki
nge
nvi
ronme
nt(
Chi
ras
ha,
201
2).

2
.6WAYSTOREDUCEDEVI
ANTBEHAVI
ORATWORKPLACE

Thebe
stwayt
ore
duc
ede
viantbe
hav
ioratt
hewo
rkp
lac
eisbyr
emo
vingo
r
mi
nimi
zi
ngt
hec
aus
eso
fwo
rkp
lac
ebe
hav
ior
.Thi
sse
cti
onde
scr
ibe
swayst
o
r
edu
ces
omeo
fthec
aus
eso
fwo
rkp
lac
ebe
hav
iou
ratt
hewo
rkp
lac
e.The
s
olu
tio
nsp
rop
ose
dbyAl
bet
oetal
.
,(2
018
)ar
esu
mmar
ise
dint
het
abl
ebe
low.

1
9
Tabl
e1:Rec
ommendat
ionsfo
rPr
event
ingandDet
err
ingWo
rkpl
aceDev
ianc
e

J
obs
tre
sso
rs Ro
uti
nel
ysu
rve
yemp
loye
esfo
rpo
ssi
bles
tre
sso
rs
Re
mov
eide
nti
fie
dst
res
sor
sthr
oughme
tho
dsl
ik
e
p
rov
idi
ngu
pdat
edandc
learj
obde
scr
ipt
ions
,tr
aini
ng,
andc
learc
ommu
nic
ati
ono
fpe
rfo
rmanc
eev
alu
ati
on
p
roc
edu
res
Gi
vee
mpl
oye
esmo
rec
ont
rolo
fthe
ire
nvi
ronme
nt

2.
6.
1Organi
zat
ional Us
esu
rve
ys,
foc
usgr
oup
s,o
rinfo
rmalc
onv
ers
ati
ons
Fai
rne
ss wi
the
mpl
oye
est
oas
ses
sfai
rne
ssp
erc
ept
ions
Av
oidp
uni
shme
nto
rne
gat
ivi
tyt
owar
demp
loye
es
whoe
xpr
esst
hei
rho
nes
top
ini
onsandc
onc
erns
Us
efai
r,c
lear
lye
xpl
aine
dpr
oce
dur
est
ose
lec
t,
p
romo
te,
rewar
d,anddi
sci
pl
inee
mpl
oye
es
Cr
eat
ear
epr
ese
ntat
ivec
ommi
tte
eofe
mpl
oye
est
o
o
ver
seet
hes
epr
oce
sse
sandi
nvo
lvee
mpl
oye
eswhe
n
mak
ingde
cis
ions
Re
war
det
hic
albe
hav
ior
sthr
oughl
ink
edi
nce
nti
ves

So
cialr
elat
ions
hip
s Su
per
vis
orss
hou
ldl
eadbye
xamp
leandde
mons
trat
e
e
thi
calbe
hav
ior
sre
lat
ions
hip
s
As
ses
sane
mpl
oye
e’sp
astbe
hav
iorwhe
n
hi
ri
ng/p
romo
ting
Pr
ovi
dec
hanne
lst
ore
por
tsu
per
vis
orandc
owo
rke
r
aggr
ess
ion
I
mpl
eme
ntc
learp
oli
ci
esandp
roc
edu
rest
oou
tli
ne
de
sir
ede
thi
calbe
hav
ior
sandac
tio
nst
hatwi
llbet
ake
n
i
ncas
eso
fvi
ol
enc
eandu
net
hic
ali
ty
Pr
ovi
degr
oup
-bas
edi
nce
nti
vesr
elat
edt
oet
hic
al
be
hav
ior

Emp
loye
e Us
ethehi
ri
ngp
roc
esst
opr
eve
ntde
vianc
ebe
for
e
e
mpl
oye
ese
vene
nte
rthewo
rkp
lac
epr
edi
cto
rs

2
0
 Us
epe
rso
nal
it
yas
ses
sme
ntst
opr
edi
ctp
erfo
rmanc
e
andt
hep
oss
ibi
li
tyo
ffu
tur
ede
viantbe
hav
ior
s
Us
eint
egr
ityt
est
stos
cre
enfo
rde
viantt
hou
ghtand
be
hav
ior
alp
roc
ess
es
Co
nta
ctt
estp
ubl
is
her
stoe
nsu
ret
het
est
syo
uus
e
hav
ebe
enr
igo
rou
slyt
est
ed,
val
idat
ed,
andar
ere
li
abl
e
Val
idat
eyo
uras
ses
sme
ntsi
nho
uset
omak
esu
ret
hey
ar
epr
edi
cti
ngp
erfo
rmanc
eandde
viantbe
hav
ior
sfo
r
s
pec
ifi
cpo
sit
ions
Ex
plo
ret
hep
oss
ibi
li
tyo
fhav
inge
mpl
oye
eswo
rki
n
gr
oup
sori
nst
all
ings
urv
eil
lanc
esys
temst
omi
nimi
ze
u
net
hic
albe
hav
ior
saft
ers
ele
cti
on

2
.7EMPI
RICALLI
TERATUREREVI
EW

I
nthi
sse
cti
onas
tudyo
fot
herr
ese
arc
hdo
nebyo
the
rre
sear
che
rso
nthe
t
opi
cisdo
ne.

Chi
ras
ha(
201
2)c
ondu
cte
dre
sear
cho
ncau
sesandi
mpac
tofde
viantbe
hav
ior
i
nthewo
rkp
lac
e,t
hec
aseo
fse
cre
tar
iesi
nst
ateu
niv
ers
iti
es.Ther
ese
arc
h
had6
0re
spo
nde
ntswi
th8be
ingt
hei
mme
diat
ebo
sse
s(manage
ment
)andt
he
r
estwe
ret
hes
ecr
etar
ies
.Fi
ndi
ngsr
eve
ale
dthati
nde
edwo
rkp
lac
ede
vianc
e
t
hro
ughi
tsv
ari
ousfo
rmswaso
ver
tint
heu
niv
ers
iti
es.Thet
womo
stc
ommo
n
ar
epr
odu
cti
onandp
rop
ert
yde
vianc
ethr
oughl
eav
inge
arl
yorc
omi
ngt
owo
rk,
mi
sus
eofc
omp
anyp
rop
ert
y,u
seo
fst
ati
one
ryo
npe
rso
nalmat
ter
sandv
erbal
abu
sewe
rec
ommo
nju
dgi
ngfr
omt
her
esp
ons
e.Ther
ese
arc
hco
ncl
ude
dthat
wo
rkp
lac
ede
vianc
eisno
tap
heno
meno
ntobeu
nde
res
timat
edasi
timp
act
s
ne
gat
ive
lyo
n bo
tht
he o
rgani
sat
ion'
sto
talo
utp
ut and t
he i
ndi
vi
dual
e
mpl
oye
e’s mo
ral and mo
tiv
ati
on. The r
ese
arc
h r
eco
mme
nde
d t
hat
manage
ment s
hou
ld be i
nvo
lve
d and s
ett
he t
one i
nsu
ppo
rti
ng e
thi
cs
p
rogr
amme
stoi
mpr
oveo
rgani
sat
ionalc
ult
ureandc
ondu
cto
femp
loye
esi
nthe
wo
rkp
lac
e.

2
1
To
dyo
(20
18)i
nve
sti
gat
edt
hei
mpac
tofde
str
uct
ivede
vianc
eonac
ade
mic
p
erfo
rmanc
e.Thr
ees
eco
ndar
ysc
hoo
lss
ele
cte
dfr
om Ngu
rumbi
ri
ric
lus
teri
n
We
dzadi
str
ictwe
remadeu
seo
f.A s
amp
les
izeo
fonehu
ndr
edandfi
ve
r
esp
onde
nts
,wi
thni
net
ybe
ingp
upi
ls
,ni
nebe
ingc
las
ste
ache
rsands
ixbe
ing
s
eni
ort
eac
her
s.Fi
ndi
ngss
howe
dthatt
her
ewasanadv
ers
ere
lat
ions
hip
be
twe
ende
str
uct
ivede
viantbe
hav
iou
r andp
upi
ls
’ac
ade
micp
erfo
rmanc
e.
Hi
gh r
ateo
f de
str
uct
ive de
vianc
e amo
ng s
eco
ndar
ysc
hoo
lpu
pil
s was
c
onne
cte
dtop
oorp
assr
ate
.Labe
ll
ing,l
acko
fawar
ene
ss,l
acko
fco
ntr
ol,and
p
eerp
res
sur
ewe
reno
tedt
obeamo
ng t
hemaj
orc
aus
eso
f de
str
uct
ive
de
vianc
e.Mo
reo
ver
,gu
idanc
eandc
ouns
ell
ingandi
nvo
lvi
ngp
are
ntsi
npu
pil
s’
di
sci
pl
inar
yis
sue
swe
reno
tedt
obemaj
orwayso
fde
ali
ngwi
thde
str
uct
ive
de
viantbe
hav
iou
rsi
ncec
orp
oralp
uni
shme
nthasbe
enabo
li
she
d.

As
ikae
t al
(20
19) c
ondu
cte
dre
sear
chi
n Ni
ger
ia,Wo
rkp
lac
e De
viant
Be
hav
iou
rsand SMEsSu
stai
nabi
li
ty.The s
tudy e
xami
nedt
he e
ffe
cto
f
wo
rkp
lac
ede
viantbe
hav
iou
rsu
bvar
iabl
eso
nSMEss
ust
ainabi
li
tyc
omp
one
nts
amo
ng 3
65o
wne
r/manage
rs,s
upe
rvi
sor
s,and e
mpl
oye
eso
f SMEsi
nthe
l
iqu
efi
edp
etr
ole
umgass
ubs
ect
ori
nLago
sSt
ate
.Thes
tudyc
onc
lude
dthat
wo
rkp
lac
e de
viant be
hav
iou
rsu
b-v
ari
abl
ess
uch as abu
siv
esu
per
vis
ion
,
wo
rkp
lac
eos
trac
ism,wo
rkp
lac
e bu
ll
ying,whi
stl
e bl
owi
ng,and wo
rkp
lac
e
i
nci
vi
li
tyaffe
cte
dSMEss
ust
ainabi
li
ty.Thes
tudyr
eco
mme
nde
dthatSMEs
o
wne
r/mana
ger
ssho
uld mo
dify t
he be
hav
iou
roft
hei
remp
loye
es by
i
ncu
lcat
ingmo
tiv
ati
onali
nit
iat
ive
sando
rgani
zat
ionalj
ust
icei
nmanagi
ngt
he
bu
sine
sse
s. Al
so,o
wne
rs/manage
rs s
hou
ld c
reat
e s
oci
al ne
two
rki
ng
o
ppo
rtu
nit
iesfo
remp
loye
est
hro
ughs
oci
als
upp
ort
,effe
cti
vec
ommu
nic
ati
on
amo
ngs
tak
eho
lde
rs,
ande
xemp
lar
yle
ade
rshi
p.

Radz
ali
,AhmadandOma
r(2
013
)ex
ami
nedfami
ly-t
o-wo
rkc
onfl
ic
t,wo
rkl
oad,
j
obs
tre
ssandde
viantwo
rkp
lac
ebe
hav
iou
ramo
ng2
34nu
rse
sinMal
ays
ia
ho
spi
tal
s.Ther
esu
ltr
eve
ale
daj
ointi
nfl
uenc
eoffami
ly-t
o-wo
rkc
onfl
ic
t,
wo
rkl
oadandj
obs
tre
sso
nde
vianc
ebe
hav
iou
r.Fu
rthe
rmo
re,t
hes
tudyal
so
s
howe
dthatfami
ly-t
o-wo
rk,wo
rkl
oadandj
obs
tre
sshadc
aus
edde
vianc
e
be
hav
iori
nthenu
rse
satt
hewo
rkp
lac
e.

2
2
Gal
per
in(
200
2)c
ondu
cte
dane
mpi
ri
calanal
ysi
sthate
xami
nest
her
elat
ions
hip
be
twe
ende
vianc
eandi
ndi
vi
dual
,jo
b,o
rgani
sat
ional
,andc
ult
uralfac
tor
sas
de
ter
minant
sofde
vianc
eint
hewo
rkp
lac
e,amo
ngs
ixhu
ndr
edande
ight
y-
e
ightwo
rke
rs.Thes
tudyp
rop
ose
dthatt
hee
xte
ntt
owhi
chp
eop
lefe
el
c
onfi
denti
npe
rfo
rmi
ngt
hei
rro
leswo
uldhav
eani
mpac
tont
her
elat
ions
hip
be
twe
enj
obfac
tor
sandwo
rkp
lac
ede
vianc
e.I
twa
shyp
othe
sis
edt
hatt
her
ole
br
eadt
hse
lf-e
ffi
cac
ybo
thmo
der
ate
sandme
diat
est
her
elat
ions
hipbe
twe
en
j
obau
tono
myandde
viantbe
hav
iou
r.Re
sul
tso
fth
est
udyge
ner
all
yindi
cat
ed
s
upp
ortfo
rthehyp
oth
ese
sre
lat
ing t
oindi
vi
dual
,jo
b,and o
rgani
sat
ional
fac
tor
s.

At
ien
o(2
014
)car
rie
dou
ta s
tudy i
n Ke
nya o
nthec
aus
eso
f de
vianc
e
be
hav
iou
ratt
hewo
rkp
lac
ean
ditr
eve
ale
dthatt
her
ear
ese
ver
als
igni
fic
ant
fac
tor
stoc
ons
ide
rwhe
nitc
ome
stot
hec
aus
eso
f de
str
uct
ivede
viant
be
hav
iou
rsi
nor
gani
zat
ions
.The
sec
omp
ris
ewo
rkbas
edfac
tor
s,i
nfl
uenc
e
fr
omt
hee
nvi
ronme
ntandho
mebas
edfac
tor
s.I
nhi
sst
udyAt
ienoo
bse
rve
d
t
hatt
her
ear
enu
mer
ousfac
tor
swhi
che
manat
efr
omt
heo
rgani
zat
ion
.The
se
i
ncl
udel
acko
fsu
per
vis
ionfr
omt
heau
tho
rit
iesand abs
ent
eei
smo
fthe
o
rga
niz
ati
onall
eade
rs.Mu
gambii
nAt
ieno(
201
4)p
oint
sou
tthatt
hebl
ameo
n
de
str
uct
ivede
viantbe
hav
iou
rco
uldbep
uto
nmanage
rs.MOEST(
200
0)had
t
hes
ameo
pini
ont
hato
neo
fthe l
eadi
ng c
aus
eso
f de
str
uct
ivede
viant
be
hav
iou
rwast
he habi
tual abs
enc
e o
fthehe
adso
f de
par
tme
ntsi
n
o
rga
niz
ati
ons
.So
memana
ger
sorhe
adso
fde
par
tme
ntswe
reno
tal
waysi
nthe
o
ffi
cet
ogi
vegu
idanc
etot
hos
eunde
rthe
m,t
heywe
reno
tal
waysav
ail
abl
eat
c
rit
icalt
ime
stogi
vedi
rec
tio
nandc
ouns
elt
othee
mpl
oye
es,s
tude
ntsand
s
upp
orts
taff.

2
.8RESEARCHGAP

Ass
howni
ntheabo
vel
it
erat
urer
evi
ew,i
nre
centye
arsde
str
uct
ivede
viant
be
hav
iou
r has be
eni
nve
sti
gat
ed by many r
ese
arc
her
s.To
dyo (
201
8)
i
nve
sti
gat
edt
hei
mpac
tofde
str
uct
ivede
vianc
eonac
ade
micp
erfo
rmanc
e.He
fo
cus
edo
nthei
mpac
tofde
str
uct
ivede
vianc
eint
heac
ade
mici
ndu
str
y.
Chi
ras
ha (
201
2)c
ondu
cte
d ar
ese
arc
honc
aus
esand i
mpac
tof de
viant

2
3
be
hav
iou
rint
hewo
rkp
lac
e,t
hec
aseo
fse
cre
tar
iesi
nst
ateu
niv
ers
iti
es.
The
r
ese
arc
hwasdo
nei
nanac
ade
mics
etu
paswe
llamo
ng s
ecr
etar
ies
.As
i
ndi
cat
edi
ntheabo
vec
ite
dst
udi
es, mo
sto
fther
ese
arc
hwasdo
nefo
r
di
ffe
rentfi
el
dss
uchass
cho
olsandu
niv
ers
iti
esho
wev
er,t
her
eisl
imi
ted
r
ese
arc
hont
het
opi
cint
hemanu
fac
tur
ingi
ndu
str
iesands
pec
ifi
cal
lyfo
r
Zi
mbabwe
anc
ount
rie
s.Thec
urr
entr
ese
arc
hint
endst
obr
idget
hisgap
.

2
.9CONCLUSI
ON

Thi
schap
terr
evi
ewe
dther
ele
vantl
it
erat
ureo
nth
eto
pic
.TheAge
ncyThe
ory,
Affe
cti
veandSo
cial
-St
rai
nTyp
olo
gy t
heo
ry we
redi
scu
sse
d.Thec
hap
ter
al
soanal
yze
dthee
mpi
ri
call
it
erat
ureo
nthet
opi
c.Ac
onc
ept
ualfr
ame
wor
k
wasde
vel
ope
dandt
her
ese
arc
hgapwasal
sodi
scu
sse
d.

2
4
 CHAPTER3:RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY

3
.1I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Thep
rev
iou
schap
tere
xami
nedt
hel
it
erat
urer
ele
vantfo
rthi
sst
udyandt
his
c
hap
terwi
llo
utl
inet
her
ese
arc
hme
tho
dol
ogyt
obeu
sedi
nthi
sst
udyi
n
de
ter
mini
ngt
hei
mpac
tofde
viantbe
hav
ioro
nor
gani
zat
ionalp
erfo
rmanc
e..
Re
sear
ch me
tho
dol
ogy r
efe
rst
othe s
yst
emat
icp
roc
esso
f p
robl
em
i
den
tifi
cat
ion,c
oll
ect
ion,anal
ysi
ngandp
res
ent
ati
ono
fdat
a(Ro
wle
r,2
002
).
Thi
schap
terp
rov
ide
sac
learde
scr
ipt
iono
fho
wre
sear
chwasc
arr
iedo
utand
al
sos
howst
her
ese
arc
hde
sign,r
ese
arc
hins
tru
ment
,samp
li
ngme
tho
dsand
t
echni
que
sanddat
aco
ll
ect
ionp
roc
edu
rest
hatwe
reu
sed.

3
.2RESEARCHAPPROACH

Thi
sre
sear
chado
pte
dthemi
xedme
tho
ds ap
pro
ach
.Cr
eswe
ll
(20
11) de
fine
s
mi
xedme
tho
dsr
ese
arc
hasanap
pro
acht
oinqu
iryi
nvo
lvi
ngc
oll
ect
ingbo
th
qu
ant
itat
iveandqu
ali
tat
ivedat
a,i
nte
grat
ingt
het
wofo
rmso
fdat
a,and
u
sing di
sti
nct de
signs t
hat may i
nvo
lvep
hil
oso
phi
calas
sump
tio
ns and
t
heo
ret
icalfr
ame
wor
ks.Mi
xedme
tho
dsr
ese
arc
hgi
vess
tudyp
art
ici
pant
sa
v
oic
eande
nsu
rest
hats
tudyfi
ndi
ngsar
ebas
edo
nthe
ire
xpe
rie
nce
she
nce
we
reu
sedi
nthi
sre
sear
ch.

3
.3RESEARCHDESI
GN

Bu
rnsandGr
ovei
nLawan(
199
3)de
finear
ese
arc
hde
signasabl
uep
rintfo
r
c
ondu
cti
ngas
tudywi
thmax
imu
mco
ntr
olo
ffac
tor
sthatmayi
nte
rfe
rewi
th
t
hev
ali
dit
yoft
hefi
ndi
ngs
.Ko
thar
i,(
201
1)de
fine
sitast
hec
onc
ept
ual
s
tru
ctu
rewi
thi
nwhi
chr
ese
arc
hwo
uldbec
ondu
cte
d.Thi
sre
sear
chado
pte
da
de
scr
ipt
ives
urv
eyr
ese
arc
hde
sign.Ade
scr
ipt
iver
ese
arc
hde
signu
sesas
eto
f
l
ogi
calp
roc
edu
rest
oco
ll
ectr
awdat
aandc
reat
edat
ast
ruc
tur
est
hatde
pic
t
t
hee
xis
tingc
har
act
eri
sti
cso
fap
opu
lat
ion(
Hai
retal
.
,20
06)
.Si
ncede
scr
ipt
ive
s
urv
eyse
ngaget
hede
scr
ipt
ion,r
eco
rdi
ng,ana
lys
isand i
nte
rpr
etat
iono
f
c
ondi
ti
ons t
hat e
xis
t,i
tenabl
est
he r
ese
arc
hert
oco
ll
ecti
nfo
rmat
ion

2
5
c
onc
erni
ngt
hec
urr
ents
tat
uso
fther
ese
arc
hobs
erv
abl
efac
twi
thr
esp
ectt
o
v
ari
abl
eso
rco
ndi
ti
onsi
nthes
itu
ati
ono
fLafar
gec
eme
nt.

3
.4TARGETPOPULATI
ON

Po
pul
ati
onr
efe
rst
oagr
oupo
findi
vi
dual
swi
tho
neo
rmo
res
pec
ifi
cfe
atu
res
t
hatar
eofi
nte
res
ttot
her
ese
arc
her(
Deac
on,
201
2).Par
aho
oinLawan(
199
3)
de
fine
spo
pul
ati
onast
het
otalnu
mbe
rofu
nit
sfr
om whi
chdat
acanbe
c
oll
ect
eds
uchasi
ndi
vi
dual
s,ar
tefac
ts,e
vent
soro
rgani
sat
ions
.Bu
rnsand
Gr
ove(
200
3)de
scr
ibep
opu
lat
ionasal
lthee
leme
ntst
hatme
ett
hec
rit
eri
afo
r
i
ncl
usi
oni
nas
tudy.Thep
opu
lat
ioni
nthi
sst
udyi
ncl
ude
dal
lthee
mpl
oye
esat
Lafar
gec
eme
nt.Ac
cor
dingt
otheLafar
ger
eco
rds
,Lafar
gee
mpl
oysat
otal
o
f80
0pe
opl
e.The
sear
ethegr
oup
sofp
eop
lewhoh
adt
heabi
li
tyt
opr
ovi
det
he
i
nfo
rmat
iont
hatt
her
ese
arc
herne
ede
d.

Tabl
e3.
4.
1:Tar
getPo
pul
ati
on

3
.5SAMPLESI
ZE

Po
li
tetal(
200
1,p
g23
4)de
fineas
amp
leas
,“ap
rop
ort
iono
fap
opu
lat
ion.
”.
A
s
amp
lei
sas
ubs
eto
fthewho
lep
opu
lat
ionwhi
chi
sbe
ingi
nve
sti
gat
edbyt
he
r
ese
arc
herwho
sec
har
act
eri
sti
cswi
llbege
ner
ali
zedt
othee
nti
rep
opu
lat
ion
(
Bur
nsandGr
ove
,20
03)
.Shi
ue .(
tal 2
012
),p
ost
ulat
est
hatt
henu
mbe
rof
e
leme
ntst
hatar
einc
lude
dinadr
awns
amp
les
hou
lde
nsu
reap
pro
pri
ate
r
epr
ese
ntat
iono
fthede
fine
dtar
getp
opu
lat
ion.Se
ver
als
cho
lar
shav
epu
t

2
6
fo
rth di
ffe
rentwayso
f de
ter
mini
ng s
amp
les
ize
.The s
amp
les
ize was
de
ter
mine
dfr
om Gl
enn(
199
2),t
abl
eswhe
reCo
nfi
denc
eLe
veli
s95
% and
P=0
.5.

Tabl
e2:Sampl
eSi
zefo
r±5% and±10% Pr
eci
si
onLev
elswher
eCo
nfi
denc
e
Lev
eli
s95% andP=0.
5

The
refo
reac
cor
dingt
othet
abl
eabo
ve,as
amp
lebe
twe
en2
22and2
86i
sval
id
fo
rap
opu
lat
iono
f80
0.Ass
uchas
amp
leo
f25
0wasu
sedi
nthi
sre
sear
ch.The
t
arge
tsamp
lei
ncl
ude
demp
loye
esi
ndi
ffe
rentde
par
tme
ntsandmanage
rial
l
eve
lsass
howni
nthet
abl
ebe
low.

Tabl
e3:Po
pul
ati
onands
ampl
esi
ze

Po
sit
ion Po
pul
ati
on Sampl
esi
ze

To
pManage
ment 1
3 5

Mi
d-Le
velManage
ment 2
2 1
5

Su
per
vis
ors 3
6 2
0

Ge
ner
alEmp
loye
es 7
29 2
10

To
tal 800 250

2
7
Thes
amp
les
izeo
f25
0isap
pro
pri
atefo
rre
sear
chs
tudi
eswi
thap
opu
lat
ions
ize
o
f80
0re
spo
nde
ntsandabo
vet
husmak
ingi
tfe
asi
blefo
rthi
sre
sear
chs
tudy.

3
.6SAMPLI
NGTECHNI
QUES

Ther
ese
arc
heru
sedano
n-p
robabi
li
tys
amp
li
ngt
echni
quedu
etol
acko
ffu
ll
ac
ces
stot
hel
is
tofp
opu
lat
ionu
nde
rst
udyhe
ncec
oul
dno
tus
epr
obabi
li
ty
s
amp
li
ngp
roc
edu
rewhi
chr
equ
ire
sade
tai
le
dli
sto
fthes
amp
li
ngfr
ame
.
Co
nve
nie
nces
amp
li
ngt
echni
quewasu
sedt
oco
ll
ectdat
afo
rthi
sre
sear
ch.

3
.6.
1Co
nveni
enc
esampl
ing

Ac
cor
dingt
oZi
kmu
nde .
,(
tal 2
010
),c
onv
eni
enc
esamp
li
ngi
sano
n-p
robabi
li
ty
s
amp
li
ngt
echni
quei
nwhi
cht
her
ese
arc
hers
ele
ctsu
nit
stobes
amp
ledbas
ed
o
nthefi
rstav
ail
abl
ere
spo
nde
nts
,typ
ical
lyge
tti
ngr
esp
onde
ntswhe
rev
er
c
onv
eni
ent(
Zik
munde
tal
.
,20
10)
.Du
ringt
hep
roc
esso
fco
nve
nie
nces
amp
li
ng,
noi
ncl
usi
onc
rit
eri
awasi
dent
ifi
edp
rio
rtot
hes
ele
cti
ono
fre
spo
nde
nts
,al
l
r
esp
onde
ntswe
rei
nvi
tedt
opar
tic
ipat
e.Thi
ste
chni
quewasu
sed by t
he
r
ese
arc
herdu
etoc
ost
sandt
imer
est
ric
tio
n.Ther
ese
arc
herc
hos
eco
nve
nie
nce
s
amp
li
ng o
vero
the
r no
n-p
robabi
li
ty s
amp
li
ng t
echni
que
s be
cau
se i
ts
affo
rdabi
li
ty,e
ase and r
esp
onde
ntswe
rer
eadi
ly av
ail
abl
e,(
Coo
perand
Sc
hindl
er,
201
4).

3
.7DATASOURCES

Ther
ese
arc
heru
sedbo
thp
rimar
yands
eco
ndar
ydat
atoac
qui
reade
quat
e
i
nfo
rmat
iono
nre
sear
chv
ari
abl
es.

3
.7.
1Sec
ondar
yDat
a

Se
condar
ydat
aisdat
apr
evi
ous
lyc
oll
ect
edandas
sembl
edfo
rso
meo
the
r
r
ese
arc
hsi
tuat
ions o
the
rth
an t
he c
urr
ent r
ese
arc
h(Shi
uet al
.
,20
12)
.
Se
condar
y dat
aso
urc
esi
ncl
ude
,int
ernalr
epo
rts
,ne
wsp
ape
rpu
bli
cat
ions
,
we
bsi
tese
tc.Se
condar
ydat
aso
urc
esu
til
iz
ati
on,i
sco
ste
ffe
cti
ve,andt
ime
e
ffi
ci
ent
(Sau
nde
rse
tal
.
,20
08)he
ncewasu
sedi
nthi
sre
sear
ch.

2
8
3
.7.
23.
7.
2Pr
imar
ySo
urc
es

Bo
rgandGal
l,2
012
,de
fine
spr
imar
yso
urc
eso
fdat
aso
urc
eswhi
chge
tdat
a
di
rec
tly fr
omt
he r
esp
onde
nts
.Dat
aso
urc
ess
uch asqu
est
ionnai
resar
e
e
xamp
leso
fpr
imar
yso
urc
es.Thi
sst
udyal
somadeu
seo
fpr
imar
yso
urc
eso
f
dat
a.Pr
imar
ydat
aso
urc
eswe
reast
heyp
rov
idet
her
ese
arc
herl
ate
stand
p
rec
isedat
ainr
elat
iont
othep
robl
emu
nde
rst
udy(
Sau
nde
rse
tal
.
,20
12)
.

3
.8RESEARCHI
NSTRUMENT

Thi
sist
hede
vic
eus
edt
oco
ll
ectdat
afr
omr
esp
onde
nts
,su
chasap
ape
r
qu
est
ionnai
reo
rco
mpu
ter
-as
sis
tedi
nte
rvi
ewi
ng s
yst
em (
Panne
ers
elv
am,
2
004
).Ther
ese
arc
heru
sedaqu
est
ionnai
reandi
nte
rvi
ewsast
her
ese
arc
h
i
nst
rume
nts
...

3
.8.
1Ques
tio
nnai
res

Qu
est
ionnai
reswe
res
elf-admi
nis
ter
eds
oast
opr
ovi
degr
eat
erano
nymi
tyo
n
s
ens
iti
vei
ssu
esfo
rther
esp
onde
nts
.Thequ
est
ionnai
rec
ont
aine
dop
en-e
nde
d
qu
est
ions
.Thi
sinc
reas
est
he r
eli
abi
li
tyo
fthe r
esp
ons
es.The s
elf-
admi
nis
ter
edqu
est
ionna
ire
sus
edwe
redi
str
ibu
tedt
other
esp
onde
ntsu
sing
e
mai
ls
.Theo
nli
nes
elf-admi
nis
ter
edqu
est
ionnai
reswe
reu
sedbe
cau
set
hey
ar
eco
ste
ffe
cti
veandc
oul
dbee
asi
lydi
str
ibu
tedt
oawi
der
angeo
fpe
opl
e
o
vert
hei
nte
rne
tandal
sodu
etoc
ovi
d19r
est
ric
tio
ns.

3
.8.
2Int
erv
iews

Ani
nte
rvi
ewc
anbede
fin
edasadi
rec
tco
nve
rsat
ionbe
twe
enar
esp
onde
ntand
ar
ese
arc
herwhe
rebyt
her
esp
onde
ntwo
uldbean
swe
ringqu
est
ionsas
kedby
t
her
ese
arc
her
.Be
standKahn(
198
9page2
01)as
ser
tthatani
nte
rvi
ewi
s,“
in
as
ens
eano
ralqu
est
ionnai
re,whe
rei
nst
eado
fwr
iti
ngt
her
esp
ons
e,o
negi
ves
t
hei
nfo
rmat
iono
ral
lya
ndo
nafac
e-t
o-fac
ebas
is.Ani
nte
rvi
ewp
rov
ide
s
i
mme
diat
efe
edbac
kandu
sual
lymu
chr
eli
abl
einfo
rmat
ionbe
cau
seo
nehasno
ade
quat
eti
met
othi
nko
uto
fto
pici
nqu
est
ion,fo
rex
amp
let
hink
ingo
fhi
s
p
ers
onalr
ela
tio
nshi
pwi
tht
hei
nte
rvi
ewe
rand gi
veans
wer
sthats
uitt
he
r
elat
ions
hip
.Int
erv
iewsar
eas
igni
fic
antwayo
fobt
aini
ngi
nfo
rmat
ionfr
om

2
9
i
ndi
vi
dual
sabo
utt
hei
rex
per
ienc
es,o
rtol
ear
nmo
reabo
utt
hei
rans
wer
sto
s
urv
eys
.Int
hiss
tudyi
nte
rvi
ewswe
rec
ondu
cte
dwi
tht
hes
eni
ort
eac
her
son
t
hei
mpac
tofde
str
uct
ivede
viantbe
hav
ioro
nac
ade
micp
erfo
rmanc
e.

I
nte
rvi
ews we
rec
hos
en fo
rthe
ir nu
mer
ous adv
ant
age
s.APPEAL (
200
1)
o
bse
rve
sthati
nte
rvi
ewsar
eus
efu
lfo
rgai
ningi
nsi
ghtandc
ont
exti
ntoat
opi
c.
The
yal
lo
wre
spo
nde
ntst
ode
scr
ibewhati
simp
ort
antt
othe
m.APPEAL(
200
1)
no
test
hati
nte
rvi
ewsar
eap
pro
pri
atefo
rbo
thp
roc
essando
utc
omee
val
uat
ion
be
cau
set
her
ese
arc
herc
ange
tin-de
pthi
nfo
rmat
ionfr
omp
art
ici
pant
s.Si
nce
de
str
uct
ivede
viantbe
hav
iori
sas
ens
iti
vei
ssu
e,t
her
ese
arc
herc
anas
k
s
ens
iti
vequ
est
ionst
hatr
equ
irec
onfi
dent
ial
it
y.Du
ringt
hei
nte
rvi
ews
,the
i
nte
rvi
ewe
rcan e
xhi
bitmo
re fl
exi
bil
it
y and c
an r
ephr
ase and o
rre
peat
qu
est
ionss
othatt
her
esp
onde
ntsu
nde
rst
andwhati
sme
antbyp
art
icu
lar
qu
est
ions
.Thei
nte
rvi
ewe
rhasac
ces
sno
tonl
ytowhatr
esp
onde
ntss
aybu
tho
w
t
heys
ayi
t.Thu
sthei
nte
rvi
ewal
lo
wst
her
ese
arc
hert
ono
temo
reo
ntheno
n-
v
erbalbe
hav
ior
.

Li
kean
yot
herr
ese
arc
hins
tru
ment
,int
erv
iewshav
ethe
irfl
aws
.APPEAL(
200
1)
no
test
hati
nte
rvi
ewsar
eti
mec
ons
umi
ngande
xpe
nsi
veasc
omp
are
dtoo
the
r
dat
aco
ll
ect
ionme
tho
ds.Co
henandMar
ion(
198
0)o
bse
rvet
hati
nthe
irs
tudy,
mo
sto
fther
esp
onde
ntsfe
ltu
neas
yandc
oul
dado
ptav
oidanc
etac
tic
swhe
n
r
esp
ondi
ngt
oqu
est
ions
,es
pec
ial
lyo
fqu
est
ionst
hatp
rov
edt
obet
oos
ens
iti
ve
fo
rthe
m.Re
spo
nde
ntsc
anal
sowi
thho
ldi
nfo
rmat
iont
othe
mse
lve
spar
tic
ular
ly
whati
sint
hei
rpo
wert
ost
ate
.The
yar
ethu
ssu
sce
pti
blet
oint
erv
iewbi
as.
The
rec
anal
sobeahi
ghr
ateo
fse
mant
icp
robl
ems
.Re
spo
nde
ntsmayno
t
c
onc
ise
lyandc
lear
lyge
ttheme
ani
ngso
fso
mewo
rds
.Be
standKahn(
198
9)
ar
guet
hati
nte
rvi
ewr
equ
ire
sal
eve
lofe
xpe
rti
seno
tor
dinar
il
ypr
oce
sse
dby
i
nex
per
ienc
ed r
ese
arc
her
s.I
nte
rvi
ews ar
e qu
ite di
ffi
cul
t t
o e
mpl
oy
s
ucc
ess
ful
lybe
cau
set
her
elat
ions
hipbe
twe
eni
nte
rvi
ewe
eand i
nte
rvi
ewe
r
r
equ
iree
xpe
rtne
ssand s
ens
ibi
li
ty he
ncei
fca
rri
edo
utby i
nex
per
ienc
ed
p
ers
onne
lcanbev
eryu
nre
li
abl
e.

3
0
3
.9DATACOLLECTI
ONPROCEDURE

Theda
tac
oll
ect
ionp
roc
edu
rei
nvo
lve
dse
tti
ngu
pme
eti
ngswi
tht
heLafar
ge
HRt
oco
ll
ecte
mai
lso
fthee
mpl
oye
esandt
hens
endi
ngt
hequ
est
ionnai
rest
o
r
esp
onde
ntst
hro
ugh t
he e
mai
ls
.The r
ese
arc
heral
so made c
all
stot
he
r
esp
onde
ntsno
tifyi
ngt
hemabo
utt
hequ
est
ionnai
ress
entt
othe
ire
mai
ls
.The
r
esp
onde
ntsfi
ll
edi
nthequ
est
ionnai
reso
nthe
iro
wngi
vi
ngt
hemmu
cht
imet
o
r
esp
ondt
husav
oidi
ngge
tti
ngt
hewr
ongr
esp
ons
e.Fo
ll
owu
pcal
lswe
remadet
o
t
her
esp
onde
ntst
ose
ndbac
kthequ
est
ionnai
res
.Ther
esp
onde
ntss
entbac
k
t
hea
nswe
redqu
est
ionnai
resv
iae
mai
laswe
ll
.

Thep
roc
edu
real
soi
nvo
lve
dse
tti
ngu
pme
eti
ngswi
tht
heLafar
gemanage
ment
.
Theme
eti
ngswe
redo
nedu
ringt
hebr
eakt
ime
sandl
ast
edar
ound2
0–3
0
mi
nut
es.

3
.10DATAANALYSI
S

Dat
aanal
ysi
sist
hep
roc
esso
fsys
temat
ical
lyo
rgani
zi
ngdat
aint
olo
gic
al,
s
equ
ent
ialand me
ani
ngfu
lcat
ego
rie
s and c
las
sifi
cat
ions t
o mak
ethe
m
ame
nabl
etot
hes
tudyandi
nte
rpr
etat
ion
(De
lpo
rt,
201
1).
Dat
aanal
ysi
senabl
es
r
awdat
atobep
roc
ess
edandbep
uti
ntov
alu
abl
eus
e.Be
for
epr
oce
ssi
ngt
he
r
esp
ons
es,t
her
ese
arc
herc
hec
kedande
xami
nedc
omp
let
edqu
est
ionnai
resfo
r
c
omp
let
ene
ssandc
ons
ist
enc
y

Ther
ese
arc
hert
henmadeu
seo
ftheSt
ati
sti
calPac
kagefo
rSo
cialSc
ienc
es
(
SPSS)fo
rdat
aanal
ysi
s.Thedat
awast
henp
res
ent
edi
nthefo
rmo
ftabl
es
fo
rac
learp
ict
ureande
asyu
nde
rst
andi
ng.Theanal
ysi
swasde
riv
edfr
omt
he
qu
est
ionsas
kedi
nthequ
est
ionnai
resandi
nte
rvi
ews
.Inaddi
ti
onfr
equ
enc
y,
me
an,
standar
dde
viat
ionswe
reu
sedt
oanal
yzeda
ta.

3
.11ETHI
CALCONSI
DERATI
ON

Re
sni
k(2
010
)po
stu
lat
edt
hatr
ese
arc
het
hic
sre
lat
est
oqu
est
ionsabo
utho
wto
c
arr
you
tther
ese
arc
hpr
oce
ssi
namo
ralandr
esp
ons
ibl
eway.Ther
ese
arc
her
e
nsu
redt
hatt
heano
nymi
tyo
fther
esp
ons
esp
rov
ide
dwi
llbemai
ntai
nedand
nor
esp
onde
ntswi
llbeas
kedo
fthe
iri
dent
ifi
cat
ionde
tai
ls
.Ther
ese
arc
her
c
oll
ect
edal
ett
ero
fco
nse
ntfr
omt
heu
niv
ers
itywhi
chmadei
teas
ierfo
r

3
1
r
esp
onde
ntst
oshar
einfo
rmat
ion.Al
sot
her
ese
arc
hers
oughtau
tho
riz
ati
ont
o
c
ondu
ctt
he r
ese
arc
hont
he e
mpl
oye
esfr
om t
he Lafar
ge c
eme
nt HR.
Par
tic
ipat
ionwasv
olu
ntar
yandt
her
ese
arc
heral
sor
esp
ect
edt
her
esp
onde
nts
’
wi
ll
ingne
sso
runwi
ll
ingne
sst
ore
spo
ndt
othequ
est
ionsu
nde
rst
udy.

3
.12VALI
DITYANDRELI
ABI
LITY

Val
idi
tyi
sthee
xte
ntt
owhi
char
ese
arc
herac
hie
veswhati
tiss
upp
ose
dto
ac
hie
veandp
erfo
rmsasi
tisde
signe
dtop
erfo
rm(
Sau
nde
rse
tal
,20
07)
.To
mak
ether
ese
arc
hval
id,t
hequ
est
ionnai
resu
sedmu
stme
asu
rewhati
tis
de
sign
edt
ome
asu
reac
cur
ate
ly(
Sau
nde
rse
tal
.
,20
07)
.Ther
ese
arc
hers
ought
t
heh
elpo
fex
per
tss
uchasl
ect
ure
rsi
nst
ruc
tur
ingt
hequ
est
ionnai
requ
est
ions
.
Al
soap
il
ott
ests
urv
eywasdo
neandr
ele
vantc
hange
stot
hequ
est
ionnai
re
qu
est
ionwe
redo
ne.Fi
she
r(2
006
)su
gge
ste
dth
ataqu
est
ionnai
remu
stbe
p
il
ote
dtoav
oide
rro
rand admi
nis
teri
ll
ogi
calqu
est
ionsand s
tat
eme
nts
.
Sa
unde
rse
tal
.
,(2
007
)ar
tic
ulat
est
hatp
il
ott
est
ingi
simp
ort
antfo
ras
ses
sing
t
hev
ali
dit
yand ac
cur
acyo
fthequ
est
ionsand r
eli
abi
li
tyo
fdat
atobe
gat
her
edandt
ore
finequ
est
ionss
othatt
heyar
eeas
ytoans
wer
.Fo
rthe
p
urp
oseo
fthi
sre
sear
ch,
ther
ese
arc
hermadeu
seo
ffi
fte
enp
il
otr
esp
onde
nts
.
Thep
il
otr
esp
onde
ntswe
reno
tinc
lude
dint
her
ese
arc
hdat
aanal
ysi
s.

3
.13SUMMARY

Thec
hap
tere
xami
nedt
her
ese
arc
hme
tho
dol
ogyt
hatt
her
ese
arc
heru
sedt
o
c
oll
ectdat
a;t
her
ese
arc
het
hic
sthatgu
ide
dthes
tudywasal
soe
xami
ned.The
ne
xtc
hap
terwi
llanal
yzet
hec
oll
ect
eddat
aaswe
llasdat
apr
ese
ntat
ion
.

3
2
 CHAPTER4:

DATAPRESENTATI
ON,
ANALYSI
SANDDI
SCUSSI
ON

4
.1I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Thep
rev
iou
schap
ter
sdi
scu
sse
dthec
onc
ept
san
dthe
ori
esu
nde
rst
udyand
t
heme
tho
dol
ogywhi
chwasu
sedbyt
hiss
tudy.Theai
moft
hisc
hap
teri
sto
e
xpl
aint
hep
roc
ess
es,t
echni
que
s,andp
roc
edu
resado
pte
dtoanal
yze
,pr
ese
nt
andi
nte
rpr
etdat
agat
her
edu
singqu
est
ionnai
resandi
nte
rvi
ews
.Thi
schap
ter
al
soi
ncl
ude
sde
mogr
aphi
cinfo
rmat
iono
fpar
tic
ipa
ntswhi
chi
ncl
ude
sage
,le
vel
o
fedu
cat
ionaswe
llase
duc
ati
onall
eve
l.I
tco
nsi
stso
fdat
aanal
ysi
s,t
abl
es,as
we
llasp
erc
ent
age
sont
hei
mpac
tofde
viantbe
hav
iou
ront
hep
erfo
rmanc
eof
o
rgan
izat
ionsatLafar
gec
eme
nt.
.

4
.2RESPONSERATE

I
nor
dert
ofac
il
it
atet
her
ese
arc
h,t
her
ese
arc
heri
ssu
ed2
50qu
est
ionnai
res
t
ore
spo
nde
ntst
hatwe
rec
hos
en by c
onv
eni
enc
esamp
li
ng.Ther
ese
arc
h
t
arge
ted4
0to
pmanage
ment
,21
0ge
ner
ale
mpl
oye
esand.Thes
tudywasabl
e
t
oge
ta7
4%r
esp
ons
erat
e(1
85p
art
ici
pant
s).Ac
cor
dingt
oMu
gendaand
Mu
genda(
200
9)ar
esp
ons
era
teo
f50
%isade
quat
efo
ranal
ysi
sandr
epo
rti
ng,
ar
ateo
f60
%isgo
odandar
esp
ons
erat
eof7
0% ando
veri
sex
cel
le
nt,
t
her
efo
re,
thi
sre
spo
nser
atei
sex
cel
le
nt.

Tabl
e4:Res
pons
erat
e

So
urc
e:Pr
imar
ydat
a

3
3
4
.3DEMOGRAPHI
CINFORMATI
ON

Thi
sse
cti
onp
res
ent
sde
mogr
aphi
cdat
aofr
esp
onde
nts
.

4
.3.
1Pr
esent
ati
ono
fpar
tic
ipant
sbyage

Thes
tudys
oughtt
ofi
ndo
utt
heageo
fthep
art
ici
pant
sandt
her
esu
ltsar
e
p
res
ent
edatTabl
e4.
3.
1be
low.

Tabl
e5:Sho
wingageo
fthepar
tic
ipant
s

Cat
ego
ry Age Fr
equenc
y Pe
rcent
age

To
pmanagement 1
5-2
5 1 4

2
6-3
5 4 1
6

3
6-4
5 1
0 4
0

4
6-5
5 6 2
4

5
5+ 4 1
6

To
tal 2
5 1
00

Gene
ral 1
5-2
5 5
5 3
0
e
mpl
oyees

2
6-3
5 6
4 3
5

3
6-4
5 4
8 2
6

4
6-5
5 1
8 9

5
5+ 0 0

To
tal 1
85 1
00

So
urc
e:Pr
imar
ydat
a

3
4
Ther
esu
ltsi
ndi
cat
ethatt
hemaj
ori
tyo
fthet
opmanage
rsar
ebe
twe
en3
6-4
5
ye
arswi
th4
0% be
cau
set
hisi
stheagewhe
reo
nei
satt
hep
eako
fthe
ir
c
are
ers
.24
% ar
etho
set
opmanage
rswhoar
ebe
twe
en4
6-5
5ye
arsfo
ll
owe
d
byt
heagegr
oup
s26
-35andt
hos
ewhoar
eabo
ve5
5ye
arswi
th1
6%.Theage
gr
oup1
5-2
5hav
e4% wi
thafe
wmanage
rsbe
cau
seatt
hisagegr
oupafe
w
p
eop
lewo
uldhav
ere
ache
dal
eve
lofbe
ingt
opmanage
ment
.

Mo
sto
fthege
ner
ale
mpl
oye
esar
eint
heagegr
oup2
6-3
5wi
th3
5%,fo
ll
owe
d
by1
5-2
5wi
th3
0% be
cau
set
hes
eagegr
oup
sar
eyo
ungi
ndi
vi
dual
swhoar
e
s
til
lge
tti
nge
xpe
rie
ncei
nthei
ndu
str
yandar
est
il
latt
heo
nse
toft
hei
r
c
are
ers
.26
% mak
esu
ptheagegr
oup
s36
-45whi
ls
t46
-55ar
emadeu
pof9
%
andt
her
ear
enoge
ner
ale
mpl
oye
eswhoar
e55ye
arsandabo
ve.

4
.3.
2Pr
esent
ati
ono
fpar
tic
ipant
sbygender

Ther
ese
arc
heral
sos
ough
ttofi
ndo
utt
hege
nde
roft
her
esp
onde
ntsandt
he
r
esu
ltsar
epr
ese
nte
dont
abl
e4.
3.
2

Tabl
e6:Sho
wingt
hegendero
fther
espo
ndent
s

So
urc
e:pr
imar
ydat
a
Ther
esu
ltss
howe
dthatme
ndo
minat
edi
nbo
tht
opmanage
mentandge
ner
al
e
mpl
oye
eswi
th5
6% and 6
2% r
esp
ect
ive
ly.Wo
menmadeu
p44
% i
nto
p
manage
mentand3
8%i
nge
ner
ale
mpl
oye
es.

4
.3.
3Repr
esent
ati
ono
fpar
tic
ipant
sbyt
hei
rlev
elo
feduc
ati
on

Thi
sse
cti
onl
ook
satt
hel
eve
lofe
duc
ati
onfo
rpar
tic
ipant
satLafar
gec
eme
nt.

3
5
Tabl
e7:Sho
wingt
hel
evelo
feduc
ati
onfo
rpar
tic
ipant
s

So
urc
e:Pr
imar
ydat
a
Re
sul
tso
nTabl
e4.
3.
3sho
wst
hatmo
sto
fthet
opmanage
rshadau
niv
ers
ity
de
gre
ewi
th6
0% fo
ll
owe
dbyc
oll
egec
ert
ifi
cat
ewi
th3
6%,s
eco
ndar
yle
velat
4
% whi
ls
tthe
rewe
renomanage
rswhoo
nlyhadap
rimar
yce
rti
fic
ate
.The
maj
ori
tyo
fthege
ner
ale
mpl
oye
esmadeu
pof6
3% at
tai
nede
duc
ati
onu
pto
c
oll
egel
eve
l,fo
ll
owe
dbyt
heu
niv
ers
ityl
eve
lwi
th3
1%,
sec
ondar
yle
vel5
% and
p
rimar
yle
vel3
%.Thi
ssh
owst
hatmo
stt
opmanage
rsat
tai
nede
duc
ati
onu
pto
t
heu
niv
ers
ityl
eve
lhe
ncet
hehi
ghe
rthequ
ali
fic
ati
on,t
hehi
ghe
rthep
osi
ti
on
o
nege
ts.

3
6
4
.3.
4Pr
esent
ati
ono
fpar
tic
ipant
sbyt
henumbero
fyear
stheyhav
ebeeni
n
t
hemanufac
tur
ingi
ndus
try

Thefo
ll
owi
ngs
ect
ionwi
llp
res
entt
hedu
rat
ionbywhi
cht
hep
art
ici
pant
shad
be
enwo
rki
ngi
nthemanu
fac
tur
ingi
ndu
str
y.

Tabl
e8:r
epr
esent
ingt
hedur
ati
onwhi
cht
hepar
tic
ipant
shadbeenwo
rki
ngi
n
t
hemanufac
tur
ingi
ndus
try

So
urc
e:Pr
imar
ydat
a
Ther
esu
ltsi
ndi
cat
ethatt
hel
onge
ronehav
eex
per
ienc
eint
hei
ndu
str
ythe
mo
ret
heyr
isei
nthemanage
ment
.Themaj
ori
tyo
fthet
opmanage
rswe
rei
n
t
hei
ndu
str
yfo
rmo
ret
han1
0ye
arswi
th4
0%,
36% we
rei
nthemanu
fac
tur
ing
i
ndu
str
yfo
r6-1
0ye
ars
,whi
ls
t20
% fo
r1-5ye
arsand4
% fo
rle
sst
hanaye
ar.

3
1% mak
eupt
he maj
ori
tyo
fthe e
mpl
oye
es who hav
e be
eni
nthe
manu
fac
tur
ingi
ndu
str
yfo
r6-1
0ye
ars
,28
% fo
r1-5ye
ars
,25
% fo
rmo
ret
han
1
0ye
arsaswe
llas1
6% fo
rle
sst
hanaye
ar.

4
.3THETYPESOFPOLI
TICAL,PROPERTYANDPOLI
TICALDEVI
ANCETHAT
OCCURATLAFARGECEMENTZI
MBABWE

3
7
4
.3.
5Maj
orfo
rmso
fdev
iantbehav
ior

To
pmanage
rswe
reas
kedt
ona
met
hemaj
orfo
rmso
fde
viantbe
hav
ioratt
hei
r
wo
rkp
lac
ean
dther
esu
ltsar
esho
wni
nFI
G4.
3.
1be
low.

Fi
gur
e4.
3.
1Fo
rmso
fant
iso
cialac
tiv
iti
es

1:
Sho
wingt
het
opmanager
s’r
espo
nsest
othemaj
orfo
rmso
fdev
iantbehav
ior

So
urc
e:pr
imar
ydat
a
Fi
g4.
3.
1sho
wst
opmanage
rs’r
esp
ons
eso
nmaj
orfo
rmso
f de
str
uct
ive
de
vian
ceatLafar
gec
eme
ntZi
mbabwe
.Ass
hownbyt
hes
tat
ist
icsp
rov
ide
d,
t
went
ype
rce
nto
fthe r
esp
onde
ntsi
ndi
cat
edt
hatt
ruanc
yist
he mo
st
p
rev
ale
ntfo
rmo
f de
str
uct
ive de
vianc
e att
hei
ror
gani
zat
ion
.Thi
sisi
n
har
monywi
thfi
ndi
ngsfr
om as
urv
eyc
arr
iedo
utbyLu
kmane
tal(
201
3)i
n
Ni
ger
ia,whi
chr
eve
ale
dth
att
ruanc
y,abs
ent
eei
sm,fi
ght
ing,s
teal
inganddr
ug
addi
cti
onar
etyp
icale
xamp
leso
fde
str
uct
ivede
viantbe
hav
iou
rs.Fo
urt
een
p
oin
ttwoe
ightp
erc
ento
fthemanage
rsr
eve
ale
dthatdi
sco
urt
eou
sbe
hav
iou
r
t
osu
per
vis
orsandp
refe
ctsi
sano
the
rfo
rmo
fde
str
uct
ivede
viantbe
hav
iou
r
att
hei
ror
gani
zat
ion
.Thi
sme
ansdi
sco
urt
eou
sbe
hav
iou
rist
hes
eco
ndl
arge
st

3
8
fo
rmo
fde
str
uct
ivede
via
ntbe
hav
iou
r.I
nas
tudyc
ondu
cte
dbyHayde
n(2
009
)
i
nEngl
and,di
sco
urt
eou
sbe
hav
iou
rsu
chasdi
sru
pti
ont
otheac
tiv
iti
esi
nthe
o
rgan
izat
ionand o
ffe
nsi
ve l
angu
age we
re fr
equ
ent e
xpe
rie
nce
s fo
r
manage
rs and s
upe
rvi
sor
s, wi
th o
ver s
ixt
ype
rce
nt o
fsu
per
vis
ors
e
xpe
rie
nci
ng t
his fo
rm o
f be
hav
iou
r we
ekl
y.Thi
rte
enp
ointz
eroe
ight
p
erc
ento
fthewo
rke
rsi
ndi
cat
edt
hatabs
ent
eei
smi
sano
the
rpr
eval
entfo
rm
o
fde
str
uct
ivede
viantbe
hav
iou
r.El
eve
npo
intni
nep
erc
entr
eve
ale
dthat
v
andal
is
m,bu
ll
ying and p
romi
scu
ity ar
e al
somaj
orfo
rmso
f de
str
uct
ive
de
vian
ceatt
hei
ror
gani
zat
ion.Onep
ointo
neni
nep
erc
ento
fthet
opmanage
rs
r
eve
ale
dtha
tal
coho
landdr
ugabu
sear
eot
herfo
rmso
fde
str
uct
ivede
viant
be
hav
iou
ratLafar
ge.Te
npo
ints
eve
npe
rce
nto
fther
esp
onde
ntsr
eve
ale
d
t
hatt
hefti
sal
soamo
ngmaj
orfo
rmso
fde
str
uct
ivede
vianc
e.Thi
sisi
nuni
son
wi
thRo
bins
onandBe
nne
t(1
995
)’so
bse
rvat
iont
hati
nte
rpe
rso
nalde
str
uct
ive
de
vian
cec
omp
ris
e be
hav
iou
rss
uch as s
teal
ing fr
om o
the
r wo
rke
rs and
i
nfo
rmi
ngo
nthe
m.Al
lth
emaj
orfo
rmso
fde
vianc
ere
veal
edar
eagai
nstal
l
t
he o
rgani
zat
ion’
sse
tofr
ule
sand ar
ethu
sunde
niabl
yunhe
alt
hy and
de
str
uct
ivet
othep
erp
etr
ato
rs’p
erfo
rmanc
e,t
hei
rwo
rkmat
esaswe
llast
he
o
rgan
izat
ionasawho
le.Thefi
ndi
ngsar
eunde
niabl
yinl
inewi
thWe
ll
s(1
978
)’s
o
bse
rvat
iont
hatde
vianc
evi
ol
ate
sso
cialr
ule
sorno
rms
.Thefi
ndi
ngsar
eal
soi
n
l
inewi
tht
heAp
pel
bau
metal
.(2
007
)whoar
gue
dthate
mpl
oye
ede
vianc
ehas
be
enfo
undt
obeo
neo
fthemaj
orc
aus
eso
ffai
lu
rei
nmanyo
rgani
zat
ionsThi
s
u
nde
niabl
yaffe
ctswo
rke
rs’p
erfo
rmanc
eandi
sinl
inewi
thVo
elk
letal(
199
)’s
o
bse
rvat
iont
hatwo
rke
rs whofai
ltofo
ll
owbas
icwo
rkp
lac
ere
gul
ati
onsar
e
mo
rel
ik
elyt
ohav
elo
wpe
rfo
rmanc
e.

4
.3.
2Gener
alempl
oyees
’vi
ewso
nthemaj
orant
iso
cialac
tiv
iti
esdo
nebys
ome
e
mpl
oyeesatt
hewo
rkpl
ace

Ther
ese
arc
heral
sos
oughtt
ofi
ndo
utt
hev
iewso
fge
ner
ale
mpl
oye
eso
nthe
maj
orant
iso
cialac
tiv
iti
esdo
nebyfe
ll
owe
mpl
oye
esatt
hewo
rkp
lac
eandt
he
r
esp
ons
esar
esho
wnbe
low.
Fi
g4.
3.
2sho
wst
hege
ner
ale
mpl
oye
es’r
esp
ons
eso
nmaj
orfo
rmso
fant
iso
cial
ac
tiv
iti
es.Thi
rty-t
hre
epo
int t
hir
ty-t
hre
epe
rce
nt o
fthe r
esp
onde
nts

3
9
r
eve
ale
dthatdi
sre
spe
ctfu
lbe
hav
iou
randal
coho
labu
sear
emaj
orfo
rmso
f
ant
iso
cialbe
hav
iorc
ommo
natt
hei
rwo
rkp
lac
e.El
eve
npo
inte
lev
enp
erc
ent
c
onfe
sse
dthatv
andal
is
m and t
heftar
e amo
ng maj
orant
iso
cialde
viant
be
hav
iou
rsc
ommo
namo
ng t
hei
rfe
ll
owe
mpl
oye
es.Onep
ointo
nep
erc
ent
r
eve
ale
dthatabs
ent
eei
smwasal
sor
amp
ant
.
Thenu
mbe
rofdaysabs
entfr
om wo
rki
sas
soc
iat
edwi
thp
ooro
rgani
zat
ional
p
erfo
rmanc
e.Thi
sisi
nli
newi
thHe
ll
manandBe
ato
n(1
986
)’so
bse
rvat
iont
hat
at
tendanc
eisani
mpo
rta
ntfac
tor
,emp
loye
eswhor
egu
lar
lyat
tendwo
rkar
e
l
essl
ik
elyt
oengagei
nde
viantbe
hav
iort
hane
mpl
oye
eswhoar
etr
uant
.

Fi
gur
e4.
3.
:sho
winggener
alempl
oyeesr
espo
nseso
nthemaj
orfo
rmso
f
ant
iso
cialbehav
ioratt
hewo
rkpl
ace

So
urc
e:pr
imar
ydat
a
Thefo
rmso
fde
vianc
ere
veal
edbyr
esp
onde
ntss
upp
ortKe
nde
ll(
200
5)’
s
o
bse
rvat
iont
hatanybe
hav
ior
,be
li
efo
rco
ndi
ti
ont
hatv
iol
ate
sso
cialno
rmsi
n
t
hes
oci
etyo
fgr
oupi
sde
fine
dasde
vianc
e.

4
.3.
6Themaj
orc
aus
eso
fdev
iantbehav
ioramo
ngt
heempl
oyeesatLafar
ge
c
eme
nt

Thet
opmanage
rswe
real
soas
kedt
oindi
cat
ethemaj
orc
aus
eso
fde
viant
be
hav
ioratt
hei
rwo
rkp
lac
eandt
her
esu
ltsar
easfo
ll
ows
.

4
0
Tabl
e9:s
howi
ngr
espo
nseso
fto
pmanager
sont
hemaj
orc
aus
eso
fdev
iant
behav
ioratt
hei
rwo
rkpl
ace

Caus
e Fr
equenc
y Per
cent
age

Po
orr
emu
ner
ati
on 5 2
0

Unfai
rtr
eat
ment 3 1
2

J
obdi
ssat
isfac
tio
n 4 1
6

J
obs
tre
ss 3 1
2

Abu
siv
esu
per
vis
ion 3 1
2

Co
nfl
ic
t 4 1
6

So
cialp
res
sur
etoc
onfo
rm 3 1
2

So
urc
e:Pr
imar
ydat
a

Ther
esu
ltss
howst
hatt
went
ype
rce
nto
fthemanage
rsagr
eet
hatp
oor
r
emu
ner
ati
oni
soneo
fth
emaj
orc
aus
eso
fde
viantbe
hav
ioratt
hewo
rkp
lac
e.
Themanage
rsar
gue
dthati
fther
emu
ner
ati
onandr
ewar
dst
ruc
tur
eisp
oor
,
c
ert
aine
mpl
oye
esar
eli
kel
ytoe
ngagei
nde
viantbe
hav
iors
uchass
teal
ing,
abu
singo
ffi
ci
alp
rop
ert
yfo
rpe
rso
nalgai
n,s
abo
tage
,ando
the
rde
str
uct
ive
ac
tiv
iti
es.Thi
sisc
ons
ist
enc
y wi
th Ol
oku
ndu
n,(
201
4) who ar
gue
dthat
c
omp
eti
ti
onfo
rbe
tte
rco
mpe
nsat
ionandp
oorwa
ges
,ont
heo
the
rhand,c
an
l
eadt
ode
viantbe
hav
ioramo
nge
mpl
oye
es.1
6pe
rce
nto
fthet
opmanage
rs
we
real
soo
fthev
iewt
hatj
obdi
ssat
isfac
tio
nandc
onfl
ic
tsar
ethemaj
or
c
aus
eso
fde
viantbe
hav
iori
nthewo
rkp
lac
e..I
fane
mpl
oye
eisu
nsat
isfi
ed
wi
thh
iso
rhe
rjo
b,heo
rshemaybe
comel
essp
rodu
cti
veandi
fthei
ndi
vi
dual
r
ema
ins i
nthe o
rgani
zat
ion
,the
y may p
art
ici
pat
einc
ount
erp
rodu
cti
ve
be
hav
ior
ssu
chasbads
erv
ice
,har
mfu
lru
mou
rs,
equ
ipme
ntt
heftands
abo
tage
,
andabs
ent
eei
sm.
Andt
hisi
ssu
ppo
rte
dbyKni
ght
s&Ke
nne
dy,
(20
05)whoar
e
o
fthev
iewt
hatde
viantbe
hav
iou
rsmayber
efl
ect
edbyp
oorp
erfo
rmanc
eor
i
ncr
eas
edabs
ent
eei
sm,wo
rki
ngs
lowl
yort
aki
ngl
ong/fr
equ
entbr
eak
sar
eal
l
e
xamp
leso
fde
viant
.Wo
rkp
lac
eco
nfl
ic
tofs
omek
indi
sunav
oidabl
eandal
l-

4
1
p
erv
asi
ve.So
mep
eop
lemayhav
eco
nfl
ic
tswi
thc
owo
rke
rs,whi
leo
the
rsmaybe
i
rri
tat
edbyt
heac
tio
nso
fthe
irbo
sse
sors
ubo
rdi
nat
es.

Twe
lvep
erc
ento
fthemanage
rsal
soar
guet
hats
oci
alp
res
sur
etoc
onfo
rm,
u
nfai
rtr
eat
ment
,jo
bst
res
sand abu
siv
esu
per
vis
ion al
soc
aus
esde
viant
be
hav
iori
nthewo
rkp
lac
e.Emp
loye
evi
ewso
ftheamo
untt
owhi
chmanage
rs
e
ngagei
npe
rsi
ste
ntdi
spl
ayso
fho
sti
lev
erbalo
rno
nve
rbalbe
hav
iorar
e
di
rec
tlyas
soc
iat
edt
owo
rkp
lac
ede
viant
.Iti
simp
ort
antt
ounde
rst
andt
hati
f
har
shmo
nit
ori
ng i
sus
ed,r
etal
iat
ionmay fo
ll
ow.Thi
sisc
ons
ist
enc
y wi
th
Gi
aca
lone
,&Du
ffy(
200
8)fo
undt
hate
mpl
oye
eswhor
egar
dthe
irs
upe
rio
rsas
c
ari
ngandhe
lpfu
lhav
eal
owe
rpr
eval
enc
eofwo
rkp
lac
ede
viantbe
hav
ior
.The
fi
ndi
ngso
fthes
tudyal
sos
howst
hatj
obs
tre
ssar
ise
swhe
nthej
obde
mandsdo
no
tme
ett
hewo
rke
r'sc
apabi
li
ti
es,r
eso
urc
es,o
rne
eds
,re
sul
ti
ngi
nne
gat
ive
p
hys
icalande
mot
ionalr
esp
ons
es.Whe
npe
opl
ear
eov
erwo
rke
d,i
tcanl
eadt
o
de
vian
tbe
hav
iorasar
esu
lto
finc
reas
edwo
rki
ngs
tre
sse
s.Thi
swass
upp
ort
ed
byPe
nny&Sp
ect
or,(
200
5)whos
tre
sse
dthate
mpl
oye
eswhoar
eex
per
ienc
ing
ne
gat
ivee
mot
ionsl
ik
eir
rit
ati
onasar
esu
lto
fwo
rk-r
elat
eds
tre
sshav
ebe
en
fo
undt
obemo
rel
ik
elyt
opar
tic
ipat
eins
omec
ount
erp
rodu
cti
veac
tio
ns.The
r
esp
onde
ntsal
sor
eve
ale
dthate
mpl
oye
esas
ses
sor
gani
zat
ionalfai
rne
ssbas
ed
o
nou
tco
mes
,pr
oce
dur
es,p
ers
onale
nco
unt
ers
,andwhatt
heybe
li
evec
oul
dbe
do
nebe
tte
rel
sewhe
re,bu
tmanage
mentr
efu
sest
oac
cep
tthi
s.Thi
sisi
n
c
ons
ist
enc
ywi
thFo
lge
r&Sk
arl
ic
ki,(
199
8)whofo
undo
utt
hate
mpl
oye
esmay
de
vel
op ne
gat
ive at
tit
ude
s and fe
eli
ngs s
uch as j
ob di
sco
nte
nt,ange
r,
i
rri
tat
ion,andmi
str
ustwhe
nthe
yvi
ewt
hei
rwo
rke
nvi
ronme
ntt
obeu
nfai
r,
l
eadi
ngt
ode
viantac
tsagai
nstt
heo
rgani
zat
ionan
dot
herme
mbe
rso
fst
aff.

4
2
4
.4THE I
MPACT OF DEVI
ANT BEHAVI
OUR ON THE ORGANI
ZATI
ONAL
PRODUCTI
VITYATLAFARGECEMENT

4
.4.
1Dev
iant behav
iour affec
ting t
he empl
oyees
’ per
for
manc
eoft
he
o
rgani
zat
ion

Ther
ese
arc
heral
sos
oughtt
ofi
ndo
uti
fde
viantbe
hav
ioraffe
cte
mpl
oye
es’
p
erfo
rmanc
eoft
heo
rgan
izat
ion.
Thev
iewso
fthet
opmanage
rsar
epr
ese
nte
d
be
low.

Fi
g4.
3.
5sho
wingt
hev
iewso
fto
pmanager
sont
heeffec
tso
fdev
iant
behav
ioro
nempl
oyeeper
for
manc
eint
heo
rgani
zat
ion

de
viantbe
hav
iou
r
%o
rgani
zat
ionalp
rodu
cti
vi
ty

p
erfo
rmanc
e

de
viantbe
hav
ior
So
urc
e:Pr
imar
ydat
a
Thegr
aphs
howst
hatt
her
eisar
elat
ions
hipbe
twe
ene
mpl
oye
epe
rfo
rmanc
e
andde
viant
.Thehi
ghe
rth
erat
eofde
vianc
e,t
hel
owe
rthep
erfo
rmanc
eoft
he
e
mpl
oye
esi
ntheo
rgani
zat
ion.
Thegr
aphs
howst
hatt
hee
mpl
oye
epe
rfo
rmanc
e
fal
lswhe
nde
viantbe
hav
iori
ncr
eas
es.
Thi
svi
ewi
ssu
ppo
rte
dbyVo
elk
el(
199
9)’
s
o
bse
rvat
iont
hate
mpl
oye
eswh
ofai
ltofo
ll
owbas
icwo
rkp
lac
ere
gul
ati
onsar
e
mo
rel
ik
elyt
ohav
elo
wpe
rfo
rmanc
e,abs
ent
ise
em,andc
ons
equ
ent
lye
ngage
d
i
nde
li
nqu
enc
y.

4
3
4
.4.
2Gener
alempl
oyees
’vi
ewso
ntheeffec
tofs
uchant
iso
cialbehav
ior
son
t
hepe
rfo
rmanc
eoft
heo
rgani
zat
ion?

Al
lther
esp
onde
ntsr
eve
ale
dthatt
her
eisanadv
ers
eco
nne
cti
onbe
twe
en
o
rgan
izat
ionalp
erfo
rmanc
ean
dant
iso
cialde
viantbe
hav
iou
r.Fi
gur
eev
ide
ntl
y
s
howst
her
elat
ions
hipbe
twe
enac
ade
micp
erfo
rma
nceandde
str
uct
ivede
viant
be
hav
iou
r.

Fi
g4s
howi
ng t
he effec
tso
f ant
iso
cialac
tiv
iti
es o
nor
gani
zat
ional
per
for
manc
e

Or
gani
zat
ional p
erfo
rmanc
e fal
l wi
tht
he i
ncr
eas
ein
ant
iso
cial
be
hav
iou
r

Or
gani
zat
ion
al
Pe
rfo
rmanc
e

Ant
iso
cialac
tiv
iti
es

Thei
nfo
rmat
ionp
res
ent
edi
nfi
gur
efo
urc
anbes
upp
ort
edbyt
her
esp
ons
es
gi
venbyt
hege
ner
ale
mpl
oye
es.Al
lther
esp
ons
esi
nte
rvi
ewe
dre
veal
edt
hata

4
4
hi
ghr
ateo
f ant
iso
cialde
via
ntbe
hav
iou
rle
adst
opo
orp
erfo
rmanc
ebyt
he
e
mpl
oye
esl
eadi
ngt
othede
cre
asei
nor
gani
zat
ionalp
rodu
cti
vi
ty.Thi
sisi
n
s
upp
orto
fHe
ngge
ll
er(
198
9)’
sobs
erv
ati
ont
hate
mpl
oye
eswhohav
ehi
gh
wo
rkp
lac
eac
hie
veme
ntar
ele
ssl
ik
elyt
oengagei
nant
iso
cialbe
hav
iort
han
t
hos
ewhohav
elo
werac
hie
veme
nt.Thi
sisal
sos
upp
ort
edbyGo
ttfr
eds
on
(
198
8)’
sobs
erv
ati
ont
hat an
tis
oci
alde
viant be
hav
iou
rcan be a r
eli
abl
e
p
redi
cto
rofo
rgani
zat
ionalp
erfo
rmanc
e.I
tca
nthu
sbe c
onc
lude
dthat
,
e
mpl
oye
eswi
thant
iso
cialde
viantbe
hav
iou
rar
emo
rel
ik
elyt
ope
rfo
rmp
oor
ly
i
nthewo
rkp
lac
e.

4
.5WAYSI
NWHI
CHANORGANI
ZATI
ONCANCURBDEVI
ANTBEHAVI
OURAT
THEWORKPLACE

4
.5.
1To
pmanager
s’r
espo
nseso
n ho
wthey no
rmal
ly dealwi
thc
aseso
f
de
viantbehav
ioratt
hewo
rkp
lac
e.

Ge
ner
almanage
rswe
real
soas
ked ho
wthe
yde
alwi
thc
ase
sofde
viant
be
hav
ioratt
hewo
rkp
lac
eandt
hei
rre
spo
nse
sar
esho
wnatt
abl
e7be
low.

Tabl
e10:s
howi
ngr
espo
nseso
fto
pmanager
sonho
wtheydealwi
thc
aseso
f
dev
iantbehav
ioratt
hewo
rkpl
ace.

Ways o
f deal
ing wi
th Fr
equenc
y Per
cent
age
de
viantbehav
ior

Or
gani
zat
ion
alfai
rne
ss 9 3
6

J
obs
tre
sso
rs 8 3
2

So
cialr
elat
ions
hip
s 8 3
2

So
urc
e:pr
imar
ydat
a
Themaj
ori
tyo
fther
esp
onde
ntswhi
chmade3
6% agr
eedt
hato
rgani
zat
ionalfai
rne
ssc
anbe
u
sedt
ode
alwi
thc
ase
sofde
viantbe
hav
ioratt
hewo
rkp
lac
e.3
2% agr
eedt
hatj
obs
tre
sso
rs
ands
oci
alr
elat
ions
hip
scanbeu
sedt
ore
duc
eor
gani
zat
ionalfai
rne
ssr
esp
ect
ive
ly.Thebe
st
way,t
ore
duc
ethede
viantbe
hav
ioratwo
rkp
lac
eisbyr
emo
vingo
rmi
nimi
zi
ngt
hec
aus
eso
f
wo
rkp
lac
ebe
hav
iorass
tre
sse
dou
tbyt
het
opmanage
rs.Thes
olu
tio
nsp
rop
ose
dbyAl
bet
oet
al
.
,(2
018
)su
ppo
rtt
hes
efi
ndi
ngsa
shewaso
fthev
iewt
hatRe
mov
eide
nti
fie
dst
res
sor
s

4
5
 t
hro
ugh me
tho
dsl
ik
epr
ovi
ding u
pdat
ed and c
learj
ob de
scr
ipt
ions
,tr
aini
ng,and c
lear
c
ommu
nic
ati
ono
fpe
rfo
rmanc
eev
alu
ati
onp
roc
edu
resanda
lsot
ogi
vee
mpl
oye
esmo
rec
ont
rol
o
fthe
ire
nvi
ronme
nt.

4
.5.
2Ther
espo
nseso
fgener
alempl
oyeeso
nwhats
houl
dbedo
nebyt
he
managementt
omi
nimi
zeant
iso
cialac
tiv
iti
es

Ther
ese
arc
heral
sos
oughtt
ofi
ndo
utabo
utt
hev
iewso
fge
ner
ale
mpl
oye
es
o
nwhatt
hemanage
ments
hou
lddot
ore
duc
eant
iso
cialac
tiv
iti
esi
nthewo
rk
p
lac
e.

Fi
gur
e

2:
s
howi
nggener
alempl
oyeesv
iewso
nho
wmanager
ssho
ulddealwi
thant
iso
cialac
tiv
iti
es
Fi
gfi
ve’r
esp
ons
eso
fge
ner
ale
mpl
oye
eso
nwaysmanage
rss
hou
lde
mpl
oyt
o
de
alwi
th ant
iso
cialbe
hav
iou
r.Fi
fty-fi
vep
oint fi
vep
erc
ent o
fthe
r
esp
onde
nts
,whi
chi
sthel
arge
stp
erc
ent
age
,sai
dthe
ysho
uldgi
vec
ouns
eli
ng
t
ode
viante
mpl
oye
es.
Howe
ver
,co
uns
ell
ingal
oneha
spr
ove
dtobeno
tade
quat
e
ast
her
eisani
ncr
eas
einant
iso
cialbe
hav
iou
r.Pe
rhap
stho
sewhoc
ouns
ell
ack
s
kil
lsandk
nowl
edgei
nco
uns
ell
ing.
Thi
simp
li
est
hato
rgani
zat
ionshast
ode
plo
y
t
rai
nedc
ouns
elo
rsi
nthe
iro
rgani
zat
ions
.St
affde
vel
opme
ntwo
rks
hop
sin
gu
ida
nceandc
ouns
ell
ingar
eal
sov
ital
.Ap
artfr
om gu
idanc
eandc
ouns
ell
ing,

4
6
Lu
kmane
tal(
201
3)o
bse
rvet
hatt
heo
rgani
zat
ionshast
hep
owe
rtoc
ont
rol
t
hec
ondu
cto
femp
loye
est
hro
ughr
eas
onabl
eru
lesandr
egu
lat
ions
.Onc
ethe
se
r
ule
sandr
egu
lat
ionsar
emade
,the
ymu
stbee
nfo
rce
dont
hep
robl
ems
,whi
ch
be
sett
hewo
rkp
lac
eandant
iso
cialac
tiv
iti
ess
hou
ldc
omefi
rst
.Twe
nty-t
wo
p
oin
tpe
rce
nto
fther
esp
onde
ntsr
eve
ale
dthatma
nage
rss
hou
lde
mpl
oye
eso
f
whatt
heyl
i
kemo
stt
il
lthe
y hav
ere
cti
fy t
hei
rbe
hav
iou
r.Fo
rins
tanc
e,
manage
rs mayde
pri
vee
mpl
oye
eso
fus
ingt
hei
nte
rne
t,c
omp
anyv
ehi
cl
eor
t
ele
pho
ne.Thi
sisfu
rthe
rbu
ttr
ess
edbyLu
kmane
tal(
201
3)’
sobs
erv
ati
on
t
hatde
pri
vat
iono
fpr
ivi
le
gei
sani
mpo
rtantwayo
fmi
nimi
si
ngant
iso
cial
be
hav
ior
.Iti
sau
sefu
lande
ffi
ci
entfo
rmo
fpu
nis
hme
nt.Fu
rthe
rmo
re,Do
dge
(
199
3)affi
rme
dthatl
osso
fpo
sit
ion,
pro
hibi
ti
onfr
omp
layi
nganygamei
nthe
wo
rkp
lac
efo
rac
ert
ainp
eri
odc
oul
dgoal
ongwayi
nimp
rov
ingt
hewr
ongdo
er.
Unde
niabl
y,p
uni
shme
nthasane
ces
sar
ypl
acei
nthewo
rkp
lac
eec
ono
mybu
tit
mu
stbebas
edo
nce
rtai
npr
inc
ipl
es.Se
ita(
199
6)o
bse
rve
sthatp
uni
shme
nt
s
hou
ldfi
tthe“
cri
me”aswe
llast
he“
cri
minal
”.Thi
sisbe
cau
sei
ndi
vi
dual
s
di
ffe
rfr
omo
neano
the
rint
hebas
ict
emp
erame
ntalp
att
ernswhi
cht
hey
i
nhe
rit
,and i
ntho
sewhi
cht
heys
ubs
equ
ent
lyde
vel
op.Fo
rex
amp
le,s
ome
i
ndi
vi
dual
sar
eex
tre
mel
yse
lf-as
ser
tiv
e,o
the
rsu
ndu
lys
ubmi
ssi
ve.I
naddi
ti
on,
t
her
esho
uld be no u
nce
rtai
nty abo
utt
he p
uni
shme
nt.The e
leme
nt o
f
u
nce
rtai
ntyi
npu
nis
hme
ntr
ende
rsi
tal
mos
tino
per
ati
veandp
ost
pone
menti
s
al
mos
tfat
al.Pu
nis
hme
nts
hou
ld he
lpt
he o
ffe
nde
rtoi
mpr
ove and t
his
c
ondi
ti
oni
ssat
isfi
edo
nlywhe
nheo
rsher
eal
iz
eshi
sorhe
rmi
stak
e,fe
els
r
egr
eto
rshamefo
rhi
sorhe
rco
ndu
ctandmak
esu
phi
sorhe
rmi
ndno
tto
c
ommi
ttheo
ffe
nceagai
n.Whe
ntheo
ffe
nde
rre
ali
zest
hathede
ser
ves
p
uni
shme
nt,
puni
shme
ntbe
come
sne
ces
sar
y.

4
.6SUMMARY

Thi
schap
terwaso
fgr
eati
mpo
rtanc
easi
tanal
yse
dthep
att
ernsme
rgi
ng
fr
omt
hedat
athatwasc
oll
ect
edfr
omt
hes
amp
let
hatwasi
nvo
lve
dint
his
s
tudy.Dat
awasp
res
ent
edu
sing t
abl
es,l
inegr
aphsand p
iec
har
ts.The
fi
ndi
ngs ar
e an i
ndi
cat
iono
f what mi
ght be hap
peni
ng i
n di
ffe
rent

4
7
o
rgan
izat
ionswi
thr
egar
dtode
viantbe
hav
iou
rando
rgani
zat
ionalp
erfo
rmanc
e.
Thefo
ll
owi
ngc
hap
terfo
cus
eso
nsu
mmar
y,c
onc
lus
ionsandr
eco
mme
ndat
ions
.

4
8
 CHAPTER5:SUMMARY,
CONCLUSI
ONANDRECOMMENDATI
ONS

5
.1I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Ther
ese
arc
herwaso
nanat
temp
ttoi
nve
sti
gat
eont
hei
mpac
tofde
viant
be
hav
ioro
nor
gani
zat
ionalp
erfo
rmanc
eatLafar
gec
eme
nt.Thi
schap
ters
eek
s
t
ogi
vet
heo
utl
ineo
rsu
mmar
yofho
wther
ese
arc
hpr
oje
ctwasdo
ne,t
he
c
onc
lus
ionandt
her
eco
mme
ndat
ions
.

5
.2CONCLUSI
ON

Ther
ese
arc
hai
med ati
nve
sti
gat
ing t
hei
mpac
tof de
viantbe
hav
ioro
n
o
rgan
izat
ionalp
erfo
rman
ce.Themai
nobs
erv
ati
onswe
ret
hat
,maj
orfo
rmso
f
de
vian
ceatLafar
gec
eme
ntc
omp
ris
e:abs
ent
eei
sm,t
ruanc
y,v
andal
is
m,t
heft
,
bu
ll
yinganddi
sco
urt
eou
sbe
hav
ior
.Itwasfu
rthe
rno
tedt
hatmaj
orc
aus
eso
f
de
vian
tbe
hav
iorc
omp
ris
e:l
owr
emu
ner
ati
on,u
nfai
rne
ssatt
hewo
rkp
lac
e,
har
shs
upe
rvi
si
onaswe
lla
sco
nfl
ic
ts.Thege
ner
alo
bse
rvat
ionwast
hatde
viant
be
hav
ior has ne
gat
ivei
mpac
tont
he e
mpl
oye
e’sp
erfo
rmanc
e.De
viant
be
hav
ior
sle
adt
opo
orp
rodu
cti
vi
tyi
nor
gani
zat
ions
.Thehi
ghe
rther
ateo
f
de
vian
cewasp
rop
ort
iona
ltot
hel
owe
rthep
erfo
rmanc
eoft
heo
rgani
zat
ion
.
Ther
ese
arc
hre
veal
edt
hatt
hep
rodu
cti
vi
tys
har
ply fal
lswhe
nde
vianc
e
i
ncr
eas
es,he
nce
,thene
edt
ofi
ndwayso
fre
duc
ingant
iso
cialac
tiv
iti
esi
nthe
o
rgan
izat
ions
.Se
ver
alwayso
fre
duc
ingde
viantbe
hav
ior
swe
real
soi
dent
ifi
ed
andt
hes
eco
mpr
ise
:so
cial
lyac
cep
tedr
elat
ions
hip
s,o
rgani
zat
ionalfai
rne
ssand
j
obs
tre
sso
rsaswe
llasc
ouns
eli
ng,
puni
shi
ngands
usp
ens
ion
.
De
vianc
ebe
hav
iorc
anbec
ate
gor
ize
dint
ocat
ego
rie
sname
lyp
rodu
cti
on
de
vian
ce,p
rop
ert
y de
via
nce
,pe
rso
nalde
vianc
eand p
oli
ti
cal(
Robi
son and
Be
nne
t,1
995
).Pr
odu
cti
onde
vianc
emani
fes
tswhe
nemp
loye
esv
iol
atequ
ali
ty
andqu
ant
itys
tandar
dswhi
lep
rodu
cinggo
odsands
erv
ice
swhi
chmaybequ
ite
c
ost
lyt
oano
rgani
zat
ionwhi
lep
oli
ti
calde
vianc
etak
esp
lac
ewhe
nemp
loye
es
e
xhi
bitfav
ori
ti
smt
owar
dsc
ert
ains
tak
eho
lde
rs(
e.g.fr
iendsand fami
ly
me
mbe
rs,o
net
hni
cgr
ound,o
nre
li
gio
usgr
ounds
,ort
ocu
sto
mer
s,andc
o-
wo
rke
rs)
,thu
spl
aci
ng o
the
rs at a di
sadv
ant
age
(Mau
fi,2
011
).Pr
ope
rty
de
vian
cei
nvo
lve
stheac
qui
si
ti
ono
rde
str
uct
iono
fco
mpanyp
rop
ert
ywi
tho
ut

4
9
ap
pro
val
.Emp
loye
esmaye
ngagei
npr
ope
rtyde
vianc
ebyo
utr
ights
teal
ing,
e
xto
rti
on,
infl
ati
ngc
ost
sort
radi
ngo
ffi
ci
als
upp
ortfo
rpe
rso
nal
gai
ns.
De
viant be
hav
iori
nor
gani
zat
ioni
sa c
ommo
nphe
nome
non whi
ch mo
st
o
rgan
izat
ions ar
e fac
ing and has no
tabl
e adv
ers
eco
nse
que
nce
stot
he
o
rgan
izat
ionp
erfo
rmanc
e.I
tisi
mpe
rat
ivet
hatmanage
rsands
upe
rvi
sor
s
k
nowr
ootc
aus
eso
fsu
chant
iso
cialde
viantbe
hav
iors
othatt
heyc
omeu
pwi
th
r
ele
vants
olu
tio
ns.Thep
urp
oseo
fthi
sst
udywast
oex
ami
net
hei
mpac
tof
de
vian
tbe
hav
ioro
nor
gan
izat
ionalp
erfo
rmanc
e.Ther
esu
ltso
fthi
sst
udys
how
t
hatt
her
eisadi
spar
ityi
nte
rmso
fpe
rfo
rmanc
ebe
twe
ene
mpl
oye
eswhoar
e
k
nownfo
rde
viantbe
hav
iorand t
hos
ewhoar
eno
n-de
viant
.A r
evi
ewo
f
do
cume
ntsr
eve
ale
dthatmo
sto
fthes
tude
ntswi
tht
hehi
sto
ryo
fde
vianc
e
hadl
owgr
ade
sandwe
rep
erfo
rmi
ngp
oor
lyi
nthewo
rkp
lac
e.The
sefi
ndi
ngs
s
upp
ortt
heas
sump
tio
nthate
mpl
oye
eswi
thde
via
ntbe
hav
iorp
erfo
rmp
oor
ly
att
hewo
rkp
lac
e.
Thes
tudyal
sofo
undo
utt
hatl
argeands
mal
lfi
rmshav
einc
urr
edhu
ge
fi
nanc
iall
oss
es whe
re hi
gh l
eve
lso
f fr
audc
ase
s hav
e be
enr
eco
rde
d.
Ec
ono
mic
all
ysp
eak
ingt
hec
osto
femp
loye
ethe
ft,fr
audando
the
rfo
rmso
f
de
vian
tac
tsatt
hewo
rkp
lac
etoabu
sine
sswe
ighsi
nabo
vet
hev
alu
eofwhati
s
t
ake
n(Chi
ras
haandMahap
a,2
012
).Thi
scl
ear
lys
howst
hatp
rodu
cti
onand
p
rop
ert
yde
vianc
ehasal
argebe
ari
ngo
for
gani
sat
ionals
ucc
ess
.Theo
the
r
i
mpac
tso
f wo
rkp
lac
e de
vianc
e al
so ar
eunp
leas
ant e
mot
ions at wo
rk,
de
pre
ssi
on,
andl
osso
fse
lf-e
ste
em,
anx
iet
y,s
lee
ple
ssne
ss,
pani
cat
tac
ksanda
t
ens
ewo
rki
nge
nvi
ronme
nt(
Chi
ras
ha,
201
2).

5
.3RECOMMENDATI
ONS

Ther
ese
arc
herr
eco
mme
ndst
hat
:
 Ac
omp
rehe
nsi
vegr
iev
anc
epr
oce
dur
esho
uldbep
uti
npl
acet
oal
lo
w
e
mpl
oye
est
ogi
vefe
edbac
kwhe
ret
heyfe
elmi
str
eat
ed.
 Au
tho
rit
iess
hou
ldp
uti
npl
acep
rop
erc
han
nel
stoe
nabl
eeffe
cti
vet
wo
wayc
ommu
nic
ati
onwhi
chi
svi
talt
ode
alwi
the
mpl
oye
es.

5
0
  To
pmanage
rs,s
upe
rvi
sor
sando
the
rau
tho
rit
iess
hou
ldber
olemo
del
s
ande
xhi
bitt
hebe
hav
iort
heywi
sht
oinc
ulc
atei
nthe
ire
mpl
oye
esat
t
hewo
rkp
lac
e.
 Gu
idanc
eandCo
uns
eli
ngs
hou
ldbemadeo
bli
gat
oryi
nor
gani
zat
ions
;
t
heo
rgani
zat
ionss
hou
lde
mpl
oyc
ouns
elo
rst
ohav
ese
ssi
onswi
tht
hei
r
e
mpl
oye
es.
 Or
gani
zat
ions s
hou
ldu
sei
nte
gri
tyt
est
stos
cre
en fo
r de
viant t
hou
ght and
be
hav
iou
ralp
roc
ess
es

 Pr
ovi
degr
oup
-ba
sedi
nce
nti
vesr
elat
edt
oet
hic
albe
hav
ior
 As
ses
sane
mpl
oye
e’sp
astbe
hav
iou
rwhe
nhi
ri
ng/p
romo
ting
 Cr
eat
ear
epr
ese
nta
tiv
eco
mmi
tte
eofe
mpl
oye
est
oov
ers
eet
hes
epr
oce
sse
sand
i
nvo
lvee
mpl
oye
eswhe
nmak
ingde
cis
ions
 Re
mov
eide
nti
fie
dst
res
sor
sthr
oughme
tho
dsl
ik
epr
ovi
dingu
pdat
edandc
learj
ob
de
scr
ipt
ions
,tr
aini
ng, and c
lear c
ommu
nic
ati
on o
f p
erfo
rmanc
e e
val
uat
ion
p
roc
edu
res

 Wo
rkp
lac
eru
less
hou
ldno
tber
elax
edandmax
imu
mco
ntr
olme
asu
res
s
uchasc
learandc
omp
rehe
nsi
bler
ule
smu
stbep
uti
npl
acebyt
he
au
tho
rit
ies
5.
4Sugges
tio
nsfo
rfur
thers
tudi
es.
As
tudys
imi
lart
othi
scanbedo
nei
nadi
ffe
rents
ett
ingo
rano
the
rse
cto
rto
fi
ndo
utt
hei
mpac
tofde
viantbe
hav
iou
rono
rgani
zat
ionalp
erfo
rmanc
e.A
s
tudyc
anal
sobec
arr
iedo
utt
ofi
ndi
fthe
rea
reo
the
rwayst
hatc
anbe
e
mpl
oye
dbymanage
rst
ode
alwi
thant
iso
cialbe
hav
iou
ratt
hewo
rkp
lac
e.
5.
5Summar
y
Thi
schap
tergav
eco
ncl
usi
onst
othes
tudy,r
eco
mme
ndat
ionsaswe
llas
s
ugge
sti
onsfo
rfu
rthe
rst
udy.

5
1
 REFERENCES

Anal
oui
.F.and Kak
aba
dse
.A.(
199
2).Unc
onv
ent
ionalPr
act
icesatWo
rk:

I
nsi
ght andAnal
ysi
sthr
oughPar
tic
ipantObs
erv
ati
on.J
our
nalo
fManage
rial

Ps
ych
olo
gy,
7,1
-31
.

Bo
dank
in.M.and Tz
ine
r,A.(
200
9).Co
nst
ruc
tiv
e dev
ianc
e,des
truc
tiv
e

dev
ianc
e and per
sonal
it
y:ho
w dot
hey i
nter
rel
ate.Amfi
teat
ru Ec
ono
mic

J
our
nal
,11
,54
9-5
64.

Br
ezi
na.
T.(
199
8).Ado
les
centmal
treat
mentanddel
inquenc
y:t
heques
tio
nof

i
nter
veni
ngpr
oces
ses
.Jo
urnalo
fRe
sear
chi
nCr
imeandDe
li
nqu
enc
y35(
1),

7
1–9
9.

Chi
ras
ha.VandMahap
a.M(
201
2).AnAnal
ysi
soft
heCaus
esandI
mpac
tof

Dev
iant Behav
iour i
nthe Wo
rkpl
ace.The Cas
eof Sec
ret
ari
esi
n St
ate

Uni
ver
sit
ies
.Jo
urnalo
f Eme
rgi
ng Tr
endsi
n Ec
ono
mic
sand Manage
ment

Sc
ienc
es(
JETEMS)3
(5)
:41
5-4
21© Sc
hol
arl
inkRe
sear
chI
nst
itu
teJ
our
nal
s,

2
012(
ISSN:2
141-7
024j
ete
ms.
scho
lar
li
nkr
ese
arc
h.o
rg.

Du
rkhe
im.
E.(
198
2).The Ru
les o
f So
cio
logi
calMet
hod.Edi
ted wi
th an

I
ntr
oduc
tio
nbySt
evenLukes
.NewYo
rk:Fr
eePr
ess
;or
igi
nal
lyp
ubl
is
hed1
895
.

Gal
per
in.
B.L.
(20
02. De
) ter
minant
sof Dev
ianc
eint
he Wo
rkpl
ace: An

Empi
ri
calEx
ami
nat
ion o
f Canada and Mex
ico
. Unpubl
is
hed do
cto
ral

di
sse
rtat
ion.Co
nco
rdi
aUni
ver
sit
y,Mo
ntr
eal
,Cana
da.

Gyans
ah.S.
T,So
ku.Ra
ndEs
il
fie
.G (
201
5).Chi
ldDel
inquenc
yandPupi
ls
’

Ac
ademi
cPer
for
manc
einFumes
uaMuni
ci
palAs
sembl
yPr
imar
ySc
hoo
lint
he

Ej
is
u-J
uabenMuni
ci
pal
it
y,As
hant
iRegi
on,Ghana.J
our
nalo
fEdu
cat
ionand

5
2
Pr
act
icewww.
i
ist
e.o
rgI
SSN2
222
-17
35(
Pap
er)I
SSN2
222
-28
8X(
Onl
ine
)Vo
l.
6,

No
.12
,20
15.

He
nni
ng.E,Gr
ave
tt.
S.andVanRe
nsbu
rg.W (
200
2). Fi
ndi
ngyo
urwayi
n

Ac
ademi
cWr
iti
ng.Pr
eto
ria:Va
nSc
hai
k.

Hi
rsc
hi,T.(
196
9).Cau
seso
fDel
inquenc
y.Uni
ver
sit
yofCal
ifo
rni
aPr
ess
,

Be
rke
ley,
CA.

Ho
yle
.E.
(19
86)
.Po
li
ci
eso
fSc
hoo
lManagement
,Su
ffo
lk.
Thep
res
slt
d.

Mi
tche
l.M.andAmbr
ose
.M.
L.(
200
7).Abu
siv
esuper
vis
ionandwo
rkpl
ace

dev
ianc
e and t
hemo
der
ati
ng effec
tso
f negat
iver
eci
pro
cit
y bel
iefs
.

J
our
nalo
fAp
pli
edPs
ycho
logy,
92(
4):
115
9-1
168
.

Ol
dham.G.RandCu
mmi
ngs
.A (
199
6).Emp
loyeec
reat
ivi
ty:Per
sonaland

c
ont
ext
ualfac
tor
satwo
rk.Ac
ade
myo
fManage
mentJ
our
nal
,
39:6
07–
635
.

Ro
bins
on.
S.L and Be
nne
t.K.
J(1
995
).A t
ypo
logyo
fdev
iantwo
rkpl
ace

behav
iour
s.Amul
ti
dimens
ionals
cal
ings
tudy.Ac
ade
myo
fmanage
mentJ
our
nal
,

3
8(2
)55
5-5
72.

Se
ntamu
.N.
P(2
003
).Sc
hoo
l’
sinfl
uenc
eofl
ear
ning:Ac
aseo
fupperpr
imar
y

s
cho
olsi
nKampal
aandWaki
soDi
str
ict
s.UgandaEduc
ati
onJ
our
nal
,4.

Tz
ine
r.A.Go
ldbe
rg.S.and Or
.R.(
200
6).Co
unt
erpr
oduc
tiv
eBehav
iorat

Wo
rk and So
me I
ndi
vi
dual Di
ffer
enc
e Char
act
eri
sti
cs. J
our
nal o
f

Man
age
mento
fBu
sine
ssandEc
ono
mic
s,4
,12
8-1
39.

Wat
anabe
.N.(
200
6).Thee
ffec
tofdev
ianc
eonac
ademi
cper
for
manc
e.BA.

Wi
chi
taSt
ateUni
ver
sit
y,2
006
.

5
3
 APPENDI
XII:LETTER

Wo
men’
sUni
ver
sit
yinAfr
ica
P.
O.Bo
x
Har
are
De
arPar
tic
ipant
,

Mynamei
sCar
oli
neBanda,
Iamc
urr
ent
lyp
urs
uingaDi
pl
omaI
nBu
sine
ss
Man
age
mentatt
heWo
menUni
ver
sit
yInAfr
ica.
Asp
artfu
lfi
ll
mento
fmy
di
pl
oma,
lamc
ondu
cti
ngar
ese
arc
hont
hei
mpac
tofde
viantbe
hav
iou
ron
o
rgan
isat
ionalp
erfo
rman
ce(
acas
eofl
arfagec
eme
nt)
.

Iwi
llgr
eat
lyap
pre
ciat
eyo
uras
sis
tanc
ebyans
wer
ingt
hequ
est
ionsp
rov
ide
d
o
nthi
spap
er.
You
rre
spo
nse
stoqu
est
ionsi
nthi
squ
est
ionnai
rewi
llbe
ano
nymo
us;dat
awi
llbec
ombi
nedandanal
yze
dasawho
le.
Ple
aseno
tet
hat
t
her
ear
enoc
orr
ecto
rwr
ongans
wer
sbu
tonl
ywhati
sap
pro
pri
atet
oyo
u.

Thankyo
uve
rymu
chfo
ryo
urt
imeandas
sis
tanc
e.

Yo
urs

Car
oli
neBanda
,

5
4
 APPENDI
XI:QUESTI
ONNAI
RESFORSUPERVI
SOR’
S

I
nst
ruc
tio
nst
ore
spo
nde
nts

Dono
twr
iteyo
urnameo
nthi
squ
est
ionnai
re.

Wr
iteyo
urr
esp
ons
eso
nthes
pac
esp
rov
ide
dbe
lowt
hequ
est
ion.

Se
cti
onA:De
mogr
aphi
cInfo
rmat
ion

Pl
eas
eti
cki
nthebo
xwhe
reap
pro
pri
ate

Whati
syo
urage?

1
5-2
5 2
6–3
5 3
545

4
5–5
5 Abo
ve5
5

Ge
nde
r Mal
e Fe
mal
e

Whati
syo
ure
duc
ati
onall
eve
l?

Pr
imar
y Co
ll
ege

Se
condar
y Uni
ver
sit
y

Ot
her(
Spe
cify)
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.

Ho
wlo
nghav
eyo
ube
enwo
rki
ngi
nthemanu
fac
tur
ingi
ndu
str
ies
?

Le
sst
hanlye
ar 1
-5ye
ars

6
-10ye
ars Abo
ve1
0ye
ars

5
5
Se
cti
onB:Qu
est
ionso
nde
vian
tbe
hav
ior

Whatar
ethemaj
orfo
rmso
fde
viantbe
hav
iou
ratyo
urwo
rkp
lac
e?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

Whatar
ethemaj
orc
aus
eso
fde
viantbe
hav
iou
ramo
ngt
hee
mpl
oye
esat
yo
ur wo
rkp
lac
e?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………….
.
………………………….
……………………………………………………………
………………………………………………

Ho
wdoyo
uno
rmal
lyde
alwi
thc
ase
sofde
viantbe
hav
iou
r?

……………………….
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
.
.
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
.

Do
es de
viantbe
hav
iou
raffe
ctt
hee
mpl
oye
es’p
erfo
rmanc
eoft
he
o
rgani
zat
ion?I
fye
s,ho
w?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

Doyo
umanage
rsandt
heo
rgani
zat
ionc
ont
ribu
tet
ode
viantbe
hav
iou
r?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………….
.

5
6
 APPENDI
XII
I:QUESTI
ONNAI
RE FORGENERALEMPLOYEES

I
nst
ruc
tio
nst
ore
spo
nde
nts

Dono
twr
iteyo
urnameo
nthi
squ
est
ionnai
re.

Wr
iteyo
urr
esp
ons
eso
nthes
pac
esp
rov
ide
dbe
lowt
hequ
est
ion.

Se
cti
onA:De
mogr
aphi
cInfo
rmat
ion

Pl
eas
eti
cki
nthebo
xwhe
reap
pro
pri
ate

Whati
syo
urage?

1
5-2
5 2
6–3
5 3
545

4
5–5
5 Abo
ve5
5

Ge
nde
r Mal
e Fe
mal
e

Whati
syo
ure
duc
ati
onall
eve
l?

Pr
imar
y Co
ll
ege

Se
condar
y Uni
ver
sit
y

Ot
her(
Spe
cify)
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.
..
..
.

Ho
wlo
nghav
eyo
ube
enwo
rki
ngi
nthemanu
fac
tur
ingi
ndu
str
ies
?

Le
sst
hanlye
ar 1
-5ye
ars

6
-10ye
ars Abo
ve1
0ye
ars

SECTI
ONB:Qu
est
ionso
nde
viantbe
hav
iou
r

Whatar
ethemaj
orant
iso
cialac
tiv
iti
esdo
nebys
omee
mpl
oye
esatyo
ur
wo
rkp
lac
e?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5
7
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………….
.

I
nyo
uro
pini
on,whydot
hes
eemp
loye
esdos
uch(ac
tiv
iti
esme
nti
one
din
qu
est
ionac
tiv
iti
es)?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

Whatc
oul
dbet
hee
ffe
cto
fsu
ch be
hav
iou
rso
nthep
erfo
rmanc
eoft
he
o
rgani
zat
ion?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

Whatdoyo
uthi
nks
hou
ldbedo
nebyt
hemanage
mentt
omi
nimi
zes
uch
ant
iso
cialac
tiv
iti
es?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………

Whatdoyo
uthi
nks
hou
ldbedo
nebyo
rgani
zat
iont
omi
nimi
zede
str
uct
ive
de
vianc
e?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5
8
 APPENDI
XIV:I
NTERVI
EWGUI
DELI
NES

Tar
getGr
oup

Se
nio
rManage
ment

Mynamei
sCar
oli
neBanda,Iam c
urr
ent
lyp
urs
uingaDi
pl
omaI
nBu
sine
ss
Man
age
mentatt
heWo
menUni
ver
sit
yInAfr
ica.

Whatar
ethemaj
orant
iso
cialac
tiv
iti
esdo
nebys
omee
mpl
oye
esatyo
ur
wo
rkp
lac
e?

Whatc
hal
le
nge
sar
eyo
ufac
ingwhe
nde
ali
ngwi
thi
ssu
est
odowi
th
de
str
uct
ivede
vianc
eatwo
rkp
lac
e?

Whi
chme
tho
ds/waysdoyo
uus
ual
lyu
set
ode
alwi
thde
str
uct
ivede
viant
be
hav
iou
r?

Whati
sther
elat
ions
hipbe
twe
ende
str
uct
ivede
vianc
eando
rgani
sat
ional
p
erfo
manc
e?

Domanage
rsc
ont
ribu
tet
ode
vianc
eatwo
rkp
lac
e?

5
9