EFFECTSOFCONTAI

NERI
ZATI
ONONPERFORMANCEOFKI
SUMUPORTKENYA

ONJOMAJOANADHI
AMBO

I
NDEX

ARESEARCHPROJECTSUBMI
TTEDTOTHESCHOOLOFBUSI
NESSI
NPARTI
AL

FUL
FIL
LMENTOFREQUI
EREMENTFORTHEAWARDOFDEPL
OMAI
NINTERNATI
ONAL

FREI
GHTMANAGEMENT

RAI
LWAYSTRAI
NINGI
NTI
TUTE

JUL
Y,2022

1
DECLARATI
ON

Thi
sresear
chpr
ojectr
epor
tismyor
igi
nalwor
kandhasnotbeensubmi
tt
edel
sewher
e

oranyi
nst
it
uti
onf
orexami
nat
ionpur
pose

Si
gn………………….dat
e……………….

ONJOMAJOANADHI
AMBORTI
/KSM/
19/
0028

Thi
swor
khasbeensubmi
tt
edf
orexami
nat
ionwi
thmyr
ecommendat
ionast
rai
ning

i
nst
it
utesuper
visor

Si
gn…………………………………….Dat
e……………………………

ELI
JAHRANGI
LI,
RAI
LWAYSTRAI
NINGI
NSTI
TUTE.

COPPYRI
GHT

ONJOMAJOANADHI
AMBO

Al
lri
ght
sar
ereser
ved

No par
toft
his wor
kmaybe r
epr
oduced orut
il
ized i
n anyf
orm byanymeans,

el
ect
roni
csmechani
cali
ncl
udi
ngphot
ocopy
ingr
eadi
ngorbyanyi
nfor
mat
ionst
orageor

r
etr
iev
alsy
stem wi
thoutpr
e-wr
it
ten per
missi
on oft
he aut
hororRai
l
wayt
rai
ning

i
nst
it
ute.

2
DEDI
CATI
ON

Thi
sst
udyi
sdedi
cat
edt
omyl
ovel
yfami
l
ymember
sandal
lmyf
ri
ends’
col
l
eagueswho

hav
elentundy
ingsuppor
tandi
nspi
rat
ion.

3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Fi
rst
,Iwoul
dli
ket
oappr
eci
atemysuper
visorMr
.El
i
jahRangi
l
ifort
hei
nval
uabl
einput

andt
ir
elessassi
stanceandsuppor
theaccor
ded.Hewor
kedt
ir
elessl
ytogui
deand

suppor
tmet
hroughmyr
esear
chandsubsequent
lyt
hisr
epor
t.Iwoul
dli
ket
othankt
he

r
ail
way
str
aini
ngi
nst
it
utef
ort
hesuppor
ttheyaccor
dedmei
npar
ti
cul
arMr
.Odhi
ambo.

l
ast
lyt
oal
lmydearf
ri
endsl
i
keLaur
ami
l
kaandpur
it
ykadzot
hankssomuchf
or

assi
stanceandpr
ayer
s.

4
ABSTRACT

Cont
ainer
izat
ioni
sregar
dedasapr
ocessofv
irt
ual
i
zat
ionwher
eappl
i
cat
ionsi
sisol
ated

userspaces cal
l
ed cont
ainer
s.Whi
l
e usi
ng t
he same shar
ed oper
ati
ng sy
stem

.
cont
ainerf
rei
ghtst
ati
ons(
CFs)ar
esea/
lakepor
tfaci
l
iti
eswhi
chhav
ebeenconsi
der
ed

asi
mpor
tanti
nter
vent
ionst
hatcanmi
ti
gat
econgest
ionatKi
sumupor
ttheai
m oft
he

st
udywast
oinv
est
igat
eef
fect
sofcont
ainer
izat
iononper
for
manceofKi
sumupor
t

Keny
a.Thi
sst
udyusedadescr
ipt
ivesur
veydesi
gnt
ocol
l
ectt
hei
ntendeddat
a.

The t
argetpopul
ati
on consi
sted of50 par
ti
cipant
s atKi
sumu por
t.t
his st
udyi
s

si
gni
fi
cantbecauset
her
eisa asser
tli
ter
atur
eon t
hissubj
ectofcont
ainer
izat
ion

ef
fi
ciency.
,
andsecondl
yasnat
ionsar
ebecomi
ngmor
egl
obalandi
ndust
ri
esmor
e

exposedt
othepr
essur
eofi
nter
cont
inent
alcompet
it
ion t
her
eisagr
owi
ngr
eal
i
zat
ion

t
hatser
vices suppl
i
ed t
othei
rindust
ri
es mustbe pr
oduced on an i
nter
nat
ional
l
y

compet
it
ivebasi
s.i
tishopedt
hatt
hef
indi
ngsf
rom t
hest
udywi
l
lbeusef
ult
othecf
s

and Keny
a por
taut
hor
it
yin desi
gni
ng opt
imalsy
stem t
hatcan pr
ovi
de t
he most

ef
fi
cientser
vicet
othecust
omeri
nor
dert
oincr
easeper
for
manceandcompet
it
ion.

5
TABLEOFCONTENTS
DECLARATI
ONANDRECOMEMDATI
ON 2

DECLARATI
ON 2

RECOMEDATI
ON 2

DEDI
CATI
ON 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

ABSTRACT 5

CHAPTERONE 9

1.
0INTRODUCTI
ON 9

1.
1BACKGROUNDOFTHESTUDY 9

1.
2STATEMENTOFPROBLEM 9

1.
3PURPOSEOFTHESTUDY 9

1.
4OBJECTI
VEOFTHESTUDY 9

1.
4.1.speci
fi
cobj
ect
ives 10

1.
5RESEACHQUESTI
ON 10

1.
6SCOPEOFTHESTUDY 10

1.
7SI
GNI
FICANTOFTHESTUDY 10

1.
8LI
MITATI
ONSOFTHESTUDY 11

1.
9DEFI
NATI
ONOFTERMS 11

2CONCEPTUALFRRAMEWORK 11
6
CHAPTERTWO 12

2.
0LI
TRATUREREVI
EW 12

2.
1THEORI
TICALREVI
EW 12

2.
2THEORI
TICALFRAMEWORK 12

2.
2.1model
ofcont
ainer
izat
ion 12

2.
3IMPERI
CALREVI
EW 13

2.
3.1Funct
ionsofcont
ainer
izat
ion 13

2.
3.2Ef
fi
ciencyofcont
ainer
izat
ion 13

2.
3.3I
nfr
ast
ruct
ural
fact
orsi
nef
fi
ciencyofcont
ainer
izat
ion. 14

2.
9RESEARCHGAP 14

CHAPTERTHREE 15

3.
1INTRODUCTI
ON 15

3.
2RESEARCHDESI
GN 15

3.
3TARGETPOPULATI
ON 15

3.
4SAMPLI
NGANDSAMPLI
NGSI
ZE 15

3.
5DATACOLLECTI
ONPROCEDURES. 16

3.
6DATACOLLECTI
ONI
NTRUMENTS 16

3.
6.1Pi
l
oti
ng 16

3.
6.2Val
i
dit
y 16

3.
6.3r
eli
abi
l
ity 16

7
 3.
7DATAANALYSI
S 17

3.
8ETHI
CALCONSI
DERATI
ONS 17

CHAPTERFOUR 18

4.
0FI
NDI
NGS,
DATAANALYSI
S,CONCLUSI
ONSANDRECOMMENDATI
ONS 18

4.
1RESPONSERATE 18

4.
1.1Lev
elofEducat
ion 18

Tabl
e4.
1.1l
evel
ofeducat
ion 18

4.
1.2Dur
ati
oni
nOr
gani
zat
ion 19

Tabl
e4.
1.2Dur
ati
oni
ntheor
gani
zat
ion 19

4.
2ESTABLI
SHI
NGCONTAI
NERI
ZATI
ONATKI
SUMUPORTKENYA 20

Tabl
e4.
2respondent
s 20

4.
3FACTORSAFFECTI
NGCONTAI
NERI
ZATI
ONI
NKI
SUMUPORT 21

Tabl
e4.
3fact
orsaf
fect
ingcont
ainer
izat
ion 21

4.
4THEREI
SAPOSI
TIVEREALATI
NSHI
PBETWEEN CONTAI
NERI
ZARI
ON ANDI
TS

PERFOMANCEI
NKI
SUMUPORT 22

Tabl
e4.
4posi
ti
ver
elat
ionshi
p 23

4.
5DI
SCUSSI
ONOFMAJORFI
NDI
NGS 24

4.
5.1r
elat
ionshi
pbet
weencont
ainer
izat
ionandi
tsper
for
mance 24

4.
5.2cont
ainer
izat
ioni
mpr
ovesper
for
manceofKi
sumupor
t 24

4.
5.3f
act
orsaf
fect
ingcont
ainer
izat
ionandi
tsper
for
mance 24

8
 4.
6DI
SCUSSI
ONOFTHEFI
NDI
NGS. 24

4.
7CONCLUSSI
ON 25

4.
8RECOMMENDATI
ONS. 25

4.
9SUGGESTI
ONFORFURTHERSTUDI
ES 25

REFERENCES 26

APPENDI
CES 27

APPENDI
X1QUESTI
ONNAI
RE 27

APPENDI
XIIWORKPLAN 28

APPENDI
XII
IBUDGET 29

9
CHAPTERONE

1.
0INTRODUCTI
ON

Thi
schapt
erent
ail
sthebackgr
oundoft
hest
udy
,st
atementoft
hepr
obl
em,
pur
poseof

t
hest
udy
,resear
chobj
ect
ivesr
esear
chquest
ions,scopeoft
hest
udy
,andsi
gni
fi
cance

oft
hest
udyandconcept
ionf
ramewor
k.

1.
1BACKGROUNDOFTHESTUDY

I
ncr
easedgl
obalt
radeandgeogr
aphi
caldi
sper
sionofpr
oduct
shasr
esul
tedi
ntoa

phenomenalexpansi
onoff
rei
ghtt
ranspor
tov
ert
her
ecenty
ear
s.I
t’
sest
imat
edt
hatt
he

v
olumeofi
nter
nat
ionalt
radehast
appedamassi
ve8.
17bi
l
li
ont
onsandi
nthepast

y
ear
sthemar
it
imet
ranspor
ttr
adehasbeengr
owi
ngatanannualav
erager
ate.Lake

por
tsar
eimpor
tanthubi
nthei
nter
modalexchangeofgoodsbet
weenl
akesshi
ppi
ng

andl
andt
ranspor
tat
ionmodes.Thegoodsexchangeoccuri
sdi
ff
erentf
orms;l
i
qui
d

bul
kdr
ybul
k,gener
alaut
osandcont
ainer
s.i
nKi
sumupor
twhi
l
ethenon-
cont
ainer
ized

car
goi
sdel
i
ver
eddi
rect
lyf
rom shi
pst
otr
acksorconv
eyor
s.cont
ainer
sar
efi
rstst
oredI

cont
ainery
ardf
orsev
eralday
sbef
orebei
ngr
eleased.
sincet
hei
radv
enti
nlat
e1950’
sc

cont
ainer
shasr
evol
uti
oni
zed mar
it
imet
ranspor
t,ov
er60%ofwor
ld’
sdeepseagener
al

car
gonowmov
esi
ncont
ainer
s(mul
l
er,
1995)
andt
hei
rshar
einmar
it
imet
ranspor
thas

beenexpandi
ng.Ki
sumupor
thast
wot
ypesoff
ort
iesspeci
ali
zedandconv
ent
ional

cont
ainert
ermi
nalf
orhandl
i
ngcont
ainercar
go.Howev
er,t
het
ermi
nusi
srel
ati
vel
y

smal
lgi
vi
ngr
iset
ocongest
ion.
tomi
ti
gat
econgest
ionatt
hemar
it
imet
ermi
nalanot
her

f
rei
ghtst
ati
onhasbeenest
abl
i
shedi
nki
boswest
ernKeny
aal
ongt
heshow ofLake

Vi
ctor
ia.

10
1.
2STATEMENTOFPROBLEM

Cont
ainer
izat
ioni
sani
mpor
tanti
nter
vent
ionai
medateasi
ngcongest
ioni
nthemar
ine

t
ermi
nalatKi
sumu por
t.To accompl
i
sh t
he t
ask cont
ainerf
rei
ghtst
ati
on was

est
abl
i
shedatki
bosandKi
sumupor
tdespi
teoft
hist
hepor
tst
il
lexper
iencecongest
ion.

Howev
er,al
thoughcpsDecember2019t
oJanuar
y2022st
udysuggest
edt
hatt
het
ype

ofi
nfr
ast
ruct
urepr
esent(
suchasr
oads,por
trai
landcommuni
cat
ionnet
wor
k),t
his

sy
stem uset
orel
easeandr
ecei
vecont
ainer
sandt
hemachi
ner
yequi
pment
’sempl
oyed

i
nfl
uencedt
heef
fi
ciencyofcont
ainer
izat
ion.

1.
3PURPOSEOFTHESTUDY

Thepur
poseoft
hest
udywast
oinv
est
igat
ethef
act
orsaf
fect
ingcont
ainer
izat
ionatt
he

Ki
sumupor
tKi
sumucount
y.

1.
4OBJECTI
VEOFTHESTUDY

The gener
alobj
ect
ive oft
he st
udy was t
o know t
he ef
fect
s ofcont
ainer
izat
ion

per
for
mancei
nKi
sumupor
tinKeny
a.

1.
4.1.Speci
fi
cobj
ect
ives

i
. Thespeci
fi
cobj
ect
iveoft
hest
udywer
e,

i
i
. t
oest
abl
i
shcont
ainer
izat
ionofKi
sumupor
t

i
i
i. t
oest
abl
i
sht
heper
for
manceofcont
ainer
izat
iononKi
sumupor
tinKeny
a

i
v. t
oest
abl
i
sht
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weencont
ainer
izat
ionandper
for
manceofpor
tin

Ki
sumuKeny
a

11
1.
5RESEACHQUESTI
ON

Thest
udysoughtt
oanswert
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ionsi
nor
dert
oachi
evet
hest
udy

obj
ect
ives.

i
. Whatar
ethef
ormsofcont
ainer
izat
ionofKi
sumupor
tinKeny
a?

i
i
. Whatar
ethef
ormsofper
for
manceofcont
ainer
izat
iononKi
sumupor
tinKeny
a

i
i
i. Whatar
ethef
ormsofr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weencont
ainer
izat
ionandper
for
manceof

Ki
sumupor
tinKeny
a

1.
6SCOPEOFTHESTUDY

Thest
udywi
l
lbeconduct
edt
oinv
est
igat
etheef
fectofcont
ainer
izat
ioni
nper
for
mance

ofKi
sumupor
tinKeny
awhi
chl
i
essquar
elyal
ong23degr
eest
othenor
thpol
eand34

degr
ees ofl
ati
tude t
othe sout
h pol
e;
27 degr
ees t
othe sout
h westpol
e oft
he

Gr
eenwi
chpr
imemer
idi
ani
nKi
sumucount
ywhi
chi
slocat
edi
nwest
ernpar
tofKeny
a

.
studyt
arget
s6 r
egi
on dat
ainwhi
chasampl
eof10 wi
l
lbegener
ated and t
he

r
esear
cher
swi
l
lusebot
hqual
i
tat
iveandquant
it
ati
vet
echni
quei
nanal
yzi
ngt
hedat
a

t
hatwi
l
lbecol
l
ect
ed.

1.
7SI
GNI
FICANTOFTHESTUDY

Thef
indi
ngsf
rom t
hest
udywi
l
lbeusef
uli
nthef
oll
owi
ngway
s;

i
. ToFSE’
Sthemsel
vest
heywi
l
lbei
naposi
ti
ont
oknowhowt
heyar
eper
for
ming

howt
heycani
mpr
oveandpr
ovi
demor
eef
fi
cientser
vicet
ocont
ainer
s.

12
 i
i
. ToKPAt
hest
udywi
l
lenabl
eKPAt
ocomeupwi
thamodelofcont
ainert
ransf
er

f
rom shi
ptol
andandv
icev
ersa

i
i
i. Tocust
omer
stheywi
l
lbenef
itf
rom ahi
ghert
urnar
oundofshi
psast
hiswoul
d

meanef
fi
ciencyi
nimpor
tandexpor
tofgoods

i
v. Tot
her
esear
cher
sthest
udywoul
dofacademi
cimpor
tancet
other
esear
cher
s

asi
twoul
dhel
ptopar
ti
all
yisol
atet
hef
act
orst
hati
nfl
uencet
heef
fi
ciencyof

cont
ainer
izat
ion.

1.
8LI
MITATI
ONSOFTHESTUDY

Becauseofconst
rai
nsi
mposedbyt
ime,
thest
udyonl
yfocusedont
hepossi
blef
act
ors

t
hataf
fectt
heef
fi
ci
encyofcont
ainer
izat
ionnamel
y:i
nfr
ast
ruct
ure,sy
stem usedwhen

r
ecei
vi
ngandr
eleasi
ngt
hecont
ainer
sandt
het
ypeofequi
pment
’sused.Howev
er,t
his

al
l
owedf
ormaj
oranal
ysi
soft
hisv
ari
abl
est
hecol
l
ect
ionofdat
apr
ovedt
obedi
ff
icul
t

si
ncet
hemanagementofCFswasadamantt
ogi
vet
hei
nfor
mat
iononef
fi
ciencyof

t
hei
rcont
ainer
s.

1.
9DEFI
NATI
ONOFTERMS

Cont
ainer
izat
ion-
it
’sat
ypeofv
irt
ual
i
zat
ionwher
eappl
i
ancesar
ekepti
nisol
atedcans

cal
l
edcont
ainer
swher
eusi
ngt
hesameshar
edsy
stem (
DS)

Cont
ainer
sfr
eightst
ati
on–aCFsi
sast
ati
onusual
l
ylocat
ednearapor
twher
ecar
go

ar
ehandl
edi
ntoorof
f-
loadedf
rom cont
ainer
s.

Por
t–apl
acenearwat
erbodywi
thf
aci
l
iti
esf
orl
oadi
ngandof
f-
loadi
ngshi
ps

Ki
sumu Por
t-a ci
tyort
own wi
th wat
erwaywi
th such f
aci
l
iti
es f
orl
oadi
ng and

13
of
fl
oadi
ngshi
ps.

Expor
t-t
het
erm expor
tisder
ivedf
rom concept
ual
meani
ngast
heshi
ptakesgoodsout

ofpor
tofacount
ry.

I
mpor
t-t
het
erm expor
tisder
ivedf
rom concept
ualmeani
ngast
heshi
pbr
ingsgoods

i
ntoofpor
tofacount
ry.

2CONCEPTUALFRRAMEWORK

The concept
ualf
ramewor
kindi
cat
es i
nter
dependence r
elat
ionshi
p bet
ween t
he

i
ndependentanddependentv
ari
abl
es

I
ndependentv
ari
abl
es Dependentv
ari
abl
es

Cont
ainer
izat
ion Per
for
manceofKi
sumupor
tinKeny
a

-
Recei
vi
ng
-
aver
age r
ound t
ri
p
-
Rel
easi
ng
t
ime
-
Rai
l
way
-
cont
ainerdwel
lti
me
-
Por
t
-
wai
ti
ng t
ime f
or
-
Roads t
racks

-
vol
ume of car
go

handl
ed

14
 CHAPTERTWO

2.
0LI
TRATUREREVI
EW

2.
1THEORI
TICALREVI
EW

Thi
schapt
erdi
scusst
het
heor
eti
calf
ramewor
k,i
ntr
oduct
ionoft
her
evi
ew empi
ri
cal

r
evi
ewi
naddi
ti
ont
hechapt
ercont
ainssummar
yoft
hegapst
obef
il
ledbyt
hest
udy

2.
2THEORI
TICALFRAMEWORK

2.
2.1Model
ofcont
ainer
izat
ion

Cont
ainer
izat
ioni
sfor
m ofv
irt
ual
i
zat
ionwher
eappl
i
cat
ionr
uni
nisol
ateduserspaces

cal
l
edcont
ainer
swhi
l
eusi
ngt
hesameshar
edoper
ati
ngaccor
dingt
oUNCTAD(
1990)
,a

cont
ainerst
ati
onsi
sashadewher
ebr
ickbul
kcar
gosf
rom sev
eraldi
ff
erentconsi
gnor

ar
ear
ecei
vedaggr
egat
edandst
uff
edi
ntoacont
ainerorwher
ecar
gosdoesev
eral

consi
gnor
sar
eunpl
acedf
rom acont
ainerf
ordel
i
ver
y.i
naddi
ti
oncont
ainer
izat
ionar
e

al
sosupposed t
odel
i
veri
mpor
tcar
gost
empor
ari
l
ybet
weenat
het
imeofunl
oadi
ng

andof
fl
oadi
ng,
whi
l
evar
iousdocument
aryandf
ormal
i
tiesar
ecompl
eted.
cont
ainer

r
eloadi
ngf
rom ont
orai
lort
rackcar
ri
erequi
pmenti
sty
pical
act
ivi
ty.

Accor
dingt
orepor
tbymi
nist
ryoft
ranspor
t(2020)cont
ainer
izat
ioni
sext
endedar
m of

por
t/I
CD,wher
eimpor
ted/
expor
tedgoodsar
ekeptt
il
lcompl
eti
onoft
hei
rinspect
ion

andcl
ear
ance.Thei
mpor
tedgoodscanbei
mmedi
atel
yshi
ft
edf
rom t
hepor
ttoa

cont
ainerf
rei
ghtst
ati
onwhi
chi
ntheot
herhandhel
pinr
educt
ionofpor
tcongest
ion.Al
l

t
he act
ivi
ti
es r
elat
ed t
o cl
ear
ance ofgoods f
orhome consumpt
ion,war
ehousi
ng

t
empor
ari
l
yadmi
ssi
on-
expor
ttempor
ari
l
yst
oragef
oronwar
dtr
ansi
tandexpor
ttakes

15
pl
ace atcont
ainerst
ati
ons.Ther
efor
e,cl
ear
ance ofgoods f
rom cont
ainer
sis an

i
mpor
tantconsi
der
ati
onf
ort
radei
nrespectofexpor
t/i
mpor
tcar
goati
tisf
inalcust
om

cont
actpoi
nt.Thepr
imar
ypur
poseofi
nlandcont
ainer
sdepoti
stoal
l
owt
hebenef
it
sof

cont
ainer
izat
ion t
o be r
eal
i
zed on t
he i
nland t
ranspor
tleg ofi
nter
nat
ionalcar
go

mov
ement.
cont
ainer
izat
ioncont
ri
but
etot
hecostef
fect
ivenessofcust
omsi
nKi
sumu

por
t,cont
ainerf
rei
ghtst
ati
onsar
eusual
l
ysi
tuat
edmuchcl
oseri
ntot
hepor
twhi
l
e

i
nter
nalcont
ainerdepor
tar
eusual
l
ysi
tuat
edf
urt
heri
ntohi
nter
land.
insuchacl
ose

cont
ainer
izat
ioni
smucheasi
ersi
ncet
her
eisacont
ainerf
rei
ghtst
ati
onwi
thi
nthepor
t

ofKi
sumuKeny
a.

2.
3IMPERI
CALREVI
EW

2.
3.1Funct
ionsofcont
ainer
izat
ion

I
LD(
1995)expl
ainedt
her
oleofcont
ainer
izat
ionwasdesi
gnedt
oser
vet
heneedsof

consi
gnor
sandconsi
gneeswhoneedt
otr
anspor
tcar
goi
nbr
eakbul
kfr
om t
hewi
sht
o

gai
nasmanyofbenef
it
sofcont
ainer
izedi
nter
modalt
ranspor
taspossi
bleaccor
dingt
o

I
LD(
1995)
.t
hef
unct
ionsofcont
ainer
izat
ioni
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ngt
orecei
vesor
tand

consol
i
dat
eexpor
tbr
eakbul
kcar
gof
rom r
oadv
ehi
cles,
rai
lwagonandi
nlandwat
erway

cr
aft
stost
orei
mpor
tandexpor
tcar
gost
empor
ari
l
ybet
weent
het
imeofunl
oadi
ngand

l
oadi
ngwhi
l
evar
iousdocument
aryandadmi
nist
rat
ivef
ormal
i
tiesar
ecompl
eted(
e.g.

cust
om i
nspect
ionset
tl
ingofchar
gesf
orpackagi
ng,
unpacki
ngandst
oragear
rangi
ng

t
ranspor
t)

Someaut
hor
shav
ear
guedt
hatt
heuseofcont
ainer
izat
iont
oref
ert
o cont
ainer
s

handl
i
ngf
aci
l
iti
esi
nKi
sumupor
tisami
snomerast
hef
aci
l
iti
escar
ryoutl
i
ttl
est
uff
ing
16
andst
ri
ppi
ngofi
mpor
tedcont
ainer
s.assucht
heyhav
epr
oposedt
hatf
aci
l
iti
esbe

cal
l
edof
fdockcont
ainer
syar
dtodi
ff
erent
iat
ethem f
rom ondockcont
ainery
ardf
or

t
hosewi
thi
nmar
inet
ermi
nal
s.I
tist
her
efor
eimpor
tantt
odocumentj
ustwhatt
ypeof

ser
vicei
spr
ovi
dedbycont
ainer
izat
ioni
nKi
sumupor
t

2.
3.2Ef
fi
ciencyofcont
ainer
izat
ion

Ef
fi
ciencymeansanef
fect
ivenesswayofdoi
ngt
hings.
TheAmer
icanher
it
ageof

Engl
i
shl
anguagedef
inesef
fi
cientt
headj
ect
iveofef
fi
ciencyasact
ingorpr
oduci
ng

ef
fect
ivel
ywi
thami
nimum ofwast
eexpenseofunnecessar
yef
for
t.Thi
sissi
mil
art
o

def
ini
ti
ongi
venbyt
heCol
l
in’
sEngl
i
shDi
cti
onar
ywhi
chdef
inesef
fi
cientasf
unct
ioni
ng

orpr
oduci
ngef
fect
ivel
yandwi
thl
eastwast
eofef
for
tthusappl
i
edt
ocont
ainer
izat
ion,

ef
fi
ciencywi
l
lbeexpect
edt
oper
for
mthedut
iesef
fect
ivel
yandwi
thmi
nimum wast
eof

ef
for
t.Tomeasur
epr
oduct
ivi
tyofcont
ainer
izat
iont
wobr
oadt
ypesofmeasur
est
raf
fi
c

andt
hroughputwi
l
lbeadopt
edwher
east
raf
fi
cmeasur
eindi
cat
est
hequant
it
yofcar
go

passi
ngt
hroughat
ermi
nali
nuni
tti
me,t
hroughputmeasur
esshowt
heef
for
tinv
olv
ed

i
nmov
ingcar
gousual
l
yexpect
edi
nter
msofcont
ainermov
ementperuni
tti
me.Most

oft
hesemeasur
eswer
edev
elopedt
omeasur
ethepr
oduct
ivi
tyofl
akesseapor
t,t
hus

t
his st
udy wi
l
lmodi
fy some oft
hem t
o appl
yin measur
ementofef
fi
ciency of

cont
ainer
izat
ion.Thi
sst
udywi
l
ladoptt
hreet
hroughputmeasur
etogauget
heef
fi
ciency

ofcont
ainer
izat
ion.Thi
swi
l
lincl
uder
oundt
ri
pti
mei
ttakef
oracont
ainert
obemov
ed

f
rom por
tto cont
ainerf
rei
ghtst
ati
on and v
ise v
erse .
The av
erage dwel
lti
me of

cont
ainer
satcont
ainerf
rei
ghtst
ati
onsandwai
ti
ngt
imef
orout
sidert
rucks.
fort
raf
fi
c

measur
ethest
udyt
hisst
udywi
l
lmeasur
ethenumberofcont
ainer
sint
ermsofTEUS

17
andt
het
otalwei
ghtoft
hecar
go(
incl
udi
ngpackagi
ngbutexcl
udi
ngt
hecont
ainer
stake

wei
ght)
Thi
swayi
ssui
tabl
ecompar
isonsbet
weendi
ff
erentcont
ainer
sfr
eightst
ati
ons

canbedoneascont
ainer
scoul
ddi
ff
eri
nsi
zeandnumberandt
hewei
ghtoft
hecont
ent

t
her
eat
.

2.
3.3I
nfr
ast
ruct
ural
fact
orsi
nef
fi
ciencyofcont
ainer
izat
ion.

Thecont
ainerf
rei
ghtst
ati
oni
nKi
sumuar
econnect
edt
oKi
sumupor
tandi
nter
lar
dis

madeupofmai
nlyr
oadsandr
ail
way
s.i
tist
her
efor
eexpect
edt
hatst
atusoft
her
oad

anddi
stanceofCFSt
opor
twi
l
laf
fectef
fi
ciencyofcont
ainer
izat
ioni
nter
msoft
he

av
erager
oundt
ri
pti
met
akent
omov
ethecont
ainerf
rom t
hepor
ttot
heCFSandv
ice

v
ersa.
thecont
ainer
izat
iont
hatt
akespl
acei
ncl
oset
othepor
tispr
ovi
dewi
thbet
ter

r
oadsorf
unct
ioni
ngr
ail
ser
vicewi
l
lbeexpect
edt
ohav
eshor
troundt
ri
pti
me.

Thei
mpor
tanceofi
nfr
ast
ruct
uralf
act
orsi
nthepr
operf
unct
ioni
ngofcont
ainer
izat
ioni
s

domi
nat
edbyt
hef
actt
hatKeny
arev
enueaut
hor
it
yonl
yli
censesCFSaf
teri
thast
aken

i
ntoconsi
der
ati
onf
act
orssuchasl
ocat
ionf
aci
l
iti
essecur
it
yandequi
pmentofCFS.

Tor
educet
heav
eragedwel
lti
meofcont
ainer
sdur
ingcont
ainer
izat
ioni
twi
l
lrequi
re

ot
herkeyf
aci
l
iti
esi
ncl
udi
ngwar
ehousegat
ecompl
excar
gohandl
i
ngequi
pment
’ssuch

ascr
anes,
haul
erandt
rol
l
eysandpr
emi
set
ohostcust
omer
sandot
heragenci
es.
a

war
ehousesneededt
opr
ovi
deast
orageandwor
kingar
eaf
ornocont
ainer
izedcar
go

.
enoughspacei
sneededt
oisol
atet
hesepar
ateexpor
tboundagef
rom t
hei
mpor
t

whi
char
eunpackedanddi
str
ibut
edt
oindi
vi
dualowner
s.Agat
ecompl
exi
srequi
redf
or

pr
operr
egul
ati
onofent
ryandexi
tofv
ehi
clescar
ryi
ngcar
goandcont
ainer
sthr
ought
he

t
ermi
nal
.It
’swher
edocument
ati
onscr
uti
nyandcont
ainerpr
ocedur
esar
eunder
taken

18
2.
9RESEARCHGAP

A sear
ch oft
he l
i
ter
atur
erev
eal
ed a shor
tage i
n st
udi
es t
hathav
e empi
ri
cal
l
y

i
nvest
igat
ed f
act
orsr
esponsi
blef
ort
he ef
fi
ci
ency ofcont
ainer
izat
ion .
thi
s was

sur
pri
si
ngconsi
der
ingt
hei
mpor
tanceofCFSi
neasi
ngcongest
ionoft
hemot
herpor
t.i
t

woul
dbeexpect
edt
hatt
hef
act
orst
hatmakecont
ainer
izat
iont
obev
eryef
fect
ive

woul
dbei
mpor
tantasi
twi
l
lcont
ri
but
etot
heov
eral
lsuccessoft
hemot
herpor
ts

,
Howev
erar
evi
seoft
hef
unct
ionscar
ri
edoutbycont
ainer
izat
ionshowedt
hati
ts

ef
fi
ciencycoul
dbei
nfl
uencedbyat
ri
ooff
act
ors.
thet
ypeofi
nfr
ast
ruct
ure,
thet
ypeof

sy
stem usedt
orecei
veandr
eleasecar
goandt
hemachi
ner
yempl
oyeddur
ingt
he

pr
ocessofcont
ainer
izat
ion.

19
 CHAPTERTHREE.

METHODOLOGY

3.
1INTRODUCTI
ON

Thi
s chapt
erdescr
ibe t
he r
esear
ch desi
gn and r
esear
ch met
hodol
ogy t
hatwas

empl
oyed i
nthi
s st
udy
.Itcont
ains r
esear
ch st
udy si
te,r
esear
ch desi
gn,t
arget

popul
ati
on,dat
acol
l
ect
ioni
nst
rumentandpr
ocedur
eandf
inal
l
ythedat
aanal
ysi
sand

pr
esent
ati
onmet
hodsused.

3.
2RESEARCHDESI
GN

Ar
esear
chdesi
gni
sapl
an,st
ruct
ureandst
rat
egycanbeusedi
nor
dert
oobt
ain

answer
stor
esear
chquest
ionsandcont
rolv
ari
abl
es.Thi
sst
udyempl
oyeddescr
ipt
ive

r
esear
chdesi
gnt
hatenabl
edi
tcol
l
ectadequat
einf
ormat
ionaboutt
hef
act
orst
hat

af
fectt
heef
fi
ci
encyofCFSast
heyexi
stedwi
thi
nthepopul
ati
on.
descr
ipt
iver
esear
ch

desi
gni
sabenef
ici
aldesi
gnwher
ebyi
thel
pst
omeasur
edat
atr
endt
hati
stomeasur
e

changesi
nvar
iabl
esov
eraper
iodoft
ime,al
l
owi
ngt
het
rendt
obei
dent
if
iedand

anal
yzed.
ital
sohel
ptodef
inet
hechar
act
eri
sti
cssuchasopi
niont
rai
tsbehav
ioret
c..
In

or
der t
o at
tai
n t
he pr
oposed r
esear
ch obj
ect
ives of i
nvest
igat
ing ef
fect
s of

cont
ainer
izat
ioni
nKi
sumupor
tKeny
a.Thedesi
gnwasusedf
ori
twasappr
opr
iat
e

becauseofi
tshi
gherext
ernal
val
i
dit
yandl
esscost
.

3.
3TARGETPOPULATI
ON

Thet
argetpopul
ati
onwasal
lthet
wof
rei
ghtst
ati
onsi
nKi
sumupor
t.Thepopul
ati
onof

t
hest
udycompr
isedoff
rei
ghtst
ati
onsmanagerandar
esponsi
bleof
fi
cercl
ear
ing

20
depar
tment
,war
ehousedepar
tment
.Thosef
rom cl
ear
ingdepar
tmentcompr
isesof15,

war
ehousedepar
tment4045r
esponsi
blehar
dwor
kingci
ti
zens.

Popul
ati
oncat
egor
y Popul
ati
onsi
ze Per
cent
age

Cl
ear
ingdepar
tment 10 20%

war
ehousi
ngdepar
tment 40 80%

t
otal 50 100%

3.
4SAMPLI
NGANDSAMPLI
NGSI
ZE

Sampl
i
ngi
sapr
ocessusei
nst
andar
dizedanal
ysi
sinwhi
chapr
edet
ermi
nednumberof

obser
vat
ionsar
etaken f
rom al
argepopul
ati
on ‘
ther
esear
ch adopt
ed ast
rat
if
ied

sampl
i
ngdesi
gnwher
ebyt
hepopul
ati
oni
sfi
rstdi
vi
dedi
ntosubgr
oupswhi
chshar
e

si
mil
archar
act
eri
sti
csandl
aterusedt
opur
posi
ve.Sampl
i
ngwhi
chr
eli
esonj
udgment

ofr
esear
cherwhenchoosi
ngwhot
opar
ti
cipat
einanal
ysi
soft
hef
indi
ngs.Thati
s40%

of50whi
chgav
eus20r
espondenteach.

3.
5DATACOLLECTI
ONPROCEDURES.

Thepr
ocedur
eofdat
acol
l
ect
ioni
nvol
vedt
hedi
str
ibut
ionofquest
ioner
s.Quest
ioner

wasdi
str
ibut
edt
othet
woCFSr
esponsi
blemanager
.Thi
sst
udyusedbot
hsecondar
y

andpr
imar
ydat
acol
l
ect
ion.
insecondar
ydat
aresear
cherobt
ainedf
rom t
hel
i
ter
atur
e

r
evi
ew ofr
esour
cessuchasbooks,i
nter
netandpubl
i
cat
ionsi
nthear
easofst
udy
.

21
I
nter
viewswer
eal
sousedi
nor
dert
ogetf
acet
ofaceconv
ersat
ionandhel
pthe

r
esear
chercl
ari
fyi
nfor
mat
ionobt
ainedusi
ngquest
ionnai
res.

3.
6DATACOLLECTI
ONI
NTRUMENTS

Thest
udyadopt
edv
ali
dit
yandr
eli
abi
l
ity
,pl
ott
ingmeasur
est
oimpr
ovet
her
eli
abi
l
ityand

r
eli
abi
l
ityoft
hei
nst
rument
sused.Eachmeasur
eisdi
scussedi
nsect
ionsbel
ow.

3.
6.1Pi
l
oti
ng

The r
esear
cherper
sonal
l
y admi
nist
ered quest
ionnai
res t
othe r
espondent
s af
ter

di
vi
dingt
hem i
ntost
rat
a.Mostoft
her
espondent
scompr
isesoft
hef
rei
ghtst
ati
on

manager
sandof
fi
cer
s.Ther
esear
cher
sint
endedt
ogetoper
ati
onali
nfor
mat
ionf
rom

t
hewar
ehouset
eam andcl
ear
ingt
eam.Thi
smadei
teasyf
orbot
hthet
eam t
opr
ovi
de

t
heser
vicesef
fect
ivemanner
.

3.
6.2Val
i
dit
y

Val
i
dit
yisqual
i
tyat
tri
but
edt
opr
oposi
ti
onorameasur
eofdegr
eet
owhi
cht
heyconf
ir
m

t
o est
abl
i
shed knowl
edge ort
rut
h.Val
i
dat
ing t
her
eforr
efer
sto ext
end t
o whi
ch

i
nst
rument
scanmeasur
ewhati
toughtt
omeasur
e.i
tther
efor
eref
erst
oext
endt
o

whi
chani
nst
rumentanswer
sther
ightquest
ionsi
nter
msofaccur
acy
.Mugendaand

Mugenda(
1999)l
ookedatv
ali
dit
yast
heaccur
acyandmeani
ngf
ulnessofi
nfer
ence

basedonr
esear
chr
esul
ts.

3.
6.3Rel
i
abi
l
ity

Accor
dingt
oMugendaandMugenda(
1999)t
her
eli
abi
l
ityofani
nst
rumenti
smeasur
e

ofdegr
eet
owhi
char
esear
cheri
nst
rumenty
iel
dsconsi
stentr
esul
tsofdat
aaf
ter

r
epeat
edt
ri
als.Ther
efor
e,t
her
esear
cherwi
l
ladmi
nist
ert
hesamequest
ionnai
rest
wice

22
ov
eraper
iodoft
imet
othesamegr
oupofi
ndi
vi
dual
sandr
esul
tsf
rom t
hef
ir
st

r
esponseandsecondr
esponsecompar
ed.

3.
7DATAANALYSI
S

Dat
awi
l
lbepr
esent
edbyuseoft
abl
e’
sfr
equenci
esandper
cent
ages.Thi
sgav
eacl
ear

dat
athatshowedt
heef
fect
sofcont
ainer
izat
ioni
nKi
sumupor
t.Thedat
awi
l
lbe

anal
yzed usi
ng descr
ipt
ive st
ati
sti
cs cor
rel
ati
on and r
egr
essi
on wi
l
lbe used t
o

det
ermi
net
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hei
nfr
ast
ruct
ural
str
ategi
es.

Thef
ormul
awi
l
lbe;

NF=n

1+n/
N(f
isher
s’f
ormul
a(1983)

Wher
eNF=t
hedesi
redsampl
esi
ze

(
100)n=40

=(
100)n=40%+(40%/
100)

23
3.
8ETHI
CALCONSI
DERATI
ONS

Ther
esear
cherensur
edt
hatal
lrespondent
sar
etr
eat
edwi
thr
espectandt
hepr
ocessof

el
i
cit
ingi
nfor
mat
ionf
rom t
hem di
dnoti
nter
ruptt
hei
rwor
kingt
ime.Ther
esear
cheral
so

ensur
edt
hatt
hecol
l
ect
eddat
aar
ekeptwi
thhi
ghestdegr
eeofconf
ident
ial
i
ty.

CHAPTERFOUR

4.
0FI
NDI
NGS,
DATAANALYSI
S,CONCLUSI
ONSANDRECOMMENDATI
ONS

I
nthi
schapt
ert
her
esul
tsf
rom t
hest
udyar
epr
esent
edanal
yzedandi
nter
pret
ed.The

i
nter
pret
ati
oni
sdonebasedont
heobj
ect
ivesandr
esear
chquest
ionst
hatgui
det
he

st
udy
.Ther
esul
tsar
ebasedont
heanal
ysi
sont
he50quest
ionnai
resadmi
nist
eredt
o

t
heKi
sumupor
t.

4.
1RESPONSERATE

Thi
ssect
ioncont
ainsgener
ali
nfor
mat
ionper
tai
ningt
orespondentper
sonal
det
ail
s.

4.
1.1Lev
elofEducat
ion

Respondent
swer
easked t
hei
rlev
elofeducat
ion25 (
50%)wer
esecondar
yleav
ers

10(
20%)wer
epr
imar
yeducat
ionl
eav
ers.
10(
20%)uni
ver
sit
yleav
ersand5(
10%)col
l
ege

l
eav
ers.

24
Tabl
e4.
1.1l
evel
ofeducat
ion

Cat
egor
y f
requency per
cent
age

Pr
imar
y 10 20%

Secondar
y 25 50%

Col
l
ege 5 10%

uni
ver
sit
y 10 20%

Tot
al 50 100%

Thest
udyr
eveal
edt
hatmaj
ori
tyoft
her
espondent
swassecondar
yleav
erswhower
e

25outoft
otalt
argetpopul
ati
on.Thi
swasadet
ermi
nedgr
oupt
hatwascapabl
eoft
hei
r

sav
ingsanddev
elopment
,theywer
efr
om di
ff
erentbackgr
oundandl
i
veswi
thi
nthe

count
ry.Theadv
ant
ageoft
hiswast
hatt
heyar
eabl
etopr
ovi
dei
nsi
ghtont
hear
eas

t
heyf
eel
shoul
dbechanged

Thi
swasr
epr
esent
edi
nfi
gur
e4.
1

25
4.
1.2Dur
ati
oni
nOr
gani
zat
ion

Ther
esear
cherwasi
nter
est
edi
nknowi
ngt
hedur
ati
ont
her
espondenthast
akenwi
thi
n

t
heor
gani
zat
ionadmi
nist
eredt
hroughquest
ionnai
re.
25(
50%)oft
het
hreer
espondent

wer
elesst
han1-2y
ear
s10(
20%)wer
efal
l
ingbet
ween2-
3year
s,10(
20%)f
all
i
ng

bet
ween3-
4year
sand5(
10)f
all
i
ngabov
e5y
ear
s

Tabl
e4.
1.2Dur
ati
oni
ntheor
gani
zat
ion

cat
egor
y Fr
equency per
cent
age

1-
2year
s 25 50%

2-
3year
s 10 20%

3-
4year
s 10 20%

Abov
e5y
ear
s 5 10%

t
otal 50 100%

26
Thest
udyr
eveal
edt
hatmaj
ori
tyoft
her
espondent
swasf
all
i
ngbet
ween1-
2year
s.Thi
s

wasdet
ermi
nedgr
oupt
hatwascapabl
eofdet
ermi
ningt
hei
rpot
ent
ialbyappl
yi
ng

di
ff
erentmat
eri
alshandl
i
ngski
l
lst
oensur
epr
ofi
tabi
l
ityi
sat
tai
nedi
nor
gani
zat
ion.They

wer
edet
ermi
nedt
oknowt
heef
fect
sofcont
ainer
izat
ion.
inKi
sumupor
tKeny
a

Fi
gur
e4.
1.2

4.
2ESTABLI
SHI
NGCONTAI
NERI
ZATI
ONATKI
SUMUPORTKENYA

Resear
cherwant
edt
ofi
ndouti
fest
abl
i
shi
ngcont
ainer
satKi
sumupor
twi
l
lbeofgr
eat

benef
itandal
sowi
l
lbr
ingmor
epr
ofi
tabi
l
ityt
otheeconomyofKeny
a.Fi
ndi
ngsshowed

t
hat20(
40%)oft
her
espondent
sagr
eedand9(
18%)oft
her
espondent
sst
rongl
yagr
eed

7(
14%)oft
her
espondent
sdi
sagr
eedwhi
l
e2(
4%)oft
her
espondent
sst
rongl
ydi
sagr
eed

whi
l
e12(
24%)oft
her
espondent
swer
eneut
ral
asshowni
nthet
abl
ebel
ow.

27
Tabl
e4.
2respondent
s

Cat
egor
y Fr
equency Per
cent
age

Agr
ee 20 40%

St
rongl
yagr
ee 9 18%

Di
sagr
ee 7 14%

St
rongl
ydi
sagr
ee 2 4%

Neut
ral 12 24%

Tot
al 50 100%

Fr
om t
hef
indi
ngsabov
ewef
oundt
hatt
her
espondent
stendedt
oagr
eemor
ethat

est
abl
i
shi
ngofcont
ainer
izat
ionatKi
sumupor
tKeny
awi
l
lindeedi
ncr
easepr
ofi
tabi
l
ityi
n

t
hepor
tandt
hecount
ryatl
arge,
itwasdi
scov
eredal
sot
hatt
her
espondent
sdi
sagr
eed

becauset
heysaw t
hecosti
ncur
redi
npur
chasi
ngcont
ainer
sbei
ngexpensi
veand

hence accor
ding t
othem i
twas a wast
e ofr
esour
ces t
he f
indi
ngs ar
efur
ther

r
epr
esent
edi
nthef
igur
ebel
ow.

28
 Fi
gur
e4.
2

4.
3FACTORSAFFECTI
NGCONTAI
NERI
ZATI
ONI
NKI
SUMUPORT

Ther
esear
cher
swant
edt
ofi
ndouti
fot
herf
act
orsexi
stt
hataf
fect
scont
ainer
izat
ioni
n

Ki
sumupor
t.Fi
ndi
ngsshowedt
hat5(
10%)oft
her
espondent
sagr
eedot
herf
act
ors

exi
sted .
13(
26%)oft
he r
espondent
s st
rongl
yagr
eed,7(
14%)oft
he r
espondent
s

di
sagr
eed15(
30%)oft
her
espondent
sst
rongl
ydi
sagr
eedwhi
l
e10(
20%)wer
eneut
ral
as

shownbel
ow.

Tabl
e4.
3fact
orsaf
fect
ingcont
ainer
izat
ion

cat
egor
y Fr
equency per
cent
age

Agr
ee 5 10%

St
rongl
yagr
ee 13 26%

29
 Di
sagr
ee 7 14%

St
rongl
ydi
sagr
ee 15 30%

Neut
ral 10 20%

Tot
al 50 100%

Fr
om t
hef
indi
ngs,mostoft
her
espondent
sdi
sagr
eed t
hatot
herf
act
orsex
isti
n

or
gani
zat
ionwhi
chaf
fectcont
ainer
izat
ioni
npor
t.Mostoft
her
espondent
sst
rongl
y

agr
eedt
hatt
her
eexi
stot
herf
act
orst
hataf
fectcont
ainer
izat
ions.Si
ncet
hepr
oceed

f
oll
owedbyt
hecont
ainerf
rei
ghtst
ati
ont
orecei
vei
mpor
tcar
gowasl
argel
ysi
mil
ar.The

r
espondent
sagr
eedont
hemeasur
eadopt
edwast
hel
engt
hoft
imeat
rackatt
hegat
e

ofCFShadt
owai
tfr
om t
het
imeofar
ri
valbef
orei
tcoul
dcol
l
ectt
hecar
go.Theyt
hen

agr
eedt
hatcont
ainer
swi
thshor
tergat
ewai
ti
ngt
imef
ort
racksi
ndi
cat
edf
ast
erand

mor
eef
fi
cientsy
stem f
orr
ecei
vi
ngandr
eleasi
ngcar
gowhi
l
ethosewi
thl
ongwai
ti
ng

i
ndi
cat
edsl
owerpr
ocedur
es.Thecol
l
ect
eddat
acanf
urt
herber
epr
esent
edi
nthef
igur
e

bel
ow.

Fi
gur
e4.
3

30
4.
4THEREI
SA POSI
TIVEREALATI
NSHI
P BETWEEN CONTAI
NERI
ZARI
ON AND I
TS

PERFOMANCEI
NKI
SUMUPORT

The r
esear
cherwant
ed t
ofi
nd outi
fther
e exi
sta posi
ti
ver
elat
ionshi
p bet
ween

cont
ainer
izat
ionandi
tsper
for
mancei
nper
for
mancei
nKi
sumupor
t.Fi
ndi
ngsshowed

t
hat10(
20%)oft
her
espondent
sagr
eed,5(
10%)oft
her
espondent
sdi
sagr
eed25(
50%)

oft
her
espondent
sst
rongl
yagr
eedwhi
l
e3(
6%)oft
her
espondent
sst
rongl
ydi
sagr
eed

7(
14%)wer
eneut
ral
asshownbel
ow.

Tabl
e4.
4posi
ti
ver
elat
ionshi
p

Cat
egor
y Fr
equency Per
cent
age

Agr
ee 10 20%

St
rongl
yagr
ee 25 50%

Di
sagr
ee 5 10%

St
rongl
ydi
sagr
ee 3 6%

31
 Neut
ral 7 14%

Tot
al 50 100%

Fr
om t
her
esponsei
twasdi
scov
eredt
hatmostoft
her
espondent
sagr
eedt
hatt
her
e

exi
staposi
ti
ver
elat
ionshi
pbet
weencont
ainer
izat
ionandper
for
manceofi
nKi
sumu

por
t.Ther
efor
e,i
twasdi
scov
ered t
hatsi
nce t
he f
unct
ionsact
ual
l
yper
for
med by

cont
ainer
sfr
eight st
ati
ons at por
t of Ki
sumu had not been compr
ehensi
vel
y

document
ed.Thest
udyf
oundt
hatt
hef
unct
ionsper
for
medbycont
ainerf
rei
ghtst
ati
ons

i
nKi
sumupor
twer
egener
all
ysi
mil
ar.Thi
sincl
udescont
ainerandcar
got
ransf
erf
rom

por
ttocont
ainerf
rei
ghtst
ati
ons.decongest
ionofpor
tact
sadcust
om v
eri
fi
cat
iony
ard,

act
saswar
ehousi
ngoft
hecar
goundercust
oms,car
gocl
ear
ancepoi
ntsf
ori
mpor
ts,

cr
eat
eempl
oymentf
orKeny
ansactascl
ear
ingandf
orwar
dingf
ir
ms.Br
eadi
ngof

consol
i
dat
edcar
goandexpor
tyar
d.Thi
swasr
epr
esent
edi
nfi
gur
ebel
ow

Fi
gur
e4.
4

32
4.
5DI
SCUSSI
ONOFMAJORFI
NDI
NGS

4.
5.1Rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weencont
ainer
izat
ionandi
tsper
for
mance

Themai
nai
m oft
hest
udywast
oexpl
oret
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weencont
ainer
izat
ionand

i
tsper
for
mancei
nKi
sumupor
tKeny
athef
oll
owi
ngwer
edi
scussedont
her
elat
ionshi
p.

Thei
nfr
ast
ruct
uralf
act
orswer
egr
eat
lyexami
ned.Thi
sincl
udest
hedi
stanceofcf
s

f
rom t
hepor
twhet
hert
hecf
smov
escar
gobet
weeni
tandt
hepor
tandpr
efer
enceof

cf
sforuseofei
therr
oadorr
ailf
orcommuni
cat
ingwi
thpor
t,bot
hhappenedt
obe

av
ail
abl
e

4.
5.2Cont
ainer
izat
ioni
mpr
ovesper
for
manceofKi
sumupor
t

I
twasf
oundedt
hatcont
ainer
izat
ionwi
l
limpr
oveper
for
manceofpor
tint
hati
twi
l
lnow

handl
enoti
mpor
tedcar
gobutal
socar
goandcont
ainermeantf
orexpor
t.t
hest
udy

al
sof
oundbar
ri
ngmi
nordi
ff
erences,
thepr
ocedur
eforr
ecei
vi
ngt
hei
mpor
tcar
gowi
l
l

beeasi
er.
itwasal
sost
udi
edt
hatt
het
imei
ttookt
omov
eacont
ainerorcar
gof
rom

33
por
ttocf
srangedbet
ween30mi
nto10hr
s.t
heav
eragedwel
lti
meofcont
ainer
swas

f
oundt
obev
ari
abl
e,r
angi
ngf
rom 3t
o30day
sdependi
ngont
hecl
i
ent
.

4.
5.3Fact
orsaf
fect
ingcont
ainer
izat
ionandi
tsper
for
mance

Fr
om t
hest
udyi
twasdi
scov
eredt
hatmostoft
her
espondent
sagr
eedt
hati
ndeedt
her
e

exi
stsomef
act
orst
hatgr
eat
lyaf
fect
scont
ainer
izat
ionandi
tsper
for
mancei
twas

st
udi
edt
hatt
hest
udyconcept
ual
i
zedmachi
ner
yendowmentoft
heCFS(
asmeasur
ed

byt
hemachi
nei
ndex)coul
dinf
luencel
oadi
ngandunl
oadi
ngt
imeofcont
ainer
s.i
twas

al
sost
udi
edt
hatt
hel
engt
hoft
imet
hatt
het
rackatt
hegat
eofcf
shadt
owai
tfr
om t
he

t
imeofar
ri
valbef
orei
tcoul
dcol
l
ectt
hecar
go.CFSwi
thshor
terwai
ti
ngt
imef
ort
racks

i
ndi
cat
edf
ast
erandmor
eef
fi
cientsy
stem f
orr
ecei
vi
ngandr
eleasi
ngcar
gowhi
l
ethose

wi
thl
ongwai
ti
ngt
imei
ndi
cat
edsl
owerpr
ocedur
es.

4.
6DI
SCUSSI
ONOFTHEFI
NDI
NGS.

Thi
sst
udyf
oundoutt
hatnoCFSatKi
sumupor
thandl
edcont
ainer
s/car
goemanat
ing

f
rom hi
nter
landt
hatwer
est
oredf
orexpor
tli
stedal
loft
hem handl
edi
mpor
tcar
go.
it

wassuggest
edt
hatt
hemai
nfunct
ionst
hatCFSatt
hepor
twer
esetupwast
oreduce

congest
ionatt
hepor
tbyqui
ckl
ytr
ansf
err
ingsomeoft
hecont
ainer
sar
ri
vi
ngbyshi
pat

t
hepor
ttot
heCFSwher
ethei
rpr
ocessi
ngt
empor
aryst
orageandr
eleasecanbe

accompl
i
shed.
indeedaf
ullext
ermi
nat
ionoft
hequest
iononf
unct
ionscar
ri
edoutby

CFSi
nthest
udyappear
edt
othi
sconcl
usi
on.
thesei
ncl
udedcont
ainer
/car
got
ransf
er

f
rom t
hepor
ttoCFSact
ingascust
omsv
eri
fi
cat
iony
ardact
ingaswar
ehouseoft
he

car
goundercust
omscar
gocl
ear
ancepoi
ntf
ort
hei
mpor
ter
s,act
ingascl
ear
ingand

f
orwar
dingf
ir
msandbr
eaki
ngofconsol
i
dat
edcar
go.Thepr
obabl
eexpl
anat
ionoft
he

f
indi
ngwast
hati
fthecCFShadenoughquant
it
yoft
her
ightmachi
ner
yitcoul
dbeabl
e

34
t
oloadandunl
oadcont
ainer
smor
eef
fi
cient
lyl
eadi
ngt
oreduct
ioni
nloadi
ngand

unl
oadi
ngt
imes.Thesef
indi
ngmer
elyr
eaf
fi
rmedt
hei
mpor
tanceofCFShav
ingenough

machi
ner
ytoi
ncr
easeef
fi
ciency
.

4.
7CONCLUSSI
ON

Thi
sst
udyexpl
oredef
fect
sofcont
ainer
izat
ionatt
hepor
tofKi
sumu.
theconcl
usi
on

f
rom t
hisst
udywer
einf
rast
ruct
uralf
act
orsespeci
all
ythest
atusofr
oadbutnott
he

di
stance oft
he cont
ainer
sfr
om t
he por
twer
efound t
o af
fectt
he ef
fi
ciencyof

cont
ainer
izat
ionf
ort
hei
nst
anceani
mpr
ovementi
nthest
atusoft
her
oadandt
he

pr
ocessi
ng ofdocument
s byt
he KPA wi
l
lshor
ten cont
ainer
izat
ion .
alt
hough t
he

pr
ocedur
eforr
ecei
vi
ngandr
eleasi
nggoodswassi
mil
arf
oral
lthecf
sinv
est
igat
ed

someoft
hem ar
efast
eratcar
ryi
ngoutt
hesepr
ocessest
hanot
her
s.asmeasur
edby

t
hegat
ewai
ti
ngt
imef
ort
races.
mostcf
sownedt
opl
oader
s,t
rucks/
car
ri
ersandf
ork

,
howev
eramaj
ori
tyoral
lthecf
s l
acedcr
anes,
stacki
ngmachi
nes, wei
ghbr
idge,

cl
i
mbi
ngl
anes,
andcarcaner
s;whenmachi
nei
ndex(
measur
eofr
ichnessofmachi
ne

ownedbycf
sincr
easedbot
hloadi
ngandunl
oadi
ngt
imesr
educedandv
icev
ersa.

4.
8RECOMMENDATI
ONS.

Fr
om t
he f
indi
ngsoft
hisr
esear
ch st
udyal
lfact
orswer
efound t
oinf
luence t
he

ef
fi
ciencyofcont
ainer
izat
ioni
nKi
sumupor
t.Ther
efor
ethest
atusofr
oadshoul
dbe

i
mpr
ovedt
oshor
ten t
ime.
rai
l
way
sshoul
dbedev
elopedasameansoft
ranspor
t

bet
weent
hecf
sandpor
tbecausei
tsmor
eef
fi
cientr
eli
abl
eandl
acksunnecessar
y

del
ayscf
sshoul
dimpr
ovei
tsi
nter
nalef
fi
ciencysuchast
oreducet
het
imet
akent
o

r
ecei
veandr
eleasecar
goandcf
sshoul
dacqui
ret
her
equi
sit
emachi
ner
yinor
dert
o

i
mpr
ovet
hei
ref
fi
ci
encyhencet
her
esear
cherr
ecommendt
hecont
ainerf
rei
ghtst
ati
ons

35
shoul
dal
sobehandl
edcont
ainer
sdest
inedf
orexpor
tinst
eadofonl
yhandl
i
ng t
he

i
mpor
tcont
ainer
s.

4.
9SUGGESTI
ONFORFURTHERSTUDI
ES

Thi
sst
udycov
eredef
fect
sofcont
ainer
izat
ionandi
tsper
for
mancei
nKi
sumupor
t.i
t

wi
l
lbei
nter
est
ingf
ormor
eresear
cht
obedonei
n:

i
. Fact
orst
hati
nfl
uencel
i
censi
ngofcont
ainer
s

i
i
. Theempl
oymentst
ruct
uresofcont
ainerf
rei
ghtst
ati
ons.

i
i
i. Ther
easonwhyot
herCFSar
ebusi
ert
hanot
her
sandy
ett
heyar
eser
vingsame

por
t

36
REFERENCES

Af
ri
canDev
elopmentBank(
AfDB)r
epor
t(2014)
;Tr
acki
ngAf
ri
ca’
sPr
ogr
essi
nFi
gur
es:

I
nfr
ast
ruct
ure,Chapt
er5,pp.50-
54 Af
DB (
2015)
,Regi
onalI
ntegr
ati
on Pol
i
cyand

St
rat
egy2015-
2023,p.i
xAf
DBr
epor
t(2010)
,Goi
ngFor
war
d:Dev
elopi
ngRegi
onalHub

Por
tsi
nAf
ri
ca,Chapt
er6Al
-Er
aqi
,A.S.andKhader
,A.T.(
2008)“
Eff
ici
encyofMi
ddl
e

East
ern and EastAf
ri
can Seapor
ts:Appl
i
cat
ion ofDEA usi
ng Wi
ndow Anal
ysi
s”

Eur
opeanJour
nal
ofSci
ent
if
icResear
ch,
23(
4),
pp.597–612

Al
mawsheki
,E.S.andShah,M.Z.(
2015)“
Techni
calEf
fi
ciencyAnal
ysi
sofCont
ainer

Ter
minal
sint
heMi
ddl
eEast
ernRegi
on”TheAsi
anJour
nalofShi
ppi
ngandLogi
sti
cs,

31(
4),
477-
486

Bar
ros,C.
P.andAt
hanassi
ou,M.(
2004)“
Eff
ici
encyi
nEur
opeanSeapor
tswi
thDEA:

Ev
idencef
rom Gr
eeceandPor
tugal
”.Mar
it
imeEconomi
csandLogi
sti
cs,6,122-
140.

Bar
ros,
C.P.(
2003a)“
Incent
iver
egul
ati
onandef
fi
ciencyofPor
tuguesepor
taut
hor
it
ies”

Mar
it
imeEconomi
cs&Logi
sti
cs,5,55–69.Bar
ros,C.
P.(
2003b)“
Themeasur
ementof

ef
fi
ciency ofPor
tuguese sea por
taut
hor
it
ies wi
th DEA”I
nter
nat
ionalJour
nalof

Tr
anspor
tEconomi
cs,
30,
335–354Behar
,A.andVenabl
es,

A.(
2010)Tr
anspor
tcost
sandi
nter
nat
ionalt
rade.I
n:A.DePal
ma,
R.Li
ndsey
,E.Qui
net

37
andR.Vi
cker
man(
2011)
,HandbookofTr
anspor
tEconomi
cs.Chel
tenham,UK:Edwar
d

El
garPubl
i
shi
ngBr
odi
n,A.(
2010)“
Shi
ppi
ngandt
hePor
tSect
ori
nSub‐
Sahar
aAf
ri
ca”

Depar
tmentofMar
it
imePol
i
cyandPubl
i
cAf
fai
rs_
Swedi
shMar
it
imeAdmi
nist
rat
ionf
or

t
heSI
DA,
Sect
ion4.
453Char
nes,
A.,
Cooper
,

W.
W.and Rhodes,E.(
1978)“
Measur
ing t
heEf
fi
ciencyofDeci
sion Maki
ng Uni
ts”

Eur
opean Jour
nal of Oper
ati
onal Resear
ch, 2, 429-
444. CI
A Websi
te (
2009)

ht
tps:
//www.
cia.
gov
/li
brar
y/publ
i
cat
ions/
resour
ces/
the-
wor
ldf
act
book/
geos/
tz.
html

Cl
ark,
X.,

Dol
l
ar,D.andMi
co,A.(
2004)“
Por
tEf
fi
ciency
,Mar
it
imeTr
anspor
tCost
s,andBi
l
ater
al

Tr
ade”Jour
nal
ofDev
elopmentEconomi
cs75(
2):
417–450.

Coel
l
i,T.J.(
1996)“
A Gui
de t
o DEAP Ver
sion 2.
1:A Dat
a Env
elopmentAnal
ysi
s

(
Comput
er)Pr
ogr
am”Cent
ref
orEf
fi
ciencyandPr
oduct
ivi
tyAnal
ysi
s(CEPA)Wor
king

Paper
,Aust
ral
i
a:Depar
tmentofEconomet
ri
cs,
Uni
ver
sit
yofNewEngl
and

Cul
l
inaneet
.al
.(2006)“
Thet
echni
calef
fi
ciencyofcont
ainerpor
ts:Compar
ingdat
a

env
elopmentanal
ysi
sandst
ochast
icf
ront
ieranal
ysi
s”Tr
anspor
tat
ionResear
chPar
tA,

40,
354–374Cul
l
inane,

K.P.B.andWangT-
F.(
2006)“
Theef
fi
ciencyofEur
opeancont
ainerpor
ts:acr
oss-

sect
ionaldat
aenv
elopmentanal
ysi
s”I
nter
nat
ionalJour
nalofLogi
sti
cs:Resear
chand

Appl
i
cat
ions,Vol
.9,No.
1,19–31 Debr
eu,G.(
1951)
,“The Coef
fi
cientofResour
ce

Ut
il
izat
ion”
,

Economet
ri
ca,19,273-
292 Far
e,R.
,Gr
osskopf
,S.
,and Lov
ell
,C.
A.K.(
1985)The

measur
ementofEf
fi
ci
encyofPr
oduct
ion.

38
APPENDI
CES

APPENDI
X1QUESTI
ONNAI
RE

Iam Onj
omaJoanAdhi
ambosst
udentatRai
l
way
str
aini
ngi
nst
it
utet
aki
ngdi
ploma

cour
sei
nint
ernat
ionalf
rei
ghtmanagement
,woul
dli
ket
oinv
est
igat
etheef
fectof

cont
ainer
izat
iononper
for
manceofKi
sumupor
tKeny
a.y
ourv
iewswi
l
lbet
reat
edwi
th

conf
ident
ial
i
tyandwi
l
lbehi
ghl
yappr
eci
atedpl
easet
ickwher
enecessar
y.

SECTI
ONONE:
backgr
oundi
nfor
mat
ion.

1.gendermal
e()f
emal
e()

2Age 18-
24y
rs()24-
30y
rs()30-
35y
rs()abov
e35y
rs( )

3.Lev
elofeducat
ion cer
ti
fi
cat
e()di
ploma()degr
ee()mast
ers()

4.
dur
ati
oni
ntheor
gani
zat
ion

Lesst
han1y
ear()

1t
o2y
rsn()

2t
o3y
ear
s()

3t
o4y
ear
s()

Abov
e3y
ear
s()

SECTI
ONTWO:
est
abl
i
shi
ngper
for
manceofcont
ainer
izat
ioni
nKi
sumupor
t

39
Agr
ee()st
rongl
yagr
ee()di
sagr
ee()st
rongl
ydi
sagr
ee()neut
ral
()

SECTI
ONTHREE:
est
abl
i
shi
ngcont
ainer
izat
ioni
nKi
sumupor
t

Agr
ee()st
rongl
yagr
ee()di
sagr
ee()st
rongl
ydi
sagr
ee()neut
ral
()

SECTI
ONFOUR:Goodr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weencont
ainer
izat
ionandper
for
manceof

Ki
sumupor
tinKeny
a

Agr
ee()st
rongl
yagr
ee()di
sagr
ee()st
rongl
ydi
sagr
ee()neut
ral
()

THANKYOUSOMUCHFORYOURCOPERATI
ON.

40
APPENDI
XIIWORKPLAN

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE

pr
oposal
wri
ti
ng

cor
rect
ion 2

dat
acol
l
ect
ion 3

dat
aanal
ysi
s 4

r
epor
twr
it
ing

submi
ssi
on of

r
epor
t 5

f
inal
submi
ssi
on 6

41
APPENDI
XII
IBUDGET

St
ati
onar
y Amounti
nKshs.

4pens20@ 80

Bi
ndi
ngandcov
er 1200

Li
brar
yfeei
n30day
s 1500

Tot
al 2780

I
nter
net

Br
owsi
ng 2000

Ty
pingandpr
int
ing 3000

Tot
al 5000

Tr
avel
andaccommodat
ion 3000

Tel
ephonechar
ges 2000

Lunch 2000

Tot
al 6000

42
Ot
her
s 3000

16780

Gr
andt
otal

43