LOCALGOVERNMENTTRAI

NINGI
NSTI
TUTE

THECHALLENGESFACI
NGWOMENENGAGI
NGI
NECONOMI
CACTI
VITI
ES

SUBMI
TTED

BY

EDMUNDSMANYA

APROJECTPAPERSUBMI
TTEDI
NPARTI
ALFULFI
LLMENTOFTHE

REQUI
REMENTFORTHEDI
PLOMAOFCOMMUNI
TYDEVELOPMENTOF

THELOCALGOVERNMENTTRAI
NINGI
NSTI
TUTE

FEBRUARY,
2019

0
 DECLARATI
ONANDCOPYRI
GHT

Iher
ebydecl
aret
hatt
hepr
ojectpaperi
sbasedonmyor
igi
nalwor
kexcept

f
orquot
ati
onandci
tat
iont
hathav
ebeendul
yacknowl
edged.Ial
sodecl
are

t
hat
,thi
srepor
thasnoti
nanywaybeensubmi
tt
edf
oranyot
herawar
dat

LGTIoranyot
herI
nst
it
uti
on.

Si
gnat
ure…………………………

EDMUNDSMANYA

Dat
e…………………………….

MRGRATI
ON

(
Super
visor
)

Si
gnat
ure:
……………….
..
..
..
.

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It
hankGodt
heal
might
yforpr
ovi
dingmewi
tht
hecour
age,
str
engt
h,

gui
danceandpat
iencet
hroughoutmyst
udyper
iod,
forIunder
standwi
thout

hi
m Icoul
dnotbeabl
etoaccompl
i
sht
hisst
udy
.

Speci
alt
hanksar
edi
rect
edt
omySuper
visorMr
.Gr
ati
onf
orhi
swi
seadv
ice,

const
ruct
ivecr
it
ici
sm,
const
ruct
ivecomment
sandt
ir
elessgui
dance.Wi
thout

hi
m myacademi
cdr
eamswoul
dhav
enotbecomear
eal
i
ty.

I
naspeci
alway
,myt
hanksar
eext
endedt
omypar
ent
sSebast
ianHhando

andEl
i
zabet
hPet
erandal
somyt
hanksar
edi
rect
edt
omybr
otherJosephat

Many
afort
hei
rpat
ience,t
oler
ance,i
nspi
rat
ion,suppor
t,cooper
ati
onand

encour
agementwhi
chenabl
edmet
ocompl
etemyst
udy
.

Iwoul
d al
so l
i
ke t
o ext
end mysi
ncer
e gr
ati
tude t
othe depar
tmentof

Communi
tyDev
elopmentMr
.Lawi
forhi
sassi
stancedur
ingmyf
iel
dwor
k.

Speci
alt
hankst
otheHeadofdepar
tmentofCommuni
tyDev
elopmentf
or

hi
ghl
yCo-
oper
ati
onandadv
icedur
ingmyf
iel
dwor
k.

Thankst
oal
l
.

i
i
 ABSTRACT.

Under
standi
ngt
hecont
ri
but
ionofeconomi
cact
ivi
ti
est
owar
dsi
mpr
ovi
ng

womenofpeopl
eisi
ncr
easi
ngl
yimpor
tantt
o bot
hthegov
ernmentand

f
inanci
ali
nst
it
uti
onsi
ndev
elopi
ngcount
ri
es.Thus,t
hisst
udyi
ntendedt
o

assesst
hecont
ri
but
ionofEconomi
cact
ivi
ti
esi
nimpr
ovi
ngwomenl
i
fei
n

Khar
umwawar
d.Thest
udyi
ndent
ed t
o meett
hespeci
fi
cobj
ect
ivesof

i
dent
if
yingt
hechal
l
engesf
aci
ngwoment
oengagei
neconomi
cact
ivi
ti
esi
n

Khar
umwa War
d,suggestsol
uti
on t
othe chal
l
enges f
aced women i
n

Khar
umwaWar
d

Thest
udywasacasedesi
gnwhi
chi
ntended t
o deepl
yunder
stand t
he

const
ructand cont
ri
but
ion oft
he st
udy
.Dat
a wer
e col
l
ect
ed t
hrough

quest
ionnai
re,i
nter
view and obser
vat
ion f
rom 24 pur
posi
vel
y sampl
ed

sampl
es.Dat
awer
eanal
ysedusi
ngsi
mpl
edescr
ipt
ivest
ati
sti
calmodel
s

whi
chr
esul
tedi
ntosomechar
tsandf
igur
es.

Thest
udyr
eveal
edt
hat
,maj
ori
tyofEconomi
stmember
sar
epeopl
eaged

abov
e26y
ear
s,wi
theducat
edl
evel
.Femal
ewer
ethedomi
nantgenderi
nthe

sampl
e,andsav
ingahousehol
dsi
zeofmor
ethan5peopl
e.

i
i
i
 TABLEOFCONTENTS

DECLARATI
ONANDCOPYRI
GHT i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
i

ABSTRACT. i
i

TABLEOFCONTENTS i
v

LI
STOFTABLES v
i

LI
STOFABBREVI
ATI
ONS v
ii

CHAPTERONE 1

1.
0Int
roduct
ion 1

1.
1Backgr
ound 1

1.
2Obj
ect
ives 1

1.
2.1Gener
alObj
ect
ives 1

1.
2.2Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives 1

1.
3:Resear
chQuest
ions 1

CHAPTERTWO 3

METHODSANDMATERI
ALS 3

2.
0Int
roduct
ion 3

2.
1Ar
eaoft
heSt
udy 3

2.
2Popul
ati
on 4

2.
3Sampl
e 4

2.
4Sampl
i
ngTechni
que 4

2.
5Dat
aCol
l
ect
ionI
nst
rument
s 6

2.
5.1Quest
ionnai
re 6

2.
5.2I
nter
views 6

2.
6Dat
aanal
ysi
spl
an 7

i
v
CHAPTERTHREE 8

FI
NDI
NGANDDI
SCUSI
ON 8

3.
0Int
roduct
ion 8

3.
1Respondent
s’Demogr
aphi
cs 8

3.
1.1Respondent
sAge 9

3.
2WomenLi
vel
i
hoodi
mpr
ovementr
esul
ti
ngf
rom ser
vicesof
fer
edby

LGAandNGOsi
nKhar
umwawar
d 10

3.
2.1Loan 10

3.
3 Chal
l
enges Faced by Ny
ang’
hwal
e di
str
icti
nImpr
ovi
ng Women

Li
vel
i
hood 10

3.
3.1Soci
al–Economi
cFact
ors 10

3.
3.2Unst
abl
eWeat
herCondi
ti
on 11

3.
3.3LoansRepay
mentRat
e 11

CHAPTERFOUR 12

CONCLUSI
ONANDRECOMENDATI
ONS 12

4.
0Int
roduct
ion 12

4.
1Summar
yoft
heSt
udy 12

4.
2Concl
usi
on 13

4.
3Recommendat
ions 14

REFERENCES 15

APPENDI
X 18

v
 LI
STOFTABLES

Tabl
e1:
Popul
ati
onofSt
affandNonSt
affMember
s……………………………….
3

Tabl
e2:
Respondent
s’AgeDi
str
ibut
ion…………….
.………………….
.…………7

Tabl
e4:
Summar
yofRespondent
sDemogr
aphi
cs…………………….
.………….
..
11

v
i
 LI
STOFABBREVI
ATI
ONS

LGTI - Local
Gov
ernmentTr
aini
ngI
nst
it
ute

URT - Uni
tedRepubl
i
cofTanzani
a

SACCOS - Ser
vingandCr
edi
tCooper
ati
veSoci
ety

SPSS - St
ati
sti
cal
Packagef
orSoci
alSci
ence

v
ii
 CHAPTERONE

1.
0Int
roduct
ion

1.
1Backgr
ound

Tanzani
ahasmuchnumberofwomenwhoi
nvol
vedi
neconomi
cact
ivi
ti
esi
n

or
dert
oful
fi
llt
hei
rneeds.Sucht
hoseact
ivi
ti
esar
eli
keagr
icul
tur
eandot
her

l
i
ke mamant
il
ie,
sal
oon.
Since i
ndependence (
1961)
,Tanzani
a hav
ethe

chal
l
engest
hatf
aci
ngwomenwhoi
nvol
vedi
neconomi
cact
ivi
ti
esespeci
all
y

i
nKhar
umwaWar
dwhi
chf
oundi
nGei
ta,
ther
ear
esomanynumberofwomen

whoal
otofchal
l
engesi
nthei
reconomi
cact
ivi
ti
es.Thr
ought
hepol
i
cywhi
ch

wasi
ntr
oduced i
nTanzani
awhi
chknownas(
WanawakeNamaendel
eo

t
ufany
e kazit
usonge mbel
e)t
hat
’s why mostofwomen engaged i
n

economi
cact
ivi
ti
es.Si
nce(
2009)mostwomenengagedi
nfar
mingact
ivi
ti
es

andl
i
vest
ockkeepi
ngi
nKhar
umwaWar
d.

1
1.
2Obj
ect
ives

Thi
sst
udyhadbot
hgener
alobj
ect
ivesandspeci
fi
cobj
ect
ivesaspr
esent
ed

her
eunder

1.
2.1Gener
alObj
ect
ives

Thegener
alobj
ect
iveoft
hisst
udywast
oassesst
hechal
l
engesf
aci
ng

woment
oinv
olv
eineconomi
cact
ivi
ti
esi
nKhar
umwaWar
d.

1.
2.2Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Speci
fi
cal
l
ythi
sst
udyi
ntendedt
oachi
evet
hef
oll
owi
ngobj
ect
ives

i
. Toi
dent
if
ythechal
l
engesf
aci
ngwomeni
nKhar
umwaWar
dtoi
nvol
ve

i
neconomi
cact
ivi
ti
es.

i
i
. Todet
ermi
neChal
l
engesFacesbyKhar
umwaWar
d

i
i
i. ToSuggestSol
uti
ont
otheChal
l
engesFacedwomeni
nKhar
umwa

War
d.

1.
3:Resear
chQuest
ions

i
. Whateconomi
cact
ivi
ti
esar
econduct
ingbyt
hewomenofKhar
umwa

War
d?

i
i
. Whatar
etheChal
l
engesf
acedbyWoment
oinv
olv
eineconomi
c

act
ivi
ti
es?

i
i
i. Whatar
etheSol
uti
ont
otheChal
l
engesofKhar
umwaWar
dinhel
ping

Woment
oinv
olv
eineconomi
c.

2
 CHAPTERTWO

METHODSANDMATERI
ALS

2.
0Int
roduct
ion

Resear
chmet
hodsent
ail
sresear
cht
echni
quesorpr
ocedur
esusedt
ogat
her

andanal
ysesdat
a,I
not
herwor
dsmet
hodr
efer
stot
het
echni
quesort
ool
s

usedt
opr
ocessdat
aandcani
ncl
udebot
hqual
i
tat
iveandquant
it
ati
vedat
a

pr
ocessi
ngt
echni
ques.Amet
hodol
ogycanal
sobeexpl
ainedasawayt
o

sy
stemat
ical
l
ysol
vet
her
esear
chagendaorr
esear
chpr
obl
em.

Thi
ssect
iondescr
ibest
her
esear
chpr
ocedur
eint
ermsofr
esear
chappr
oach

andr
esear
chdesi
gn,
oper
ati
onal
desi
gnst
ati
sti
cal
desi
gnanddat
aanal
yti
c

st
rat
egy
,sampl
i
ngpr
ocedur
es,
dat
asour
cesqual
i
tyanddat
acol
l
ect
ion

met
hodsanddat
apr
ocessi
ngpr
ocedur
est
obeadopt
ed.

2.
1Ar
eaoft
heSt
udy

Thi
sst
udywasconduct
edi
nKhar
umwawar
d,I
nKhar
umwaVi
l
laget
her
ear
e

f
ivev
il
lageswhi
char
eNy
aweshi
,
Khar
umwa,
I
kangal
a,
Busengwaand

Bumanda

Thenat
ivesoft
heKhar
umwawar
dar
ecal
l
edWasukuma.Thei
rmot
her

t
onguei
sKi
sukumat
hought
hemaj
ori
tycanal
sospeakSwahi
l
i.TheDi
str
ict

i
sadmi
nist
rat
ivel
ydi
vi
dedi
nto12war
dswhi
char
a

Bukwi
mba,
Busol
wa,
I
zuny
a,Kaf
it
a,Kakor
a,Khar
umwa,
Mwi
ngi
ro,
Nyabul
anda,
Ny

ang’
hwal
e,
Nyi
j
undu,
NyugwaandShabaka.

3
2.
2Popul
ati
on

Popul
ati
oni
sagr
oupofi
ndi
vi
dual
s,obj
ect
sori
temsf
rom whi
chsampl
ear
e

t
akenf
ormeasur
ement
.Itr
efer
sal
sot
oanent
ir
egr
oupofel
ement
sthat

hav
eatl
eastonet
hingt
hust
hest
udycompr
isedoft
wocat
egor
iesort
ypes

ofpopul
ati
on.

I
. Popul
ati
onofwomenf
rom Khar
umwawar
dwhomadeat
otal
of8

peopl
eineachv
il
lageofKhar
umwawar
d.

2.
3Sampl
e

Tabl
e1:Dur
ingt
hist
heTot
alSampl
eof24Wer
eIncl
udedasSummar
ized

i
nTabl
eBel
ow

S/
No. Popul
ati
on WARD Tot
alUni
ts Sampl
ePer
cent
ageSampl
e

1. Bumandav
il
lage Khar
umwa 4 2 50

Busengwa

2. v
il
lage Khar
umwa 20 10 106

3. I
kangal
avi
l
lage Khar
umwa 4 2 50

Khar
umwa

v
il
lage Khar
umwa 40 20 106

Tot
al 68 24 312

2.
4Sampl
ingTechni
que

Sampl
i
ngt
echni
quei
sthewayormet
hodort
echni
queofsel
ect
eduni
tsof

4
st
udycal
l
edsampl
efr
om t
hest
udypopul
ati
on.Dur
ingt
hisst
udy
,pur
posi
ve

orj
udgement
alsampl
i
ngwasused.

Kot
har
i(2004)
,suggest
edt
hatj
udgment
alorpur
posi
vesampl
i
ngi
nvol
ves

sel
ect
ingpeopl
ewhosev
iewsar
erel
evant
,impor
tantandpar
ti
cul
arl
ywor
th

obt
aini
ng f
ort
her
esear
ch.i
.e.t
hekeyi
nfor
mantt
echni
queofsel
ect
ing

peopl
ewi
thspeci
ali
zedknowl
edgeandsel
ect
ionsbyt
aki
ng“
sli
cest
hrough

t
heor
gani
zat
ion”i
sinst
ancesofpur
posef
ulsampl
i
ng.

Al
so,
Ihua(
2009)suggest
edt
hat
,insi
tuat
ionswher
elackofr
eli
abl
edat
aisa

maj
ordi
ff
icul
tyi
nst
udy
ing,st
ati
ngandi
nfor
mat
ionconcer
ningt
hebusi
ness

becomesdi
ff
icul
ttoobt
ain,t
henj
udgment
alsampl
i
ngcanbeused.I
hua

al
sonot
edt
hatwher
ether
eisdi
ff
icul
tyofaccessi
ngdat
a,t
henon-
probabi
l
ity

met
hodi
smor
esui
tabl
e.Si
mil
arl
y,l
i
mit
edr
esour
cesmaydi
ctat
etheuseof

t
henon-
probabi
l
itymet
hodsofpr
imar
ydat
acol
l
ect
ion.

Si
mil
arl
y,Kr
ishi
naswan (
2004) suggest
ed t
hat
,judgement
al sampl
i
ng

t
echni
que can be used because ofsome chal
l
enges i
n et
hersampl
i
ng

par
ti
cul
arl
ywhent
hesampl
eli
stcannotbeaccessedorwhent
hesel
ect
ed

sampl
ecannoteasi
l
ybeaccessed.

Thusconsi
der
ingt
hechal
l
engesofdoi
ngst
udyorr
esear
chi
ngi
ndev
elopi
ng

count
ri
es,r
uralar
easi
npar
ti
cul
ar,di
ff
icul
tyofaccessi
ngdat
a,accessi
ng

peopl
eduet
othei
rnat
ureofeconomi
cact
ivi
ti
es,andl
i
mit
edr
esour
ces,

madear
esear
chert
ousepur
posi
veorj
udgment
al.Al
sobecauseoft
he

nat
ureofdat
arequi
red,whi
char
ever
yper
sonal
.Par
ti
cul
arl
yonl
oanusage,

mostpeopl
e ar
erel
uct
antt
o shar
ethe i
nfor
mat
ion,t
hus onl
ythose

i
ndi
vi
dual
swhoar
ewi
l
li
ngt
oshar
ewi
l
lbesampl
ed.

5
2.
5Dat
aCol
lect
ionI
nst
rument
s

Dat
acol
l
ect
iont
echni
quesar
etheappr
oaches,ormet
hodst
hatenabl
ed

r
esear
chert
ogat
hert
her
equi
reddat
a.Ther
efor
epr
imar
ydat
awer
ecol
l
ect
ed

t
hrough,quest
ionnai
res,i
nter
view and obser
vat
ion,whi
l
esecondar
ydat
a

wer
eobt
ainedt
hroughdocument
ati
on.Al
linst
rument
swer
eint
roducedt
o

r
espondent
ssoast
oenabl
ethem t
oknowt
heobj
ect
ivesoft
hest
udy
.

2.
5.1Quest
ionnai
re

A quest
ionnai
rei
sadocumentconsi
stsofanumberofquest
ionsi
na

def
ini
teor
der
.Thi
smet
hodi
susedf
orgat
her
ingpr
imar
yorf
ir
sthanddat
a

whi
chr
equi
ret
her
esear
chert
opr
epar
equest
ionsf
orspeci
fi
cst
rat
aoft
he

popul
ati
on(
Kot
har
i,2004)
.Thus,asetofquest
ionnai
reswer
epr
epar
edi
n

Ki
swahi
l
ilanguage(
forconv
eni
enceandeasyunder
standi
ngofr
espondent
s)

andgi
vent
o20peopl
e:ei
ght(
8)f
rom t
hest
affsampl
e,andt
en(
10)f
rom t
he

nonst
affsampl
e.Ther
esponser
atewasnotsat
isf
act
orysi
nceonl
ysi
x(6)

r
espondent
s,whi
chi
saboutt
othi
rt
yfi
veper
cent(
35%)successf
ull
yfi
l
led

andr
etur
nedt
hequest
ionnai
resont
ime.Resear
chert
husdeci
dedt
ouse

i
nter
viewsoast
oov
ercomet
her
esponser
atechal
l
enge.

2.
5.2I
nter
views

Ther
esear
cherconduct
edasemist
ruct
uredi
nter
viewi
nKi
swahi
l
ilanguage,

andwhenev
erpossi
blesomeKi
sukumawor
dswer
eused(
tocr
eat
ecommon

6
under
standi
ngofwor
dsandconcept
s)dependi
ngonconv
eni
enceoft
he

r
espondent
s.Theunst
ruct
uredi
nter
viewswer
eusedbyt
her
esear
chert
o

suppl
ementsomequest
ionsdependi
ngonr
esponsesf
rom i
nter
viewees.

Thi
shel
pedi
ncr
eat
ingr
appor
tbyt
her
esear
cherandi
ncol
l
ect
ingsomedat
a,

whi
ch mi
ghtbe conf
ident
ialornoteasi
l
y di
scl
osed.Al
so t
his met
hod

i
ncr
easedt
her
esponser
atesi
ncei
twaspossi
blet
ocol
l
ectdat
afr
om al
l

sampl
e.

2.
6Dat
aAnal
ysi
sPl
an

Thedat
awaspr
ocessedandanal
yzedbot
hqual
i
tat
ivel
yandquant
it
ati
vel
y

usi
ngasi
mpl
edescr
ipt
ivest
ati
sti
cswhi
chi
ncl
udet
hef
requencyandcr
oss

t
abul
ati
onaswel
lasbarchar
tsandgr
aphswer
epr
esent
edf
orqual
i
tat
ive

dat
a.Quant
it
ati
vedat
awer
eanal
yzedusi
ngt
heSt
ati
sti
cal
Packagef
orSoci
al

Sci
ence(
SPSS)sof
twar
etocomput
eper
cent
ages,t
abul
ati
onsandcr
oss-

t
abul
ati
onofr
esponses.

7
 CHAPTERTHREE

FI
NDI
NGANDDI
SCUSI
ON

3.
0Int
roduct
ion

Thi
schapt
erpr
esent
sthest
udyorr
esear
ch f
indi
ngswhi
ch f
ocused at

assessi
ngt
hechal
l
engesf
aci
ngwoment
oengagei
neconomi
cact
ivi
ti
es

Thef
indi
ngsar
epr
esent
edi
nrel
ati
ont
otheobj
ect
ivesoft
hest
udywhi
ch

wer
efocusi
ngat
:ident
if
yingcont
ri
but
ionsofLGAandNGOsi
nimpr
ovi
ng

womenl
i
fei
nKhar
umwaWar
d,anddet
ermi
ningchal
l
engesf
acedbywomen

i
nimpr
ovi
ngwomenl
i
fei
nKhar
umwawar
d.

Speci
fi
cal
l
y,t
hef
indi
ngsar
epr
esent
ed t
o answert
hespeci
fi
cresear
ch

quest
ionswhi
chf
ocusedt
oanswer
:Whatar
ethef
inanci
alser
vicesof
fer
ed

byLGA and NGOs Nguv

u kazigr
oup and Vi
j
anambogamboga,t
owar
ds

womeni
mpr
ovementi
nKhar
umwawar
d?Whati
sthei
mpr
ovedWomenasa

r
esul
tofser
vicespr
ovi
dedbyNy
ang’
hwal
edi
str
ict
,Nguv
ukaziandVi
j
ana

mbogambogai
npar
ti
cul
ar,
inKhar
umwawar
d?Andwhatar
ethechal
l
enges

f
acedbyt
hosewomen

3.
1Respondent
s’Demogr
aphi
cs
8
Al
l
an(
1991)not
edt
hatpeopl
ewhoi
nspi
ret
ost
artabusi
nessandsur
viv
eor

gr
ow i
nthei
rbusi
nessar
efarf
rom hav
inguni
quechar
act
eri
sti
cs.Si
mil
arl
y,

soci
alwel
far
eisaf
fect
ed byi
ndi
vi
dual
sand t
hei
runi
quechar
act
eri
sti
cs

because of t
hei
r pr
efer
ences, mot
ivat
ions and choi
ces. I
ndi
vi
dual

char
act
eri
sti
cs al
so r
efl
ectal
lthe st
atus ofsoci
etyand v
arywi
del
yin

educat
ionbackgr
ound,degr
eeofsophi
sti
cat
ion,ambi
ti
on,t
ypeofbusi
ness,

suppor
tfr
om f
ami
l
y,t
echni
cal
andmanager
ial
abi
l
ity
.

3.
1.1Respondent
sAge

Respondent
s‟agewasf
oundt
obeaspr
esent
edi
ntabl
e2bel
ow.

Tabl
e2:Respondent
s’AgeDi
str
ibut
ion

No.Of Per
cent
age

r
espondent
s r
espondent
s
AgeI
nter
val

15–30 04 11.
8

31–45 18 52.
9

46–60 10 29.
4

60+ 02 05.
9

Tot
al 34 100

Sour
ce:
Resear
chDat
a

I
nthi
sst
udydemogr
aphi
cchar
act
eri
sti
c,agei
npar
ti
cul
ari
sexami
nedwi
th

i
nter
estofl
ooki
ngwhi
chagegr
oupi
shav
ingi
nter
estengagedi
neconomi
c

act
ivi
ti
es,and hence i
mpr
ovei
ts wel
far
e.I
twas f
ound t
hatt
he y
oung

gener
ati
on,
lesst
han45y
ear
s,ar
ethemaj
ori
tysi
ncet
heager
angi
ng31–45

9
y
ear
srepr
esent52.
9%oft
hewhol
epopul
ati
on.Thi
spopul
ati
onoragegr
oup

i
sconsi
der
edt
obeaneconomi
cagehav
ingmanyr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesbecause

mostoft
hem ar
einmar
ri
agewi
thcommi
tmentt
othei
rfami
l
iesandsoci
ety

i
n gener
al.Thus t
hei
rmot
ivat
ion t
owar
ds i
mpr
oved soci
alwel
far
eis

unquest
ionabl
ehencej
oinsi
neconomi
c.

3.
2WomenLi
vel
ihoodI
mpr
ovementResul
ti
ngf
rom Ser
vicesOf
fer
edby

LGAandNGOsi
nKhar
umwawar
d

Thi
sSt
udyat
tempt
edt
ofi
ndoutt
heki
ndofwomenl
i
vel
i
hoodi
mpr
ovement

t
hatr
esul
ti
ngf
rom ser
vicesof
fer
edbyCRDB,
NMBi
nNy
ang’
hwal
edi
sti
ct.and

Vi
j
anambogamboga and nguv
ukazigr
oup i
n par
ti
cul
ar,t
owar
ds women

i
mpr
ovementi
nKhar
umwawar
d?

Thef
oll
owi
ngwer
eobser
vedt
obet
hepr
oduct
sandser
vicesof
fer
edbyNMB

t
owar
dswomeni
nKhar
umwawar
d:

3.
2.1Loan

Loani
sthecor
epr
oductorser
vicesof
fer
edbyNMBandCRDBsi
nceal
l

r
espondent
sment
ionedi
tast
hef
ir
stser
vicesacqui
red.Khar
umwawar
dfor

exampl
e,si
ncei
tsest
abl
i
shmenti
n2018,t
hel
oanamountpr
ovi
dedt
oit
s

member
shasbeeni
ncr
easi
ngdr
amat
ical
l
y.

3.
3Chal
lengesFacedbyNy
ang’
hwal
edi
str
icti
nImpr
ovi
ngWomen

Li
vel
ihood

Thel
astobj
ect
iveoft
hisst
udywast
odet
ermi
net
hechal
l
engesf
acedby

woment
oengagei
neconomi
cact
ivi
ti
esi
npar
ti
cul
ar,
ini
mpr
ovi
ngwomeni
n

Khar
umwawar
d.Thi
sobj
ect
ivewasaddr
essedbyr
espondi
ngt
oaspeci
fi
c

10
quest
ion whi
ch i
ntended t
o answert
he quest
ion t
hat
:Whatar
ethe

chal
l
engesf
acedbywomeni
nKhar
umwawar
dtoengagei
nbusi
ness?

Thef
oll
owi
ngchal
l
engeswer
eobser
veddur
ingt
hest
udy
:

3.
3.1Soci
al–Economi
cFact
ors

Ther
easonofr
esear
chi
ngont
hisi
ndi
cat
ori
stof
indoutsoci
aleconomi
c

f
act
orsconst
rai
ningpoorhousehol
dSACCOS member
saccessi
ngl
oans.

Accor
dingt
other
esear
chf
indi
ngsi
tseemst
hatmostofmember
sfal
lint
he

gr
oupofpoorpeopl
ewi
thl
essabi
l
ityt
o meetsomeofl
oanaccessi
ng

condi
ti
onsasf
oll
owsunder
neat
h.

3.
3.2Unst
abl
eWeat
herCondi
ti
on

Accor
dingt
oNy
ang’
hwal
e’
sweat
herr
ecor
dsi
ngener
al,
rai
nfal
lseasoni
snot

st
abl
eandst
aysf
oral
mostt
hreemont
hs,whi
chl
eadst
ohav
eli
tt
lehar
vest

mostoft
het
imet
henl
acki
ngmoneyascol
l
ater
alf
orl
oanaccessi
ng.The

r
esear
cherandr
espondent
sconsi
dert
hisasanobst
acl
etot
hei
reconomi
c

i
mpr
ovement
.

3.
3.3LoansRepay
mentRat
e

Thepr
ocedur
esf
orl
oanr
epay
mentv
aryi
naccor
dancewi
tht
het
ypeofl
oans.

Fort
heshor
tter
mloanst
hemember
sar
eexpect
edt
ocompl
eter
epay
ingt
he

l
oanwi
thi
naper
iodofnotmor
ethanf
ivemont
hsandf
orl
ongt
erml
oan,
a

per
iodofnotmor
ethant
went
ymont
hs.Thi
sli
mit
sandbr
ingscont
radi
cti
ons

i
nmanagi
ngl
oans.

11
 CHAPTERFOUR

CONCLUSI
ONANDRECOMMENDATI
ONS

4.
0Int
roduct
ion

Thi
schapt
erpr
esent
sthe,
concl
usi
onandr
ecommendat
ionsofast
udy

whi
chwassett
oassesst
hechal
l
engesf
acedbywoment
oengagei
n

economi
cinKhar
umwawar
d.

4.
1Summar
yoft
heSt
udy

Thest
udyobser
veddi
ff
erentdemogr
aphi
cst
oincl
udeage,
,

empl
oymentandf
ami
l
yorhousehol
dsi
zeofr
espondent
s.Thet
abl
e5.
1

bel
owsummar
isest
hedemogr
aphi
csofr
espondent
s.

Thi
slastchapt
erpr
esent
sthesummar
y,concl
usi
onand

r
ecommendat
ionsofast
udywhi
chwassett
oassesst
hechal
l
enges

f
acedbywomeni
nKhar
umwawar
dtoengagei
neconomi
cact
ivi
ti
es

12
Tabl
e4:Summar
yofRespondent
s’Demogr
aphi
cs

Per
centage
Fact
ors No.Of r
espondents
Demographi
c
Fact
or r
espondent
s

Agedi
str
ibut
ion 15–30 04 11.
8

31–45 18 52.
9

46–60 10 29.
4

60+ 02 05.
9

Tot
al 34 100

Mar
it
alSt
atus Si
ngl
e 4 11.
8

Mar
ri
ed 19 55.
9

Wi
dow 4 11.
8

Di
vor
ced 0 0

Separ
ated 7 20.
5

Ot
her 0 0

13
 Tot
al 34 100

Househol
dsi
ze 0–1 2 5.
9

2–5 7 20.
6

5–10 17 50.
0

10+ 8 23.
5

Tot
al 34 100

Respondent
s‟ Pr
imar
yEducat
ion. 3 8.
9

4.
2Concl
usi
on

Pr
ovi
dingwomenandi
mpr
ovi
ngsoci
alwel
l
bei
ngofpeopl
eint
hesoci
etyi
s

notaonedayorashor
tti
memeasur
e.Howev
er,accesst
ofi
nancesand

under
standi
nghowt
oinv
estoruset
heacqui
redf
inancesi
sver
yimpor
tanti
n

ensur
ing sust
ainabl
e dev
elopmentofi
ndi
vi
dual
s and t
he whol
e soci
ety
.

Si
mil
arl
y,t
he cont
ri
but
ion ofLGA and NGOs i
nimpr
ovi
ng women who

engagedi
neconomi
cact
ivi
ti
es

4.
3Recommendat
ions

Fr
om t
hef
indi
ngsandanal
ysi
s,t
hef
oll
owi
ngar
erecommendedf
orf
utur
e

bet
ter
mentoft
heNy
ang’
hwal
edi
str
ictsot
hatt
hei
rcont
ri
but
iont
owar
ds

i
mpr
ovi
ngsoci
alwel
far
eofpeopl
eint
hei
rlocal
i
tiescoul
dbenot
icedand

appr
eci
ated:

i
. Toi
nst
allordev
elopappr
opr
iat
eri
skmechani
smsorsy
stem.Thi
s

pr
otect
sandguar
ant
eesSACCOSf
undf
rom bei
ngmi
sused&mi
ss

-
uti
l
ized.I
tenabl
est
hem t
odi
sbur
sel
oansaspert
hedemandof

member
stoi
ncr
easet
hei
rincome&i
mpr
ovedt
hei
rli
vel
i
hood.

14
 i
i
. Theav
ail
abi
l
ityoft
rai
nedst
affandor
gani
zat
ionofr
elev
antt
rai
ning

pr
ogr
amsi
nthef
iel
dsoff
inanci
ng.SACCOSshoul
drest
ruct
ure

t
hei
rtr
aini
ngcont
entt
oincl
udei
mpr
ovi
ngt
hei
rcl
i
ent
s‟busi
ness

ski
l
lsr
athert
hancr
edi
tregul
ati
ons.Theyshoul
dor
gani
zer
egul
ar

t
rai
ningpr
ogr
amsf
ort
hei
rcl
i
ent
sandqual
i
fiedi
nst
it
uti
onsshoul
d

conductt
his.Regar
dingt
hei
ssueofsmal
lbusi
nessl
oan,t
heMFI
s

shoul
dbef
lex
ibl
ebyr
aisi
ngt
hemi
nimum baset
oref
lectchanges

i
nthev
alueofmoneyov
ert
ime.

i
i
i. The cooper
ati
ve mov
ement i
n Tanzani
a was ul
ti
mat
ely

unsuccessf
ulbecausepooraccount
abi
l
ityandt
hel
ackofef
fect
ive

sanct
ions meant t
hat ser
vice st
andar
ds dr
opped whi
l
st t
he

gov
ernmentr
emai
nedr
esponsi
blef
orl
i
abi
l
iti
es.

i
v. Pr
ovi
dedundersuppor
tpr
ogr
ammer
s,andi
tsdi
recti
mpactont
hei
r

cov
erage,sust
ainabi
l
ity
,ef
fect
ivenessandont
hewel
far
eoft
hei
r

member
s.

REFERENCES

Adam.JandKamuzor
a,F.(
2008)
,“Resear
chMet
hodsf
orBusi
nessand

Soci
alSt
udi
es”
,MzumbeBookPr
oject
,Mor
ogor
o,

Ahi
mbi
sibwe, F.
(2009)
.The Ef
fect
s of Sav
ings and Cr
edi
t Co-

oper
ati
ve(
SACCOS) onMember
s Sav
ing Cul
tur
e Case St
udy
:

Nt
ungamoDi
str
ict
;Cooper
ati
vesDev
elopmentDepar
tment
,Mi
nist
ry

ofTour
ism,
TradeandI
ndust
ry.

Ber
g, B.
(2001)
,Qual
i
tat
ive Resear
ch Met
hods f
ort
he Soci
alSci
ences,

Needham Hei
ght
s,MA;
All
yi
ngandBacon.

15
Bi
rchal
l
,JandSi
mmons,
R.(
2008)
.Doco–Oper
ati
vei
nDev
elopi
ngCount
ri
es

Hel
pto Reduce Pov
ert
y Some Fi
ndi
ng For
m Resear
ch Pr
oject
,

St
ir
li
ngUni
ver
sit
y.

Coni
a and Cour
t(2001)
,Inequal
i
ty,Gr
owt
h and Pov
ert
yint
he Er
a of

Li
ber
ali
zat
ionandGl
obal
i
zat
ion,
Hel
siki
Finl
and:
UNUWor
ldI
nst
it
ute.

Gr
owt
h‟Hav
ardRev
iew,
Vol
.16May(
June1983)
.

DeJong.D(
006)
.Abr
iefhi
stor
yofsav
ingsandcr
edi
tco-
oper
ati
ves;[
Web]

www.
saccol
.
org.
za/
saccos.
htm[
Visi
tedon05aPRI
L,2010]

Ugwushi
I.
B(2009)
,“SMEsKeyFai
l
ure-
Fact
or:A Compar
isonbet
weent
he

Uni
tedKi
ngdom and Ni
ger
ia”
,KentBusi
ness School
,Uni
ver
sit
y ofKent
,

Uni
tedKi
ngdom

Fr
anz,H.(
1968)
.TheEconomi
cofCooper
ati
veEnt
erpr
iseCoyandWy
man

Lt
d,London.

I
sot
e,L.
G.(
2007)AnAssessmentoft
hePer
for
manceofSav
ingsandCr
edi
t

Cooper
ati
ve Soci
eti
es i
n Del
i
ver
ing Ser
vices t
o Rur
alPr
imar
y School

Teacher
s;

Kabeer
,N.(
2001)
Conf
li
ctov
erCr
edi
t:Re–ev
aluat
ing t
heEmpower
ment

Pot
ent
ialofLoanst
o Women i
n Rur
alBangl
adesh‟Wor
ld Dev
elopment
,

29(
1),
63-
84.

Khandkwer
,S.
R(1998)
:Fi
ght
ingPov
ert
ywi
thMi
cro-
Credi
tinBangl
adesh,

Oxf
ordUni
ver
sit
yPr
essf
ort
heWor
ldBank,
NewYor
k.

Ky
osakiR.(
2002)
:“Busi
nessSchool
,forPeopl
eWhoLi
keHel
pi e”2nd
ngPeopl

16
 Edi
ti
onThomsonPr
ess,
Indi
aLt
d.

Mar
ius,P.(
2009)
,“Def
ini
ngBusi
nessFai
l
ure,Decl
i
neandTur
nar
ound:a

Cont
entAnal
ysi
s”,Depar
tmentofBusi
ness Management
,Uni
ver
sit
yof

Pr
etor
ia,
Sout
hAf
ri
ca,
Vol
.2,
Issue1.

Uni
ted Republ
i
c ofTanz
ani
a,
(2002)Mi
nist
ryofFi
nance,Nat
ionalMi
cro-

f
inance pol
i
cy,Wi
tek,B.
,(2010)
,,Soci
ety oft
he Dev
ine Sav
iourSDS,

Mor
ogor
o.

APPENDI
X

QUESTI
ONNAI
RESFORBUSI
NESSMEMBERS

A.PERSONALPARTI
CULARS

NO BUSI
NESSNAME WARD VI
LLAGE

17
1. Sex

a)Mal
e

b)Femal
e ()

2.Age

a) Bel
ow18y
ear
s.

b) 18-
30y
ear
s ( )

c) 31-
45y
ear
s.

d) 46-
60y
ear
s.

e) 61andabov
e.

3.Mar
it
alst
atus

a) Si
ngl
e

b) Mar
ri
ed ( )

c) Wi
dow

d) Di
vor
ced

e) Separ
ated.

4.Whati
sthesi
zeofy
ourhousehol
d?

a)1-
3

b)4-
6 ()

18
 c)7-
10

d) Mor
ethan10member
s

5.Lev
elofEducat
ion;

a) For
mal
educat
ion ( )

b) Adul
teducat
ion

c) Pr
imar
yeducat
ion

d) Secondar
yeducat
ion

e) Post
-secondar
yschool

6.Occupat
ion

a) Far
ming

b) Pet
ty/
smal
lbusi
ness

c) Li
vest
ockhusbandr
y ( )

d) Wageempl
oyment

B.Member
sowni
ningbusi
ness

i
. Forhowl
onghav
eyoubeeni
nbusi
ness?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………

i
i
. Whatpr
ompt
edy
out
ojoi
nbusi
ness?

a.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………

b.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………

19
 c.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………

i
i
i. Whatt
ypeofbusi
nessdoy
ouhav
e?

a) ……………………………………

b) ……………………….
.

i
v. Whatar
etheeconomi
cact
ivi
ti
esy
ouwer
ebef
orej
oini
ngi
nthi
s

busi
ness?

a) Agr
icul
tur
e

b) Mi
crobusi
ness

c) Fi
shi
ng

d) Car
pent
ry ()

e) Far
ming

v
. Howmanyt
imeshav
eyour
ecei
vedl
oansf
rom y
our

Gov
ernmentorot
herNGOs?

a. One

c) Two ()

d) Thr
ee

e) Four

v
i. Howmanymeal
sdoy
ouaf
for
dtogetperday
?

a) Si
ngl
e

b) Two

c) Thr
ee ( )

Mor
ethant
hree
20
 v
ii
. Howmuchhav
eyour
ecei
vedandatwhatt
imey
ouwer
e

r
equi
redt
opayt
hem back?

Phases Amounti
nTsh. Ti
me

1stphase

2ndphase

3rdphase

4thphase

v
ii
i. Whatar
etheeconomi
cact
ivi
ti
esest
abl
i
shedaf
terr
ecei
vi
ngt
he

l
oans?Whi
chact
ivi
ti
eshav
ebeencompl
etedandwhatpr
ofi
t

hav
emadef
rom t
hem?

Ty
pesof Act
ivi
ti
es Pr
ofi
tobt
ained

21
act
ivi
ti
es compl
eted

est
abl
i
shed

i
x. Hav
eyoumanagedt
opaybackt
hewhol
eloans?

YES NO

xi
.Ift
heansweri
sno,
giv
ereasonsf
orf
ail
ureandi
fiti
syeshow

……………………………………………………………………………………

xi
i
.Howdoy
ouuset
hepr
ofi
tobt
ainedf
rom abov
eact
ivi
ti
es?Ment
iont
hem

……………………………………………………………………………………

xi
i
i.Af
teraccessi
ngal
lofy
oursoci
alser
vicesdoy
oumanaget
osav
e?

YES NO

22