Electromagnetics

ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uemg20

Design of circularly polarized antenna using

inclined fractal defected ground structure for S-
band applications

Sonal Gupta, Binod Kumar Kanaujia, Chhaya Dalela & Shilpee Patil

To cite this article: Sonal Gupta, Binod Kumar Kanaujia, Chhaya Dalela & Shilpee Patil (2020)
Design of circularly polarized antenna using inclined fractal defected ground structure for S-band
applications, Electromagnetics, 40:7, 526-540, DOI: 10.1080/02726343.2020.1821336

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/02726343.2020.1821336

Published online: 12 Sep 2020.

Submit your article to this journal

Article views: 124

View related articles

View Crossmark data

Citing articles: 4 View citing articles

Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at

https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=uemg20
ELECTROMAGNETICS
2020, VOL. 40, NO. 7, 526–540
https://doi.org/10.1080/02726343.2020.1821336

Design of circularly polarized antenna using inclined fractal

defected ground structure for S-band applications
Sonal Guptaa, Binod Kumar Kanaujiab, Chhaya Dalelac, and Shilpee Patild
a
Electronics Engineering, A.K.T.U, Lucknow, India; bSchool of Computational & Integrative Sciences, JNU, New
Delhi, India; cDepartment of Electronics & Communication Engineering, JSS Academy of Technical Education,
Noida, India; dDepartment of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Noida Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Greater Noida, India

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

A single feed square patch with inclined fractal defected ground Received 24 February 2020
structure (IFDGS) microstrip antenna for circular polarization (CP) is Accepted 16 August 2020
proposed in this article. The CP radiation is achieved by an inclined KEYWORDS
fractal-shaped slot is embedded along the diagonal axis of a ground Inclined fractal structure;
plane. To enhance the performance parameters of this antenna like circularly polarized; defected
axial ratio bandwidth, return loss bandwidth, and gain, an inclined ground structure; single feed
fractal structure is slotted into the ground plane. The parameter stu­
dies of the IFDGS are given to illustrate the way to obtain CP radiation.
The CP antenna with the third iterative IFDGS is fabricated and mea­
sured. The measured results validate simulated results and show good
agreement. The proposed antenna achieved CP radiation at 2.61 GHz
with an overall size of 41 × 41 × 1.6 mm3. It shows an impedance
bandwidth of 5.53% at center frequency of 2.6 GHz and 3-dB axial ratio
(AR) bandwidth of 1.14% at center frequency of 2.61 GHz. The mea­
sured peak gain for the proposed antenna is found as 4.12 dBi. The
proposed antenna can be suitable for wireless communication in
S-band.

Introduction
Microstrip antennas are commonly used in satellite and mobile applications because of its
light weight, compact size, less expensive, and easy to be fabricated. Fractal shaped antennas
show some attractive features that stalk from their geometrical properties. An overview of
fractal shape antennas have been discussed in (Werner and Ganguly 2003), it shows the
fractals have no characteristics size, and it consist of many copies of themselves at different
scales. Fractal monopole antenna using sierpinski fractal shape has been achieved dual band
For LTE applications (Lizzi and Massa 2011). Lots of fractal-shaped structures have been
proposed for multi-band antennas (Bayatmaku et al. 2011; Kumar and Nath 2018; Reha
et al. 2015). E-shaped fractal patch antenna is used to obtain size reduction and increase the
number of operating band for mobile communication applications is reported in
(Bayatmaku et al. 2011). H-tree fractal antenna using CPW feed for WLAN, WIMAX,
RFID, C-band, Hiper LAN, and UWB applications in (Reha et al. 2015). Different fractal
shapes are discussed in (Kumar and Nath 2018).

CONTACT Shilpee Patil shilpeepatil21@gmail.com Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Noida
Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, India
© 2020 Taylor & Francis
 ELECTROMAGNETICS 527

A fractal geometry gives rise to increased current length leading to miniaturization

because of its own scaled down replica for increasing the perimeter of given shape. Lots
of Structures have been proposed by researchers for miniaturization of size such as using
star-shape fractal (Thakare and Kumar 2010), using combining Koch island seirpinski
fractal shapes (Chen, Wang, and Zhang 2008), and using Koch and fractal boundary
(Borja and Romeu, 2003). The proposed antenna in (Thakare and Kumar 2010) also reduces
the backscattering radar cross section (RCS).
Defected ground structure (DGS) have been attained a lots of attraction by researchers
for improving the lack of microstrip antenna like narrow bandwidth, low gain, and cross-
polarized radiation (Kumar 2012; Kumar and Guha 2015; Reddy and Vakula 2017). The
bandwidth enhancement using Minkowski fractal-shaped defected ground structure has
been reported in (Reddy and Vakula 2017). The circular microstrip patch with two annular
ring-shaped defected ground structure for cross-polarized radiation has been explored in
(Kumar 2012), the defected ground structure is used to increase the cross-polarized radia­
tion. Rectangular microstrip patch with asymmetric-shaped defected ground structure is
used to reduce its cross-polarized field (Kumar and Guha 2015). To reduce the mutual
coupling between microstrip antenna elements using fractal defected ground structure has
been explored in (Wei et al. 2016a).
Circularly polarized microstrip antennas is widely used in latest communication devices
because it has versatile property and to reduce the loss caused by the misalignment between
the transmitting and receiving antennas. Microstrip antennas using single feed is commonly
used because it has the simplest design to obtain the circularly polarized radiation (Carver
and Mink 1981; James and Hall 1989). A compact design of single feed circularly polarized
cross slot microstrip antenna is proposed in (Row and Ali 2004). The unequal cross slot on
the patch is able to generate the CP radiation and another cross slot on the ground plane
decreased the operating frequency and also increased the slot length ratio of the patch (Row
and Ali 2004). A new single-feed arrowhead-shape slotted microstrip antenna for CP is
proposed in (Gautam, Kunwar, and Kanaujia 2014). The CP radiation and reduction in
antenna (Gautam, Kunwar, and Kanaujia 2014) size are obtained by placing an arrowhead-
shaped slot is embedded in the first quadrant on the diagonal axis of a square patch. A new
design for wideband circularly polarized slot antenna is proposed in (Patil et al. 2018a). The
CP radiation of the designed antenna (Patil et al. 2018a) is achieved by introducing an
inclined coupling slot loaded feed line on the ground plane. A compact circularly polarized
microstrip antenna for dual band is proposed in (Patil et al. 2018b). The CP radiation of the
designed antenna (Patil et al. 2018b) is achieved by using a modified square ring slot in the
ground plane.
Several fractal shaped circularly polarized microstrip antennas have been proposed
(Farswan et al. 2015; Hung et al. 2012; Patil et al. 2018c; Prajapati et al. 2015; Rao and
Sharma 2010; Reddy 2017; Wei et al. 2016b).A compact circularly polarized single feed
microstrip antenna using fractal curve boundary is proposed in (Rao and Sharma 2010), it
shows size reduction by using fractal curve as boundary to the square patch. This antenna
achieved a return loss bandwidth of about 3.25% and 3-dB AR bandwidth of about 0.81%.
In (Patil et al. 2018c) a wide slot antenna is presented for dual band dual sense circularly
polarized operation with C-shaped patch. A compact single feed circularly polarized stack
antenna consisting of minkowski-island-based fractal patch with an aperture coupled
design is proposed in (Hung et al. 2012), this fractal structure is able to generate dual
528 S. GUPTA ET AL.

mode and two orthogonal modes for circular polarization. A new design of circularly
polarized antenna based on Koch fractal geometry is proposed in (Farswan et al. 2015).
The CP radiation and size reduction of antenna (Farswan et al. 2015) are achieved by
presenting two asymmetric Koch fractal geometries on x- and y-plane of the square patch.
A compact circularly polarized microstrip antenna for mobile satellite application has been
proposed in (Prajapati et al. 2015); in these design two unequal lengths orthogonal rectan­
gular shaped slots on the circular patch is able to generate the CP radiation. The perfor­
mance parameters can be increased by using combination of DGS and fractal theory
(Prajapati et al. 2015). A single feed circularly polarized Flared-U-type fractal boundary
microstrip antenna has been presented in (Reddy 2017). In this paper by interchanging the
edges of a square path with asymmetrical Flared-U-type fractal curves in two perpendicular
directions, two degenerated orthogonal modes are generated for CP radiation. A new
technique to design single-feed CP microstrip antenna is proposed in (Wei et al. 2016b).
However, the CP radiation of this single-feed square patch microstrip antenna is achieved
by etching the fractal defected ground structure in the ground plane.
In this article, a single-feed circularly polarized microstrip antenna with inclined fractal
defected ground structure is proposed. Due to this inclined fractal slotted DGS along the
diagonal axis in the ground plane; the CP design is being created. An inclined fractal slotted
DGS in order to enhance the various properties of proposed antenna. A good-quality CP
performance has been obtained by variation in angle of the inclined fractal slotted DGS. The
obtained impedance bandwidth for working band is 144 MHz (2.529 GHz-2.673 GHz) for
VSWR<2 with 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth for operating band is 30 MHz (2.598 GHz-
2.628 GHz). The proposed antenna is cover the downlink range of S-band (2.535 GHz
−2.655 GHz) application and also come inside the band of LTE (1.71 GHz-2.69 GHz). It is
mostly useful in satellite communication and mobile WIMAX operation (IEEE 802.16e-
2005 standard).

Layout of the presented antenna

The design of a single feed third iterative inclined fractal slotted defected ground structure
square patch antenna is shown in Figure 1. In this work the ground plane area is
41 mm×41 mm and square patch area is 24.6 mm×24.6 mm. The proposed antenna is
fabricated on easily available FR4 substrate of thickness 1.6 mm (εr = 4.4, tan δ = 0.02). In
the proposed work, asymmetry in the design signify to the fractal slot is embedded along the

Figure 1. Geometry of the proposed antenna with the third iterative IFDGS; (a) top view and (b) bottom
view.
 ELECTROMAGNETICS 529

Fw Fw
Fw

Fl Fl
Fl

α α
α

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 2. Designed various stages of iteration of the inclined fractal-DGS; (a) zero iteration, (b) first
iteration, (c) second iteration, and (d) third iteration (proposed). α (angle) = 74°.

diagonal axis in the ground plane, which has different dimensions. This inclined fractal slot
generate two orthogonal modes with equal amplitude and 90º phase difference for circularly
polarized radiation.
The stages of iterations of fractal design in the ground plane are shown in Figure 2. The
zero iteration of the proposed design is a single basis line as shown in Figure 2(a). Figure 2
(b) shows the first iterative fractal shape can be achieved by folding the basis line into
S-shape with two vertical and one horizontal line. The first iterative fractal shape is used as
the basis unit. The second iterative fractal shape evolves from first iterative fractal shape by
folding two vertical lines is shown in Figure 2(c).The third iterative fractal shape by folding
four vertical lines of second iterative shape is etched in the ground layer of the proposed
antenna is shown in Figure 2(d). In such a way, the high level iterative fractal structure is
obtained. The proposed IFDGS circularly polarized antenna is fed using 50-Ω coaxial probe.
The top and bottom view of the fabricated antenna is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Fabricated proposed antenna; (a) top view and (b) bottom view.
530 S. GUPTA ET AL.

Table 1. Proposed antenna dimensions.

Parameters Dimensions
Ground length, L 41 mm
Ground width, W 41 mm
Patch length, l 24.6 mm
Patch width, w 24.6 mm
IFDGS length,l1 7 mm
IFDGS width, w1 2.8 mm
IFDGS length, l2 3 mm
IFDGS width, w2 2.5 mm
IFDGS length, l3 2 mm
IFDGS width, w3 1.4 mm
Slot width, g 0.4 mm
Angle of inclination, θ 49 degree

Parametric study of the third iterative IFDGS

The proposed antenna structure was simulated using Ansoft HFSS electromagnetic software
and mathematically examined. The parametric studies of the proposed antenna are con­
ducted for showing the circularly polarized generation mechanism. This antenna has the
key parameters of IFDGS length l1, width w1 and angle θ. In the parametric study at a time
only one parameter was varied, while the other parameters were kept constant. The
optimized parameters of the proposed design are listed in Table 1.

Variation of IFDGS length (l1)

The inclined fractal slotted DGS in the ground plane is to be used for obtaining the
circularly polarized radiation of the proposed antenna. Figure 4 shows the simulated results
of antenna S11 and axial ratio with the variation of the IFDGS length l1. The value of IFDGS
length l1 was varied from 6.9 mm to 7.1 mm with the other parameters was kept constant.
At IFDGS length l1 of 6.9 mm and 7.1 mm, the performance of the antenna is not up to level
for desired band. After increasing the structure length l1 to 7 mm, the dual resonating
modes created a wideband with CP radiation of the antenna.

Variation of IFDGS width w1

The performance of the antenna is also affected by IFDGS width w1. The simulated results of
antenna S11 and axial ratio with the variation of the IFDGS width w1 are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 4. Simulated S11 and AR with varying IFDGS length l1.

 ELECTROMAGNETICS 531

Figure 5. Simulated S11 and AR with varying IFDGS width w1.

The value of w1was varied from 2.3 mm to 3.3 mm. At IFDGS width w1 of 2.3 mm, the
operating band is resonated with linear polarization. After increasing the structure width w1
to 2.8 mm, the dual resonating modes created a wideband with CP radiation of the antenna. At
structure width w1 of 3.3 mm, the performance of the antenna is not up to level for desired
band.

Variation of IFDGS angle θ

A third iterative fractal slot is introduced in the ground plane with a θ inclination angle to
the x-axis, which affects the performance of antenna. The simulated results of antenna S11
and axial ratio with the variation of the IFDGS angle θ are shown in Figure 6. The inclined
angle of θ is varied from 48º to 50º. At θ = 48º, the operating band is resonated with linear
polarization. After increasing the inclination angle of θ to 49º, dual resonating frequencies
generated a wideband with CP radiation. At θ = 50º, the return loss bandwidth and axial
ratio bandwidth decreases. Finally, at θ = 49º the operating band is wide and CP achieve­
ment is good.

Results and discussion

The proposed structure is fabricated in laboratory prototype by standard photolithography
process to validate the simulated results. The electrical performance of the proposed
antenna such as return loss, axial ratio, and gain and radiation pattern are accomplished
by using AgilentTM vector network analyzer.

Figure 6. Simulated S11 and AR with varying IFDGS angle θ.

532 S. GUPTA ET AL.

Table 2. Comparison between iterations of inclined fractal DGS.

Characteristics Zeroth iteration First iteration Second iteration Third iteration
Return loss bandwidth 144 MHz 78 MHz 78 MHz 129 MHz 144 MHz
Axial ratio bandwidth NA NA 27 MHz 30 MHz
Gain 3.68 dB 4 dB 3.89 dB 4.12 dB

Return loss bandwidth

The S-shape inclined fractal DGS is lie on lower side of the substrate effect reactive lading.
Due to the iterations of IFDGS, the total electrical length incremented with same area, this
shows the miniaturization and good impedance matching. An improvement of return loss
bandwidth with the successive iterations of inclined fractal DGS antennas is as shown in
Table 2.
Figure 7 shows the comparisons of S11 parameters with zero, first, second, and third
iterations. The comparison of simulated S11 parameter (with and without third iterative
IFDGS) and measured S11 of the proposed antenna are shown in Figure 8.The result of the
proposed antenna without third iterative IFDGS shows an impedance bandwidth (S11 <
−10 dB) of 67 MHz (from 2.684 GHz to 2.751 GHz) at 2.71 GHz of center frequency while
the impedance bandwidth with IFDGS is expanded to144 MHz (from 2.529 GHz to
2.673 GHz) at 2.6 GHz of center frequency, which is broad than the antenna without
IFDGS. Thus this antenna with inclined fractal DGS shows the miniaturization. The wider
antenna return loss bandwidth is due to the presence of dual resonating frequencies. It was
noticed that the measured impedance bandwidth (S11 < −10 dB) of the proposed antenna is
about 5.53% (from 2.529 GHz to 2.673 GHz) at 2.6 GHz of center frequency was obtained.
Figure 8 shows some deviation between simulated and measured results, possibly because of
measurement error and fabrication tolerance.

Axial ratio bandwidth

For obtaining the CP radiation, fractal shaped DGS patch antenna have two orthogo­
nal modes of electric field with equal magnitude and 90º phase difference between
them. These two orthogonal modes with same magnitude at some resonant frequency

Figure 7. Simulated S11 for different iterations of IFDGS.

 ELECTROMAGNETICS 533

Figure 8. Simulated (with and without the third iterative IFDGS) and measured S11 of the CP proposed
antenna.

are generated by feeding the patch at a single point. After the proposed inclined fractal
slotted DGS is embedded along the diagonal axis of the ground plane, the electric field
of one mode can lead by 45º while that of the other can lag by 45º resulting in a 90º
phase difference required for circular polarization. Thus, due to fractal DGS return loss
bandwidth increases, it also helps to increase the bandwidth of 3-dB axial ratio in
circular polarization.
Figure 9. illustrates the effect of different iterations into the fractal DGS. The incorpora­
tion of second iteration into the ground plane perturbs the current distribution in the
radiating patch. As a result, the two orthogonal electric fields Ex and Ey with small
magnitude differences are aroused in the broadside direction. The addition of third iteration
leads to a minimization between differences of the magnitude of two orthogonal fields with
a 90° phase difference. Finally Figure 9(a) illustrates the value of magnitude ratio between
Ex and Ey approaches to unity, that is the principle factor for the excitement of CP wave in
the far-field direction.

Figure 9. Simulated results of Ex/Ey (magnitude) and phase difference (degree) for different iterations.
534 S. GUPTA ET AL.

Figure 10. Simulated axial ratio for different iterations of IFDGS.

Figure 9(b) illustrates the simulated phase difference in degree at different iterations. The
addition of third iteration establishes the 90° phase difference between the two orthogonal
electric fields Ex and Ey at 2.61 GHz, which provide a good left-handed circularly polarized
radiation.
Figure 10 shows the comparisons of axial ratio with zero, first, second, and third
iterations. It shows the CP is achieved after embedding the second iteration of IFDGS.
The comparison of simulated axial ratio with and without the third iterative IFDGS and
measured axial ratio are shown in Figure 11. It is noticed that the AR bandwidth is found to
be better after embedding the third iterative IFDGS. The measured AR bandwidth (axial
ratio < 3 dB) of the proposed antenna is about 1.14% (from 2.598 GHz to 2.628 GHz) with
the center frequency of 2.61 GHz was achieved as shown in Figure 11.

Gain and radiation pattern

The variation of antenna gain with frequency is shown in Figure 12 for different iterations
of IFDGS according to the simulated result. The simulated (with and without the third

Figure 11. Simulated (with and without the third iterative IFDGS) and measured axial ratio of the CP
proposed antenna.
 ELECTROMAGNETICS 535

Figure 12. Simulated gain for different iterations of IFDGS.

Figure 13. Simulated (with and without the third iterative IFDGS) and measured gain of the CP proposed
antenna.

Figure 14. Simulated and measured radiation pattern of the proposed antenna at 2.61 GHz in (a) E-plane
and (b) H-plane.
536 S. GUPTA ET AL.

Figure 15. Simulated 3D gain plot of the proposed antenna at 2.61 GHz in (a) E-plane and (b) H-plane.

iterative IFDGS) and measured gain of the proposed antenna is shown in Figure 13. The
maximum simulated gain of 4.07 dBi and measured gain of 4.12 dBi was achieved for
desired operating band of the proposed antenna.
The simulated and measured radiation patterns of the proposed antenna in E (ϕ = 0º)
and H-plane (ϕ = 90º) at the operating frequency of 2.61 GHz are shown in Figure 14(a and

Figure 16. Simulated surface current vector distribution on radiating patch of the proposed antenna at
2.61 GHz (a) ωt = 0º, (b) ωt = 90º, (c) ωt = 180º, and (d) ωt = 270º.
 ELECTROMAGNETICS 537

Figure 17. Surface current vector distribution on ground plane with IFDGS at ωt = 0º; (a) zeroth iteration,
(b)first iteration, (c) second iteration, and (d) proposed third iteration.

b), respectively. Figure 14 shows that the proposed antenna can radiate the left-handed
circularly polarized (LHCP) in the upper-half space at 2.61 GHz. The radiation field in 3D
gain plot for LHCP is in broad side direction, but in RHCP is not in broad side direction as
illustrate in Figure 15(a and b), respectively.

Surface current distribution

Figure 16 shows the simulated vector surface current distribution on the radiating
patch of the proposed antenna at the operating frequency of 2.61 GHz for different
time instants of ωt = 0º, ωt = 90º, ωt = 180º, ωt = 270º. The vector surface current
distribution on the radiating patch for different time phase as shown in Figure 16 to
indicate the operation of circular polarization. Figure 17 shows the ground current
path for different iterations of IFDGS. This figure shows as the iterations of IFDGS
increases, the effective electrical length increases with the increase in ground current
path.
The comparison of all simulated and measured results as shown in figures gives
satisfactory matching between them. The simulated and measured result shows some
discrepancy; this may be due the effect of measurement errors and fabrication
tolerance.
The performance of the proposed antenna has been compared with other fractal
loaded circularly polarized microstrip antennas as shown in Table 3. It can be seen
 538
S. GUPTA ET AL.

Table 3. Comparative study of fractal loaded circularly polarized microstrip antennas.

Overall antenna size Resonant Dielectric 10-dB return loss bandwidth 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth Gain
References Antenna Description (mm3) freq.(GHz) constant (MHz) (MHz) (dBi)
(Hung et al. 2012) Minkowski Island-Based fractal 57.3 × 57.3 × 3.2 2.4 GHz 4.4 290 30 2–4
(Farswan et al. 2015) Koch fractal 54 × 54 × 1.6 0.91 GHz 4.4 37 8 5.8
(Prajapati et al. 2015) Koch curve fracatal 90 × 90 × 3.149 1.5 GHz 2.5 113 31.5 5.4
(Reddy 2017) Frared U-type fractal 50 × 50 × 3.2 2.3 GHz 2.2 138 42 4–6
(Wei et al. 2016b) Y-shaped fractal 45 × 45 × 3.18 1.575 GHz 10 30 6 2.18
Proposed S-shaped IFDGS 41 × 41 × 1.6 2.61 GHz 4.4 144 30 4.12
 ELECTROMAGNETICS 539

from the table that the proposed antenna has overall good than the other previous
reported work.

Conclusion
A single feed circularly polarized microstrip antenna using IFDGS has been proposed in this
article. The CP radiation is achieved by using inclined fractal slotted structure on the lower layer
of the less expensive FR-4 substrate. The antenna performance in the proposed technique of
third iterative fractal slotted DGS is better as compared with second iterative fractal slotted DGS.
This antenna has good antenna performance as compared with other fractal circularly polarized
microstrip antennas. The circularly polarized microstrip antenna with the third iterative IFDGS
are fabricated and measured. The dual impedance bandwidth and 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth
are obtained successfully by varying some of antenna parameters. All the desired results
achieved by simulation are well matched with measured results. The proposed antenna analysis
has good radiation properties with LHCP wave at required axial ratio bandwidth. This antenna
is suitable for mobile WIMAX operation and satellite communication.

References
Bayatmaku, N., P. Lotfi, M. Azarmanesh, and S. Soltani. 2011. Design of simple multiband patch
antennas for mobile communication applications using new E-shape fractal. IEEE Antennas and
Wireless Propagation Letters 10:873–75. doi:10.1109/LAWP.2011.2165195.
Borja, C., and J. Romeu. 2003. On the behaviour of Koch island fractal boundary microstrip patch
antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 51 (6):1281–91. doi:10.1109/
TAP.2003.811479.
Carver, K., and J. Mink. 1981. Microstrip antenna technology. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation 29 (1):2–24. doi:10.1109/TAP.1981.1142523.
Chen, W. L., G. M. Wang, and C. X. Zhang. 2008. Small-size microstrip patch antennas combining
Koch and sierpinski fractal-shapes. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 7:738–41.
doi:10.1109/LAWP.2008.2002808.
Farswan, A., A. K. Gautam, B. K. Kanaujia, and K. Rambabu. 2015. Design of Koch fractal circularly
polarized antenna for handheld UHF RFID reader applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas
and Propagation 64 (2):771–75. doi:10.1109/TAP.2015.2505001.
Gautam, A. K., A. Kunwar, and B. K. Kanaujia. 2014. Circularly polarized arrowhead-shape slotted
microstrip antenna. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 13:471–74. doi:10.1109/
LAWP.2014.2309719.
Hung, T. F., J. C. Liu, S. S. Bor, and C. C. Chen. 2012. Compact single-feed circularly polarized
aperture-coupled stack antenna with minkowski-island-based fractal patch. Microwave and
Optical Technology Letters 54 (10):2278–83. doi:10.1002/mop.27090.
James, J. R., and P. S. Hall. 1989. Handbook of microstrip antennas. London, U. K.: Peter Peregrinus.
Kumar, C. 2012. Nature of cross-polarized radiations from probe-fed circular microstrip antennas
and their suppression using different geometries of defected ground structure (DGS). IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 60 (1):92–101. doi:10.1109/TAP.2011.2167921.
Kumar, C., and D. Guha. 2015. Asymmetric geometry of defected ground structure for rectangular
microstrip: A new approach to reduce its cross-polarized fields. IEEE Transactions on Antennas
and Propagation 64:2503–06.
Kumar, M., and V. Nath. 2018. Introducing multiband and wideband microstrip patch antennas
using fractal geometries: Development in last decade. Wireless Personal Communicable
98:2079–105. doi:10.1007/s11277-017-4965-x.
540 S. GUPTA ET AL.

Lizzi, L., and A. Massa. 2011. Dual-band printed fractal monopole antenna for LTE applications. IEEE
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 10:760–63. doi:10.1109/LAWP.2011.2163051.
Patil, S., A. K. Singh, B. K. Kanaujia, and R. L. Yadav. 2018a. Design of inclined coupling slot loaded
CPW-feed circularly polarized slot antenna for wireless applications. Electromagnetics 38
(4):226–35. doi:10.1080/02726343.2018.1457270.
Patil, S., A. K. Singh, B. K. Kanaujia, and R. L. Yadav. 2018b. A compact, dual wide-band circularly
polarized, modified square ring slot antenna for C and Ku band applications. International Journal
of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 11 (2):182–89. doi:10.1017/S1759078718001368.
Patil, S., A. K. Singh, B. K. Kanaujia, and R. L. Yadav. 2018c. Design of dual band dual sense circularly
polarized wide slot antenna with C-shaped radiator for wireless applications. Frequenz 72 (7–­
8):343–51. doi:10.1515/freq-2017-0176.
Prajapati, P. R., G. G. K. Murty, A. Patnaik, and M. V. Kartikeyan. 2015. Design and testing of
a compact circularly polarised microstrip antenna with fractal defected ground structure for
L-band applications. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 9 (11):1179–85. doi:10.1049/iet-
map.2014.0596.
Rao, P. N., and N. V. S. N. Sharma. 2010. Compact single feed circularly polarized fractal boundary
microstrip Antenna. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 52 (1):141–47. doi:10.1002/
mop.24854.
Reddy, B. R. S., and D. Vakula. 2017. Compact dual-band truncated patch antenna with fractal
defected ground structure for wireless applications. International Journal of Microwave and
Wireless Technologies 9 (1):163–70. doi:10.1017/S1759078715000987.
Reddy, V. V. 2017. Single–feed circularly polarized flared–U fractal boundary microstrip antenna.
IETE Journal of Research 63 (4):577–87. doi:10.1080/03772063.2017.1292862.
Reha, A., A. E. Amri, O. Benhmammouch, A. O. Said, A. E. Ouadih, and M. Bouchouirbat. 2015.
CPW-fed H-tree fractal antenna for WLAN, WIMAX, RFID, C-band, HiperLAN, and UWB
applications. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 8:327–34.
doi:10.1017/S175907871500001X.
Row, J. S., and C. Y. Ali. 2004. Compact design of single-feed circularly polarized microstrip antenna.
Electronics Letters 40 (18):1093–94. doi:10.1049/el:20045602.
Thakare, Y. B., and R. Kumar. 2010. Design of fractal patch antenna for size and radar cross-section
reduction. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 4 (2):175–81. doi:10.1049/iet-map.
2008.0325.
Wei, K., J. Y. Li, L. Wang, Z. J. Xing, and R. Xu. 2016a. Mutual coupling reduction by novel fractal
defected ground structure band-gap filter. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 64
(10):4328–35. doi:10.1109/TAP.2016.2591058.
Wei, K., J. Y. Li, L. Wang, R. Xu, and Z. J. Xing. 2016b. A new technique to design circularly polarized
microstrip antenna by fractal defected ground structure. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation 65:3721–25.
Werner, D. H., and S. Ganguly. 2003. An overview of fractal antenna engineering research. IEEE
Antennas and Propagation Magazine 45:38–57. doi:10.1109/MAP.2003.1189650.