Posvečeno dr.

Ljudmili Plesničar Gec

med akvilejo in panonijo

EMONA between Aquileia and Pannonia

Zbrali in uredili / Edited by

irena lazar & Bernarda Županek

KOPER 2012
VSEBINA / CONTENTS:

Irena LAZAR, Bernarda Županek

predgovor 9

EMONA IN NJENA DEDIŠČINA / EMONA AND ITS HERITAGE

Iris Bekljanov Zidanšek

groB 1007 s kongresnega trga v ljuBljani 13

janez dirjeC, tatjana toMaZo ravnik, Mija topliČaneC, Borut toškan

ZašČitna arHeološka iZkopavanja na lokaCiji sng opera (ljuBljana) 27

dénes gaBler
sigillate galliCHe Meridionali ad eMona e in italia 49

josip korošeC
Bronasta posoda iZ eMone 61
o sestavinaH, ki soustvarjajo njeno kakovost

vesna pintariČ koCuvan

Bronasti kipCi BoŽanstva s peterokrako krono – 77
prispevek k njiHovi raZpoZnavi

Bojan djuriĆ
tHe eMona Xiii.8 MosaiC FroM tHe late roMan period 89

tina MilaveC
a glass laMp WitH Base knoB FroM eMona 97

Marjeta šašel kos

dediCations to divinities FroM tHe epigrapHiC ColleCtion 105
in tHe CitY MuseuM oF ljuBljana

Milan lovenjak, andrej gaspari

nagroBna stela kanCijev iZ eMonske insule Xiii 123
 eMona – med akvilejo in panonijo
EMONA – between Aquileia and Pannonia

alenka MiškeC
analYsis oF tHe Coin Finds FroM tHe graves 133
in tHe nortHern CeMeterY oF eMona

Benjamin štular
ZaČetki srednjeveške ljuBljane v luČi arHeološkiH 143
iZkopavanj na MaČkovi uliCi – visokosrednjeveška
ljuBljana v luČi najnovejšiH arHeološkiH iZkopavanj

Mitja guštin
riMski Zid eMone. dedišČina antike in doBer priMer 157
aktivnega konservatorstva

Bernarda Županek
eMona’s Heritage in tHe seCond HalF oF tHe 20tH CenturY: 169
tHe ContriBution Made BY ljudMila plesniČar geC

Fedja košir
edvard ravnikar in arHeološka dedišČina eMone 183

ana plestenjak
dedišČina v priMeŽu politiČniH spletk. priMer draMe 191
na ljuBljanski trŽniCi

Boris viČiČ
Med kladivoM in nakovaloM – pogled konservatorja 205

Božena dirjeC, irena siveC, Bernarda Županek

ljudMila plesniČar geC, MuZealka 211

MED AKVILEJO IN PANONIJO / BETWEEN AQUILEIA AND PANNONIA

Maria paola laviZZari pedraZZini 225

la Coppa “tipo sarius” di pavia

Maurizio Buora 235

una nuova “ragaZZa noriCa” da CaMporosso

tina Žerjal
keraMiČna lanterna ali »svetleČa Hiška« iZ školariC 245
pri spodnjiH škoFijaH

Miha Mlinar, drago svoljšak, verena vidriH perko

Beatriče ŽBona trkMan
kopalniCo iMa: arHeološke raZiskave in preZentaCija 257
riMske Hiše Z Mosta na soČi

jana Horvat
skupek keraMike iZ prve poloviCe 1. stoletja iZ navporta 273

6
 eMona – med akvilejo in panonijo
EMONA – between Aquileia and Pannonia

janka isteniČ, Žiga šMit

a raW glass CHunk FroM tHe viCinitY oF nauportus (vrHnika) 301

judita luX, Milan sagadin

poskus Časovne uMestitve oBjekta 2 riMske vile rustike 311
pri MošnjaH

eleni sCHindler kaudelka

la CeraMiCa a pareti sottili del MagdalensBerg 1975–1998–2011 323

Irena LAZAR
Bogat stenski okras riMske predMestne vile pri Celeji 367

danilo BrešČak, Milan lovenjak

riMska nagroBnika iZ štatenBerka in gorenjega 377
karteljevega na dolenjskeM

phil Mason
soMetHing old, soMetHing neW, soMetHing BorroWed … 389
roManisation and tHe Creation oF identitY in earlY
roMan Central and soutH-eastern slovenia

iva Curk
poetovio v prostoru – nekaj opaŽanj in poskusov 407

polona BitenC, timotej kniFiC

poZnoantiČne FiBule v podoBi ptiČev iZ slovenije 429

špela karo
Zgodnjekarolinške najdBe s slovenskiH najdišČ 447

slavko CigleneČki
spreMenjena podoBa poZnoantiČniH urBaniH središČ – 459
prispevek k transForMaCiji poselitvene slike
v jugovZHodnoalpskeM prostoru

Matija Črešnar, dimitrij MlekuŽ, gašper rutar 479

lasersko skeniranje površja in kulturna dedišČina –
nekaj novosti o višinski poselitvi oB srednji savi

Branko MušiČ
arHeogeoFiZikalne raZiskave v urBaniH okoljiH – 497
spoZnanja, teŽave in perspektiva

gregor poBeŽin
Crudelis aMor … Crudelis tu QuoQue Mater – 515
nekaj poMislekov o Motivu »krute ljuBeZni« v latinski knjiŽevnosti

SEZNAM AVTORJEV / LIST OF AUTHORS 525

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 eMona – med akvilejo in panonijo
EMONA – between Aquileia and Pannonia

tina MilaveC

A GLASS LAMP WITH BASE KNOB FROM EMONA

ABSTRACT

In the paper three glass fragments from insula 31 in Emona and from the hilltop settlement of
Ajdovščina above Rodik are discussed.1 They were identiied as bases of lamps of the late 5th and 6th
century but the occupation of the sites where they were found is not supposed to have lasted longer
than the mid-5th century. The author presents other possible interpretations of the fragments but
believes they indicate a later and probably only temporary use of the sites.

Key words: late antiquity, Emona, glass lamps, Ajdovščina above Rodik

Ključne besede: pozna antika, Emona, steklene svetilke, Ajdovščina nad Rodikom

1 For the access to unpublished data i am very grateful to Bernarda Županek from the City Museum and
galleries of ljubljana.

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in 1981 ljudmila plesničar gec published

two interesting fragments of glass vessels (igs.
1, 2) from the 1977 excavations of insula 31 in
emona (plesničar gec, 1981). in the article she
presented a presumed glass furnace and a glass
vessels workshop in insula 31, dated by coin Figure 1: Glass base with knob from Emona, insula
inds to the beginning of the 5th century. among 31. After Plesničar Gec, 1981, pl. 5. Scale 1:2.
typical late roman forms such as beakers with
applied glass blobs (plesničar gec, 1981, pl. 4)
and other material she also presented two less
typical fragments. these are a fragment of a
small conical vessel made of green glass with
base knob (ig. 3) and a fragment of a conical
Figure 2: Glass base from Emona, insula 31.
wand and base of light greenish colour (ig. 4)
After Plesničar Gec, 1981, pl. 5. Scale 1:2.
(plesničar gec, 1981, pl. 5: far right). accord-
ing to the excavation reports (unpublished) they
were found in the destruction layers.
Both pieces were published by i. lazar in her
monograph on roman glass from slovenia as
fragments of glass lamps from the second half
of the 5th and the 6th century (her type 9.3.1.). as
belonging to this lamp type she also mentioned
another piece of base with a knob from the late
roman hilltop settlement of ajdovščina above
rodik in south-western slovenia (lazar, 2003a,
198–200, ig. 52: 9. 3. 1., ig. 5).
the interesting thing about all the three pie-
ces is their late date compared to the chronolo-
gy of the sites they were found at. the roman
town of emona and the settlement on ajdovšči-
Figure 3: Glass base with knob from Emona, insula
na above rodik are supposed to have ended in
31. Photo: I. Lapajne, Photolab SRC SASA.
the middle of the 5th century at the latest (vidrih
perko, 1997, 349; Ciglenečki, 1997, 192–194),
which does not correspond with the chronology
of the glass fragments. Because of this intere-
sting discrepancy we shall take a closer look at
the fragments, their analogies and chronology.
Firstly we shall take a look at the irst fra-
gment from emona, the conical vessel with base
knob. similar published pieces can be interpre-
ted in two different ways.
the irst possibility is that this is a balsama-
rium of type isings 9 of which a base knob is a
typical characteristic (subtype is 9b also has two
small handles – ig. 6) (isings, 1957, 24–25).
the second possibility is that these bases repre-
sent glass lamps.
Balsamaria type isings 9 are dated to the ear- Figure 4: Glass base from Emona, insula 31.
ly roman period (isings, 1957, 24–25), but they Photo: I. Lapajne, Photolab SRC SASA.

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 eMona – med akvilejo in panonijo
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apparently also appear later, at least in italy. they

were found among the glass inds of the tabernae
near the Magna Mater temple in rome (sterni-
ni, 1995, 249, ig 12: 155–157) where they are
dated to the 5th century or it’s beginning. these Figure 5: Glass lamp from Ajdivščina above Rodik.
inds doubtlessly represent balsamaria since the After Lazar, 2003a, ig. 52: 9.3.1. Scale 1:2.
whole vessels with bases, rims and typical han-
dles are preserved (subtype is 9b).
some glass bases with knobs from invillino
were also originally interpreted as balsamaria
(Bierbrauer, 1987, 284, pl. 157: 1–5) as was the
example from Monte Barro (uboldi, 1991, pl.
lv: 17). as to the interpretation of the Monte
Barro knobbed base the author later changed her
opinion and published it again as a lamp (ubol-
di, 1995, ig. 4: 22). in the same publication she
also mentioned the invillino pieces as lamps
(uboldi, 1995, 119). the glass bases with knobs
Figure 6: Glass balsamarium from Lattes, France.
from the st. Cyprian ecclesiastial complex at After Foy, Nenna, 2001, cat. 202. Scale 1:2.
gata, Croatia, were also published as balsama-
ria (Fadić, 1995, 220–221). in the east we ind
only one example of an elongated body with al-
most a knob on the base in gerasa, jordan (Me-
yer, 1988, ig. 7: t, 194).
it should be emphasised that in none of the
above mentioned cases narrow rims or handles -
typical of balsamaria - were published with the
bases. one of the arguments against the bapti-
sterium interpretation of the emona and rodik
pieces is the size of balsamaria. they are usual-
ly smaller with an elongated body and a someti-
mes hardly visible knob on the base. the pieces
we interpret as late roman lamps are mostly Figure 7: Glass lamp from Obrenovac, Serbia.
a bit larger and more massive. But the size is After Ružić, 1994, pl. XLIII: 11. Scale 1:2.
not a very dependable argument since there are
examples of wholly preserved lamps (an exam-
ple from serbia: ružić, 1994, pl. Xliii: 11; hei-
ght 7,8 cm, ig. 7) of almost the same size as a
balsamarium (a piece from lattes, France: Foy,
nenna 2001, cat. 202; height 7,5 cm, ig. 6). so
when only the vessel base is preserved it is al-
most impossible to distinguish between a balsa-
marium and a lamp. it is perhaps best to rely on
contexts, when known, or the characteristics of
the glass which are very different between the
early or late roman period and the late 5th and
6th century. Figure 8: Glass lamp from Emona, Early Christian
among the glass material from the slove- Centre. After Plesničar Gec, 1983, pl. 29: 4. Scale
nian late roman forts of Hrušica near podkraj 1:2.

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and Martinj hrib two small glass lasks with 6th century is mixed with late roman inds and
a biconical recipient and without a base knob where in consequence some inds, among them
were found (ulbert, 1981, pl. 49: 44; leben, šu- the glass lamps, could be dated too early (Foy,
bic, 1991, pl. 17: 292). they are quite similar 1995, 197). Foy's chronology is based on the
and could be compared to the second fragment comparisons between the material of southern
from emona (igs. 2, 4) but the emona piece is and northern France. the vessel shapes and
less conical in shape. decoration of white threads on beakers, bowls
the second possible interpretation of the fra- and lamps of the southern material is apparen-
gments in question is a lamp. at the very begin- tly very similar to and inluenced strongly by
ning we must emphasise that there are two kin- the contemporary Merovingian glass produc-
ds of late antique glass lamps with base knob. tion. these northern shapes seem indeed to be
the irst one is larger and appears earlier, the the closest comparisons for the lamps in que-
second one is small and late. Both were used for stion, also the slovenian examples (Foy, sen-
bronze chandeliers (corona or polycandelon) nequier, 1989, 130–131, no. 422; Maul, 2002).
where conical lamps with or withot knobs were it should also be mentioned that not all
inserted into the circular openings. the knobs lamps necessarily have base knobs, as is shown
can sometimes be a little lattened but they ne- on an example from Brescia (uboldi, 1998, ig.
ver represent a stabile base for the lamp to stand 6, 8). in that we can compare it to the second
on a surface free of support. fragment from emona (igs. 2, 4).
the irst, larger variant of lamps with base small lamps with base knobs are mostly
knob is known as type uboldi iii.1 (uboldi, found in the western Mediterannean; in italy,
1995, 116–119) or Foy 11 (Foy, 1995, 197) and France, Croatia and also serbia. only few exam-
is dated to the 5th century. one such lamp was ples can be found in the east, in egypt (ka-
found at the early Christian Centre at emona ranis, Harden, 1936, pl. Xvi: 466, 467), efes
(plesničar-gec, 1983, pl. 29: 4) (ig. 8). (Czurda-ruth, 2005, ig. 1: 831, 833) and sar-
the second variant is smaller and less massi- dis (uboldi, 1995, 120). it seems signiicant that
ve with a small base knob. Complete lamps are this kind of glass lamps, including the earlier
rarely preserved, for example one from raven- massive variant of the 5th century, is not found in
na-Classe (uboldi, 1995, ig. 4: 27) and another the typologies of the east (Hadad, 1998; olcay,
one from a grave from obrenovac in serbia 2001). even in the synthesis of Crowfoot and
(ružić, 1994, pl. Xliii: 11) (ig. 7). this lamp Harden the authors only mention depictions or
type consists of a conical recipient and a base much later examples under their type 'with base
knob. M. uboldi deined these lamps as her type knob' (Crowfoot, Harden, 1931, 201–202). so
iii.2. and dated them from the beginning of the it seems this is a western lamp type, apparently
5th and to all of the 6th century (uboldi, 1995, under the inluence of the Merovingian glass
119–120). production. this can be seen in the forms and
d. Foy proposes a different date for the decoration of the white glass threads, as stressed
same lamp type. she dates the examples from by d. Foy for the glass material of the southern
southern France to the end of the 5th and abo- France between the mid-5th and mid-6th century
ve all to the beginning of the 6th century (Foy, (Foy, 1995, 217).
1995, 204–206). according to her typology the it is more dificult to classify undecorated
slovenian pieces belong to her subtype 21b examples, such as the slovenian ones, but the
(rodik example, with most probably a bell-sha- similarity of forms is convincing enough. We
ped recipient) or 21c (emona examples, conical believe the glass vessels from emona and rodik
recipients). can quite safely be interpreted as late roman
in some of her articles the author draws at- glass lamps.
tention to uncertain chronologies of some sites it is interesting that small glass lamps with
in rome – which were used to build uboldi's base knob do not appear on slovenian late an-
typology – where the material of the late 5th and tique sites where they would be expected accord-

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ing to their chronology. among the late antique all three slovenian pieces could be very
glass material in slovenia we were only able to early representatives of the otherwise late type
identify fragments of hanging glass lamps with which arrived at these sites just before they
handles (type isings 134 / uboldi i. 1. / lazar 9. were abandoned and within the frame of a dif-
2. 1.) at the sites of kučar near podzemelj (du- ferently organized late roman glass supply.
lar, Ciglenečki, 1995, pl. 79: 1), ajdovski gradec the great changes of the 5th century also inlu-
above vranje near sevnica (petru, ulbert, 1975, enced the organisation of glass production and
ig. 27: 40), in koper (Cunja, 1996, pl. 5: 75, supply in the slovenian territory and we do not
76), kranj (sagadin, 2004, ig. 6: 16) and in the know very much about it after the middle of the
remains of a presbitery of a sacral building at century.
šilentabor (osmuk, 1977, ig. 199: 1–4). also it is obvious that the workshops of the
other lamp types which can otherwise be found previous period were abandoned or at least
in both, western and eastern Mediterranean, ceased to supply the area in question. of the
were not indentiied in slovenia. this is unusual late roman production and supply organisa-
since at least some of these lamp forms can be tion of the late 5th and later centuries we know
found in neighbouring countries not far away very little and even the workshops that were
but they were apparently not imported to this found are not all conirmed (for kranj and in-
part od the south-eastern alps. villino see lazar, 2003b, 78–79 and sternini,
on the other hand this uniformity of lamp 1995, 268 respectively). on slovenian late
forms indicates a uniform supply of hanging antique settlements we ind only the type of
lamps while the polycandelon chandelier types glass lamp which was hanged independently
were perhaps not used in this part of the region. or could stand on its concave beaker-like base.
the late lamps with base knob appear after We do not ind traces either of polycandela or
the middle of the 5th and in the 6th century. a few of lamps which were used in them. While in
earlier pieces from italy which were mentioned the east the late antiquity brought a growing
above can be seen as exceptions or, as warned number of glass lamp types, here it seems only
by d. Foy (see above), were found in mixed lay- one form was used.
ers and are thus unreliable. on a large major- in our opinion the most probable and the
ity of sites which can be dated until the mid- most interesting explanation of the discussed
5th century we can only ind the earlier massive fragments is that these are among the very rare
variants of lamps with base knob (uboldi, 1995, witnesses of a late use of the sites where they
116–119, type iii.1.; Foy, 1995, 197, type 11) or were found. the destruction layers in which the
altogether different glass lamp types. lamps were found do not oppose this explana-
so we must ask ourselves why were these tion.
late pieces found on early sites and not on the only a few other 6th century inds are pu-
late ones where we might expect them? there blished from within the walls of roman emo-
are a few possible explanations. the glass ves- na which point to some kind of temporary
sels from emona and – less likely because of occupation(s) of the former town (Ciglenečki,
its wider body – ajdovščina above rodik could 1997, 192). eventhough we can not fully expla-
also be bases of early balsamaria, even if their in their presence at the moment, we hope the di-
glass mass itself renders this explanation un- scussed glass vessels can - in their small way –
likely. lighten the darkness of the late roman emona.

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POVZETEK

V insuli 31 v Emoni in na naselbini na Ajdovščini nad Rodikom so bili najdeni odlomki steklenih
svetilk s čepkom na dnu. Tovrstne svetilke so datirane v konec 5. oz. večinoma v 6. stoletje, kar se
ne ujema z datacijo obeh slovenskih najdišč, ki sta datirani do tridesetih let (Emona) ali največ do
sredine 5. stoletja (Rodik).
Avtorica predstavi tudi druge možnosti interpretacije obravnavanih steklenih odlomkov, vendar
zagovarja njihovo pozno časovno umestitev. Najverjetneje predstavljajo redke priče poznejšega
dogajanja na obeh naselbinah.
Na najdiščih iz poznega 5. in 6. stoletja pri nas, kjer bi jih lahko pričakovali, pa tovrstne svetilke
niso bile najdene. Tu se v glavnem pojavljajo viseče steklene svetilke s pokončnimi ročaji, kot sveti-
la pa so bili lahko uporabljeni tudi kozarci z ali brez noge. Drugih izrazitih tipov steklenih svetilk
med objavljenim gradivom nismo zasledili.

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