Topic 2

Cause and Effect

hange, a
ate C nd
lim D

,C

ail
d Situation

yC
ontext Caus
late
Re

ea
nd
Eff ts-
ect Studen

You are expected to be able to do the following things after you finish
this topic:
Identifying the structure of the cause-and-effect text
Identifying language features and social function of cause-and-
effect text
Understanding the structure, language features, social function,
and concept of cause-and-effect text.
Create a draft of cause-and-effect text with causal conjunction, and
singular and plural nouns using a multiple flow map.
Presenting the cause and effect text to be read by friends.

1
 Cause and Effect
Definition Function
A cause-and-effect text explains how The function of cause and effect is to
one event or situation (the cause) help readers understand the
leads to another (the effect). It is relationship between events or
commonly used in academic writing, situations, and get insights into
research papers, and essays. complex systems.

Characteristics Signal Words of Cause

Characteristics of Cause Because (karena)

The reason for (alasan untuk)
Answering the question, "Why On account of (karena)
did this happen?" Bring about (membawa)
Give rise to (menimbulkan)
Contains signal words/linking
Created by (dibuat oleh)
words/causal linking. Contributed to (berkontribusi pada)
Can be placed at the beginning Led to (dipimpin ke)
or at the end of the sentence. Due to (karena)
Owing to (berdasarkan fakta itu)
In view of (berdasarkan fakta itu)
Characteristics of Effect Forasmuch as (berdasarkan fakta itu)
Seeing that (melihat kondisi tersebut)
The answer to the question, Being that (karena)
"What happened?" StartingWords
point (titik pangkal)
Signal of Effect
Usually begins with signal
words/linking words/causal
Signal Words of Effect
linking.
Can be replaced with other Because (karena)
nouns. The reason for (alasan untuk)
On account of (karena)
Characteristics of Cause and Effect Bring about (membawa)
Give rise to (menimbulkan)
There is a main idea throughout Created by (dibuat oleh)
the text. Contributed to (berkontribusi pada)
Led to (dipimpin ke)
Has supporting details or Due to (karena)
supporting sentences in the form Owing to (berdasarkan fakta itu)
of causes. In view of (berdasarkan fakta itu)
There is a sentence Forasmuch as (berdasarkan fakta itu)
Seeing that (melihat kondisi tersebut)
"consequence" which is used as
Being that (karena)
a conclusion or conclusion. Starting point (titik pangkal)

English Supplementary Materials for 11th Grade 2

 Cause and Effect
Sentence Structures of Cause and Effect
Cause and Effect + Noun Cause and Effect + Subject + Verb

Signal Words Signal Words

Because of Because
Thanks to Since
As a result of As
Due to For
As a consequence of
Owing to

NOTE: The clause that expresses CAUSE will ALWAYS be placed after signal words.
Cause and Effect + Noun followed by noun
Signal words + Cause + Effect Due to Alfy’s cheating, he did not pass the exam.
Effect + Signal words + Cause He gets punished because of his waking up late.

Cause and Effect + Verb followed by Subject + Verb or Verb Phrase

Signal words + Cause + Effect As it is still raining, we have to go home wearing our raincoats.
Effect + Signal words + Cause didn't go to Devi's house because she was doing her job.

Cause and Effect Text/Essay Structure

Introduce the topic or issue that will be discussed and
Introduction: provide background information or context.
Clearly state the main point or argument of the essay,
Thesis statement: which is the cause and effect relationship that will be
explored.
Each paragraph should focus on a specific cause or effect
Body paragraphs: and provide evidence or examples to support the thesis
statement.

Use transition words and phrases to show the
Transition words: relationships between causes and effects, such as "due
to", "because of", "as a result", "consequently", "therefore",
and "thus".

Conclusion: Summarize the main points of the essay and restate the
thesis statement in a different way.

English Supplementary Materials for 11th Grade 3

 Activity 1
Instructions! Match the Pictures
1. Match the cause in the blue box with the suitable effect in the green box.
2. The teacher says one cause, then the students respond with the effect. For
example, the teacher says "A", so the students respond by saying "2", and so on.
Causes

A B C D E

F G H I J
Effects

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10
Causes: Effects:
Eating too much junk food Requiring massage
Practicing regularly Obesity
Stepping on a nail Missing teeth
Frequently walking up and down stairs Burns
Exposure to heat Being late for school
Lack of sleep Winning competitions
Infected with virus Feet ache
Snowstorms Knee pain
Eating too many sweets Having fever
Straining back muscles Catching a cold

English Supplementary Materials for 11th Grade 4

 Activity 2
Using Signal Words
Instructions!
1. Please read the previous causes and effects.
2. Build a sentence for each cause and effect using these signal words for each
sentence.
Because of 1. A man is catching a cold because of snowstorm.
Thanks to 2.
As a result of 3.
Due to 4.
As a consequence of 5.
Owing to 6.
Because 7.
Since 8.
As 9.
For 10.

Activity 3
Odd and Even Numbers In Cause and Effect
Instructions!
1. The teacher asks one student to give a problem or situation to be written in the
white/blackboard.
2. Each student with odd numbers needs to write one cause, and each student with
even number needs to write one effect.
For example, the first student says "the problem: cheating". One of student with the
even numbers write "the cause: did not understand the material", and so on.

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and so on

Causes Problems Effects

2,4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and so on

English Supplementary Materials for 11th Grade 5

 Activity 4
Pre-Listening Vocabulary Flashcards
Instructions!
1. Click the following link to direct you to the Word wall web through your computer
or phone, then read each card to comprehend its definition,
https://wordwall.net/resource/53286690
2. Read each card and try to memorize it.

Activity 5
Listening A Cause and Effect Audio about "Climate Change"
Instructions!
Click the following link to hear the audio. Play the audio and listen carefully to
understand the meaning,
https://www.englishclub.com/efl/?powerpress_pinw=19232-podcast
You can replay the audio as much as you need.

Activity 6
Instructions! Label the Pictures
1. Make a group of two members.
2. Decide the picture whether it is cause or effect based on
your previous listening.

Cause/effect Cause/effect Cause/effect

Cause/effect Cause/effect Cause/effect

English Supplementary Materials for 11th Grade 6

 Activity 7
Critical Thinking Essay Questions
Instructions!
1. After you learn about the vocabulary, listen the audio, and identify the causes and
effects of "Climate Change", now answer the text below based on your knowledge about
this global issue.
2. Whilst all of students in the classroom are finished this task, discuss the answer
together.
1. What are the three main things that cause climate change, and how do they get into
the air?
2. What might happen in the future because of climate change, and why is it a big deal
if the Arctic ice melts?
3. What can you do at home to help fight climate change?
4. How might climate change affect animals and plants, and what are people doing to
help protect them?
5. What can young people like students do to help fight climate change, and how can
schools and communities support these efforts?
Activity 8
Instructions! Pre-Reading Word Search
1. Make a group of two members.
2. Use the words from the word finder above to complete the following
sentences. The clue in the bracket will help.

1. She has an …............... ( _ D _ _ _ _ _ _ N) with coffee.

2. I feel ……................... ( _ _X_ _ _ Y) when all of my friends finish the final test earlier.
3. The athlete’s ................................. (_ _ _ _G_ E) is caused by running under the hot sun.
4. Nina worries about her ....................................... (I _ _ _ _ Q_ _ C_ ) to be a good student.
5. The singer ……..............…… (_ _ _L_E_ _ _ ) his fans to wear a black shirt.
6. We need to maintain ……….............… (_ _ _D_ _ _ _ _S_ ) in every life moment.
7. The builder constructs the building ……...................… (_ _ OP_R_ _).
8. Teenagers who spend hours on smartphones tend to have low attention ........ (S_ _N)
9. She is enthusiastically ….................. (_ _ A _ E) her boyfriend’s face.
10. Children are ………...........… (_ _ _ _ _ _ AB_ _ ) if they are not given the vaccine.

English Supplementary Materials for 11th Grade 7

 Activity 9
Reading
Instructions!
1. Read carefully the "Smartphone Addiction" text below.
2. Answer the Missing Word in Wordwall to recognize whether the sentence use
"because" or "because of".
Smartphone Addiction
Teenagers nowadays are likely to spend much time on their smartphones. They
spend time playing games, chatting on social media, or watching the video. This daily
activity may cause many negative impacts on them. This influences the mental and
physical condition of the teenager.
First, social media activity on a smartphone could impact loneliness, anxiety,
depression, or even inadequacy feeling. It is because social media shows the unreal,
stable, and high-expectation lifestyle which becomes the ideal standard of living. So,
teenagers can be stressed because of overthinking through social media.
Besides, playing games and watching videos over time on a smartphone may cause
physical damage to teenagers. Teenagers may have eye fatigue as a result of they
spend hours until sleep late staring at the phone screen. Also, teenagers can easily
forget about the moment that happens since they have a short attention span.
Additionally, they will be vulnerable to getting sick due to the lack of sleep. Then, the
teenager will get a low score at school for difficulty focusing and understanding
studies.
Thus, teenagers should limit their screen time and allocate time properly to other
beneficiary activities for their mental such as praying in prayer houses, meditation,
yoga, sport, or reading book to maintain mindfulness and control stress.

After you read the text, answer the missing words through this
link or scan QR code.
https://wordwall.net/resource/53320232

Remember! Cause and Effect + Noun Cause and Effect + Verb

Signal Words Followed by

Subject + Verb or Verb Phrase
Because of
Thanks to Signal Words
As a result of Because
Due to Since
As a consequence of As
Owing to For

English Supplementary Materials for 11th Grade 8

 Activity 10
Build Cause and Effect Relationship with Multiple-Flow Map
Instructions!
1. Fill the brackets below with the possible cause or effect based on the provided
situation!
Note: You can add more brackets for the causes or effects as you wish.
You can also choose one of the students-related situations below.
Students skip the class. Exam anxiety
Lack of sleep towards academic performance. Peer pressure
Procrastination in completing homework. Lack of support from family
Poor time management Playing phone during class
Bullying Financial struggles

Cause 1 Effect 1
Lazy to Cannot
study understand
the material

Cause 2 Effect 2
... ...

Situation:
Fail in
Cause 3 Exams Effect 3
... ...

Cause 4 Effect 4
... ...

Instructions!
Write cause and effect sentences based on your cause and effect in previous
multiple flow map!
1. As a result of the students lazy to study, they cannot understand the English material.
2. ...
3. ...
4. ...
5. ...
And so forth

English Supplementary Materials for 11th Grade 9

 Activity 11
Instructions!
1. Write cause and effect sentences based on your previous multiple flow map.
2. Build your own cause and effects Text based on the sentences in previous
activity! You can replace your answer in the previous activity to be a unite
paragraph in the bracket.
Title

Introduction

Body (Cause and Effect)

Closing/Conclusion

English Supplementary Materials for 11th Grade 10

 Activity 12
Instructions!
1. Read your friend's work and give an oral comment based on the three topics
below.
Author's Name: _________________ Reviewer's Name: ______________

One amazing part of One question about One suggestion for

this writing is... this writing is... this writing is...

English Supplementary Materials for 11th Grade 11