ASSIGNMENT#01

COURSE TITLE: ICT

COURSE CODE: 5403
SMESTER: AUTUMN 2022
LEVEL: BS ENGLISH
SUBMITTED BY : ANAM FATIMA
Q#1: Internet is a well known example of ICT. How it enables
people to communicate easily through different
communication mediums? Describe it with the help of proper
examples.
SOLUTION:
The Internet is a global network of computers that enables users to
communicate and share information with each other. It has revolutionized the
way we communicate, allowing us to communicate with people from all over the
world, in real time and without geographical barriers. The Internet has become
an essential tool for communication, enabling us to send and receive data,
images, video and audio instantly and easily. The Internet enables us to
communicate in various ways, such as emails, instant messaging, video
conferencing, file sharing, and social media. These communication mediums
allow us to communicate with people from different countries, time zones and
cultures.

Email:
Email is one of the most widely used communication mediums on the Internet. It
allows users to send and receive messages electronically, and to attach
documents, images and other files to emails. Email is an easy, quick and
inexpensive way of communicating, and it allows users to keep track of
conversations and store messages for future reference.
Instant Messaging:
Instant messaging (IM) is a type of online communication that allows users to
send and receive messages in real time. It is often used for casual, informal
conversations between friends and family, but it can also be used for more
formal communication, such as business meetings and conferences. IM services
such as Skype and Google Hangouts allow users to communicate through text,
voice or video chat.

Video Conferencing:
Video conferencing is a type of online communication that enables users to
communicate through two-way video and audio. This is especially useful for
professions that require face-to-face communication, such as medical
consultations, legal advice and business meetings. Popular video conferencing
services include Skype, Google Hangouts and Microsoft Teams.

File Sharing:
File sharing is a type of online communication that allows users to share files
over the Internet. This is especially useful for businesses and professionals, as it
enables them to share large amounts of data quickly and easily. Popular file
sharing services include Dropbox, Google Drive and Microsoft OneDrive.

Social Media:
Social media is an online communication platform that allows users to share
information, ideas and opinions with each other. It is used by millions of people
around the world, and it has become an essential tool for communication.
Popular social media platforms include Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and
Snapchat.

The Internet and Its Impact on Communication:

The Internet has had a major impact on communication. It has made
communication easier and more efficient by providing access to a variety of
communication mediums. The Internet allows people to communicate quickly
and easily through emails, instant messaging, social media, and other online
platforms. It also enables people to access a wealth of information, making it
easier to find and share information.The Internet has revolutionized the way
people communicate with each other. It has made it possible to communicate
with people located across the world in real time. This has allowed people to
connect with others in ways that were not possible before. For example, people
can easily communicate with each other via video calls, instant messaging, and
social media platforms. This has made it easier for people to stay connected with
each other, even if they are located in different parts of the world. The Internet
has also made it easier to share and access information. People can easily access
a wealth of information online and share it with others. This has made it
possible for people to stay informed and up to date on current events. For
example, people can easily access news from around the world and stay
informed about what is happening in different parts of the world. They can also
easily access information about various topics and share it with others. The
Internet has also made it easier for people to collaborate and work together.
People can easily join online communities and work together on various
projects. This has made it easier for people to work together on tasks that were
once difficult or impossible to do on their own. For example, people can easily
access information about various topics and share it with others. The Internet
has also made it easier for people to collaborate and work together. People can
easily join online communities and work together on various projects. This has
made it easier for people to work together on tasks that were once difficult or
impossible to do on their own. For example, people can easily collaborate on
projects such as writing books, creating videos, and developing websites. Finally,
the Internet has made it possible for people to stay connected with each other.
People can easily connect with friends and family members, no matter where
they are located. This has made it easier for people to stay in touch with each
other and keep up to date on what is happening in each other’s lives. For
example, people can easily use social media platforms such as Facebook and
Twitter to stay connected with family and friends.

Q#2: a. Explain the important components of computer.

SOLUTION:
The components of a computer are the hardware, software, and peripherals that
make up a computing system. They are the physical components which work
together to enable a computer to perform its intended tasks. The hardware
components of a computer include the motherboard, processor, memory,
storage, video card, and other vital components. The software components of a
computer include the operating system, applications, and support software.
Lastly, peripherals such as the keyboard, mouse, printer, scanner, and other
external devices are used to enable the computer to interact with the user and
other computers. In this article, we will discuss each component of a computer
in detail and provide examples of each.

Hardware Components:
The hardware components of a computer are the physical components which
work together to enable a computer to perform its intended tasks. The most
important components of a computer are the motherboard, processor, memory,
storage, video card, and other vital components.
Motherboard: A motherboard is the main printed circuit board (PCB) of a
computer. It houses the processor, memory, storage, and other vital components
of the computer. It also provides connections for other components such as the
video card, sound card, and other peripherals. An example of a motherboard is
the Intel i7 7700K Motherboard.
Processor: The processor is the “brain” of a computer. It is an integrated circuit
which performs the basic calculations necessary for a computer to function.
Examples of processors include the Intel Core i7, AMD Ryzen 5, and the
Qualcomm Snapdragon 845.
Memory: Memory is the component of a computer which stores and retrieves
data. It is usually composed of RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read
Only Memory). Examples of memory include DDR4 RAM, DDR3 RAM, and
NAND Flash memory.
Storage: Storage is the component of a computer which stores information. It
can
be either internal (such as a hard drive or solid state drive) or external (such as
an
external hard drive or USB flash drive). Examples of storage devices include the
Seagate BarraCuda 4TB Hard Drive, the Samsung 860 EVO 1TB Solid State
Drive, and the SanDisk Ultra Fit 128GB USB Flash Drive.
Video Card: The video card is an expansion card which enables the computer to
display images on the monitor. It is usually connected to the motherboard via a
PCI Express slot. Examples of video cards include the Nvidia GeForce GTX
1080, the AMD Radeon RX 580, and the Intel UHD Graphics 630.
Software Components:
The software components of a computer include the operating system,
applications, and support software. The operating system is the software which
manages the hardware and other software components of a computer. It
provides an interface for the user to interact with the computer and also allows
applications to run. Examples of operating systems include Windows 10,
macOS,and Linux. Applications are software programs which enable the user to
perform specific tasks. Examples of applications include web browsers, word
processors,media players, and games. Support software includes drivers and
utilities which enable the computer to communicate with the hardware and other
software components. Examples of support software include device drivers,
system utilities, and anti-virus software.
Peripherals
Peripherals are external devices which are used to enable the computer to
interact with the user and other computers. Examples of peripherals include
keyboards, mice, printers, scanners, and external storage devices.
Keyboard: A keyboard is an input device which is used to type text and
numbersinto a computer. It usually consists of a set of keys which are arranged
in a particular layout. Examples of keyboards include the Microsoft Sculpt
Ergonomic Keyboard and the Logitech G512 Mechanical Keyboard.
Mouse: A mouse is an input device which is used to move a cursor on the screen.
It usually consists of two buttons (left and right) and a scroll wheel. Examples of
mice include the Logitech G502 Proteus Spectrum and the Microsoft Wireless
Mobile Mouse 3500.
Printer: A printer is an output device which is used to produce physical copies of
documents. It usually consists of a scanner, a printing head, and a paper tray.
Examples of printers include the HP Envy 5055 and the Canon Pixma TS5120.
Scanner: A scanner is an input device which is used to convert physical
documents into digital images. It usually consists of a light source, a lens, and a
sensor. Examples of scanners include the Canon CanoScan LiDE 220 and the
Epson Perfection V600.
External Storage Devices: External storage devices are used to store data on
removable media such as CDs, DVDs, or USB flash drives. Examples of external
storage devices include the Seagate Backup Plus Portable Drive and the
SanDisk Extreme Portable SSD

b. List down the characteristics of processor of your computer

(use Internet).
SOLUTION:
I have Core i5-540M processor in my computer.

Characteristics of the Intel® Xeon® Processor E5-2600/1600

v4 Family (M540):
1. Increased Performance: The Intel Xeon Processor E5-2600/1600 v4 family
(M540) offers an impressive increase in performance over its predecessor, the
Intel Xeon Processor E5-2600/1600 v3 family (M520). The Intel Xeon Processor
E5-2600/1600 v4 family (M540) delivers up to 72% more performance than the
Intel Xeon Processor E5-2600/1600 v3 family (M520). This is achieved through
the implementation of the latest Intel® microarchitecture, Intel® Advanced
Vector Extensions (Intel® AVX-512), and higher clock speeds.
2. Improved Energy Efficiency: The Intel Xeon Processor E5-2600/1600 v4
family (M540) has improved energy efficiency over the Intel Xeon Processor E5-
2600/1600 v3 family (M520). The improved efficiency is achieved through a
combination of improved microarchitecture, higher clock speeds and dynamic
power management. As a result, the Intel Xeon Processor E5-2600/1600 v4
family (M540) is able to deliver impressive performance while using less
powerthan its predecessor.
3. Scalability: The Intel Xeon Processor E5-2600/1600 v4 family (M540) offers
scalability that is unmatched by its predecessor, the Intel Xeon Processor E5-
2600/1600 v3 family (M520). With the Intel Xeon Processor E5-2600/1600 v4
family (M540) you can scale up to 4-way systems with up to 36 cores, up to 12
memory channels and up to 24 memory slots. This allows you to take advantage
of the increased performance of the Intel Xeon Processor E5-2600/1600 v4
family (M540) to build larger and more powerful systems.
4. Enhanced Security: The Intel Xeon Processor E5-2600/1600 v4 family
(M540) offers enhanced security features that are not available on the Intel
Xeon Processor E5-2600/1600 v3 family (M520). These features include Intel®
Trusted Execution Technology (Intel® TXT) and Intel® Secure Key. Intel®
TXT offers hardware-based security for virtual machines, while Intel® Secure
Key provides a hardware-based random number generator for secure
communications.

5. Improved Reliability: The Intel Xeon Processor E5-2600/1600 v4 family

(M540) has improved reliability compared to the Intel Xeon Processor E5-
2600/1600 v3 family (M520). This is achieved through the implementation of
advanced error correction technologies such as Intel® Advanced Vector
Extensions 2 (Intel® AVX2) and Intel® Advanced Error Reporting (Intel®
AER). These technologies help to reduce the number of errors and improve
system reliability.
6. Increased Memory Bandwidth: The Intel Xeon Processor E5-2600/1600 v4
family (M540) offers up to 12 memory channels and up to 24 memory slots,
allowing for increased memory bandwidth. This increased memory bandwidth
allows for faster data transfer and improved system performance.
7. Enhanced Virtualization: The Intel Xeon Processor E5-2600/1600 v4 family
(M540) offers enhanced virtualization capabilities compared to the Intel Xeon
Processor E5-2600/1600 v3 family (M520). This is achieved through the
implementation of technologies such as Intel® VT-x and Intel® VT-d. These
technologies allow for the efficient sharing of resources between multiple virtual
machines, providing improved scalability and flexibility.
8. Improved Data Protection: The Intel Xeon Processor E5-2600/1600 v4 family
(M540) offers improved data protection compared to the Intel Xeon Processor
E5-2600/1600 v3 family (M520). This is achieved through the implementation of
technologies such as Intel® Advanced Encryption Standard New Instructions
(Intel® AES-NI), Intel® Secure Key, and Intel® Data Protection Technology
(Intel® DPT). These technologies help to protect data from unauthorized access,
tampering and data loss.
9. Enhanced Platform Security: The Intel Xeon Processor E5-2600/1600 v4
family (M540) offers enhanced platform security compared to the Intel Xeon
Processor E5-2600/1600 v3 family (M520). This is achieved through the
implementation of technologies such as Intel® Boot Guard, Intel® Trusted
Execution Technology (Intel® TXT), and Intel® Platform Trust
Technology(Intel® PTT). These technologies help to protect the system from
unauthorized access and malware.
10. Increased Memory Capacity: The Intel Xeon Processor E5-2600/1600 v4
family (M540) offers increased memory capacity compared to the Intel Xeon
Processor E5-2600/1600 v3 family (M520). This is achieved through the
implementation of technologies such as Intel® Optane™ Memory, which allows
for up to 512 GB of system memory. This increased memory capacity allows for
improved system performance and scalability

Q#3:(a) Discuss the purpose of input devices.

SOLUTION:
Input devices are devices that are used to input data, usually in the form of
commands, information, or other types of data into a computer system. Input
devices are an essential part of a computer system, as they allow a user to
interact with the computer and provide it with the necessary information that it
needs to carry out its tasks. Without input devices, the computer would be unable
to understand user commands or interpret the data that the user wishes to input.
There are many different types of input devices available, each of which has its
own unique purpose and advantages. In this paper, we will discuss the purpose
and examples of input devices in more detail.
Keyboard:
The keyboard is one of the most common and widely used input devices. It is
used to input data and commands into the computer by typing on its keys. Most
keyboards are composed of keys that are laid out in a standard pattern, with
each key representing a certain character or command. For example, the letter
‘A’ is represented by the key ‘A’ on the keyboard. The keyboard is especially
useful for entering large amounts of text, such as when typing up a document or
filling out a form.
Mouse:
The mouse is another type of input device that is used to control the movement
of a cursor on the screen. It is composed of two buttons and a trackball or a
wheel, which the user moves to control the movement of the cursor. The mouse
is especially useful for navigating around the screen and selecting items, such as
when clicking on a link or a button.
Joystick:
The joystick is a type of input device that is used to provide directional control
for a computer game or other interactive software. It is composed of a handle
that the user grips and moves in various directions to control the game or
software. Joysticks are especially useful for playing video games, as they provide
a more intuitive way of controlling the game than a keyboard or mouse. Scanner
A scanner is an input device that is used to scan documents and images into a
computer. It works by using a light source to scan the document or image and
then converting it into a digital format. Scanners are especially useful for
digitizing documents and images, as they allow the user to store them
electronically and access them quickly and easily.
Microphone:
A microphone is an input device that is used to record audio data. It works by
converting sound waves into electrical signals, which the computer then
interprets as data. Microphones are especially useful for recording audio data,
such as voices, music, and other sound effects.
Camera:
A camera is an input device that is used to capture still images or moving video.
It works by using a lens to focus light onto a light-sensitive medium, such as film
or a digital sensor, which then records the image or video. Cameras are
especially useful for capturing images or video for a variety of purposes.
Game Controller:
The game controller is a type of input device that is used to provide control for
video games. It is composed of buttons and joysticks, which the user can press or
move to control the game. Game controllers are especially useful for playing
video games, as they provide a more intuitive way of controlling the game than a
keyboard or mouse.
Barcode Reader:
The barcode reader is a type of input device that is used to read barcodes. It
works by using a beam of light to scan the barcode, which the computer then
interprets as data. Barcode readers are especially useful for inventory
management, as they allow the user to quickly and accurately scan items.
Biometric Reader:
The biometric reader is a type of input device that is used to identify users by
their unique physical characteristics, such as fingerprints or retinal scans. It
works by scanning the user’s fingerprint or retinal scan and then comparing it
to a stored database of users. Biometric readers are especially useful for security
purposes, as they allow the user to be identified and authenticated quickly and
accurately.
In conclusion, input devices are an essential part of a computer system, as they
allow the user to input data and commands into the computer. There are many
different types of input devices available, each of which has its own unique
purpose and advantages. Some of the most common input devices include
keyboards, mice, joysticks, scanners, touchscreens, microphones, cameras, game
controllers, barcode readers, and biometric readers.

b. Clarify the difference Input and Output Devices.

Input devices are hardware components that are used to send data to a
computer. They are used to interact with the computer by providing it with
information. Input devices are required in order for a computer to perform its
functions. Examples of input devices include keyboards, mice, scanners,
joysticks, and microphones.
Output devices are hardware components that can be used to display
information from a computer. They are used to interact with the user by
displaying the results of the computer’s processing. Examples of output devices
include monitors, speakers, and printers.
Input devices are used to provide input to the computer. They allow the user to
interact with the computer and provide it with data. Input devices can be
physical components such as keyboards, mice and game controllers, or they can
be digital components such as scanners and microphones.
Keyboards are the most common input device and are used to enter text and
numerical data into the computer. They are available in a variety of sizes, shapes
and layouts and are used to type words, numbers, and symbols. Mice are used to
move the cursor on the screen and to select items. They come in a variety of
shapes and sizes and are used to move the cursor around the screen and to select
items.
Scanners are used to scan documents and photographs and convert them into
digital images. They are used to transfer images into the computer for
manipulation and storage. Joysticks are used to control games, and can also be
used to control robotic devices. They are available in a variety of shapes, sizes,
and configurations and are used to control movements in games and robots.
Microphones are used to record sound, and can also be used to input voice
commands into the computer.
Output devices are used to display information from the computer. They allow
the user to interact with the computer by displaying the results of the computer’s
processing. Output devices include monitors, speakers, and printers. Monitors
are used to display text, images and video. They are available in a variety of sizes
and resolutions and are used to display text and graphics. They can also be used
to display video from the computer.
Speakers are used to output sound from the computer. They are available in a
variety of sizes and configurations and are used to output music, sound effects,
and voice. Printers are used to print documents and photographs. They are
available in a variety of sizes and resolutions and are used to produce printed
copies of documents and photographs.
In summary, input devices are used to provide input to the computer, while
output devices are used to display information from the computer. Examples of
input devices include keyboards, mice, scanners, joysticks, and microphones.
Examples of output devices include monitors, speakers, and printer

Q#4:(a) Write the names of software available on your

computer.
SOLUTION:
1. Microsoft Office Suite: Microsoft Office Suite is a suite of applications and
services developed by Microsoft Corporation. It includes a variety of programs
such as Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, OneNote, and Publisher. This suite
is available on both Windows and Mac operating systems.
2. Adobe Creative Cloud: Adobe Creative Cloud is a collection of creative
applications developed by Adobe Systems. It includes applications such as
Photoshop, Lightroom, Illustrator, and InDesign. This suite is available on both
Windows and Mac operating systems.
3. Google Chrome: Google Chrome is a web browser developed by Google. It is
available on both Windows and Mac operating systems.
4. Mozilla Firefox: Mozilla Firefox is a web browser developed by the Mozilla
Foundation. It is available on both Windows and Mac operating systems.
5. Apple Safari: Apple Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. It is
available on both Windows and Mac operating systems.
6. VLC Media Player: VLC Media Player is a media player developed by
VideoLAN. It is available on both Windows and Mac operating systems.
7. iTunes: iTunes is a media player and media library application developed by
Apple Inc. It is available on both Windows and Mac operating systems.
8. Windows Media Player: Windows Media Player is a media player developed
by Microsoft Corporation. It is available on both Windows and Mac operating
systems.
9. Skype: Skype is a communication and collaboration application developed by
Microsoft Corporation. It is available on both Windows and Mac operating
systems.
10. TeamViewer: TeamViewer is a remote access and support application
developed by TeamViewer GmbH. It is available on both Windows and Mac
operating systems.
11. Notepad++: Notepad++ is a text editor developed by Don Ho. It is available
on both Windows and Mac operating systems.
12. Google Drive: Google Drive is a cloud storage and file sharing application
developed by Google. It is available on both Windows and Mac operating
systems.
13. Dropbox: Dropbox is a cloud storage and file sharing application developed
by Dropbox, Inc. It is available on both Windows and Mac operating systems.
14. Microsoft OneDrive: Microsoft OneDrive is a cloud storage and file sharing
application developed by Microsoft Corporation. It is available on both Windows
and Mac operating systems.
15. Kaspersky Internet Security: Kaspersky Internet Security is an antivirus and
security application developed by Kaspersky Lab. It is available on both
Windows and Mac operating systems.
16. Avast Antivirus: Avast Antivirus is an antivirus and security application
developed by Avast Software. It is available on both Windows and Mac operating
systems.
17. Malwarebytes Anti-Malware: Malwarebytes Anti-Malware is an antivirus
and security application developed by Malwarebytes Corporation. It is available
on both Windows and Mac operating systems.
18. Adobe Acrobat Reader: Adobe Acrobat Reader is a PDF reader developed by
Adobe Systems. It is available on both Windows and Mac operating systems.
19. WinRAR: WinRAR is a file compression and archiving application
developed by RARLAB. It is available on both Windows and Mac operating
systems.
20. 7-Zip: 7-Zip is a file compression and archiving application developed by
Igor Pavlov. It is available on both Windows and Mac operating systems.

b. Compare features of Windows Operating System (OS) on

your computer with other OS (use Internet).
SOLUTION:
Windows 8 is a new operating system released by Microsoft in 2012. It is the
successor to Windows 7 and is designed for personal computers, tablets, and
mobile devices. Windows 8 provides a more modern user experience than its
predecessor, with a touch-friendly interface and improved performance. It also
includes a new app store and support for cloud computing. In comparison to
other operating systems, Windows 8 has several distinct features that make it an
attractive choice for many users.
User Interface:
Windows 8 has a completely redesigned user interface, which is focused on
touch and mobility. The Start Screen is a full-screen environment with live tiles
that can be customized with different colors and sizes. It also includes the
Charms Bar, which provides quick access to system settings, search, and other
features. The new Windows Store provides access to a wide range of apps and
games that can be downloaded and installed directly from the store.
Performance:
Windows 8 is designed for improved performance and responsiveness, with a
new set of technologies that improve how the operating system manages memory
and multitask. It also includes a new Windows Task Manager, which provides a
more detailed view of system processes and performance.
Security:
Windows 8 provides enhanced security features, such as improved malware
protection and secure boot. It also includes Windows Defender, a built-in
antivirus program that helps protect users from malicious software. Additionally,
it includes a new SmartScreen filter, which helps protect against phishing
attacks and malicious websites.
Cloud Computing:
Windows 8 includes features that make it easier to use cloud services. It includes
a SkyDrive app, which allows users to store and sync files to the cloud.
Additionally, users can access and share documents stored in SkyDrive directly
from the Windows 8 interface.
App Store:
The Windows Store provides access to a wide range of apps, games, and other
content. It includes both paid and free apps, and users can browse and download
content directly from the store. Additionally, Windows 8 includes an “app
update” feature that automatically updates apps as new versions are released.
Windows 8 vs. Apple iOS
User Interface:
Apple iOS is designed for mobile devices and has a completely different user
interface than Windows 8. It includes a home screen with apps and folders,
which can be customized with wallpapers and other features. Additionally, the
home screen includes a Dock, which provides quick access to frequently used
apps.
Performance:
Apple iOS is designed for mobile devices and is optimized for low power
consumption and battery life. It also includes a set of technologies that help
improve performance, such as multitasking and background app refresh.
Security:
Apple iOS provides enhanced security features, such as secure boot and data
encryption. Additionally, it includes a built-in malware scanner that helps
protect users from malicious software.
Cloud Computing:
Apple iOS provides access to a range of cloud services, such as iCloud and Apple
Music. Additionally, users can access and share documents stored in iCloud
directly from the iOS interface.
App Store:
The App Store provides access to a wide range of apps, games, and other
content. It includes both paid and free apps, and users can browse and download
content directly from the store. Additionally, Apple iOS includes an “app
update” feature that automatically updates apps as new versions are released.
Windows 8 vs. Google Android
User Interface:
Google Android has a completely different user interface than Windows 8. It
includes a home screen with apps and widgets, which can be customized with
different themes and wallpapers. Additionally, the home screen includes an App
Drawer, which provides quick access to all apps installed on the device.
Performance:
Google Android is designed for mobile devices and is optimized for low power
consumption and battery life. It also includes a set of technologies that help
improve performance, such as multitasking and background app refresh.
Security:
Google Android provides enhanced security features, such as secure boot and
data encryption. Additionally, it includes a built-in malware scanner that helps
protect users from malicious software.
Cloud Computing:
Google Android provides access to a range of cloud services, such as Google
Drive and Google Play Music. Additionally, users can access and share
documents stored in Google Drive directly from the Android interface.
App Store:
The Google Play Store provides access to a wide range of apps, games, and other
content. It includes both paid and free apps, and users can browse and download
content directly from the store. Additionally, Google Android includes an “app
update” feature that automatically updates apps as new versions are released.

Q. 5 Write short notes on the following topics:

a. Data communication
b. Transmission Modes
c. Network Types
d. IP Addresses
SOLUTION:
A. Data Communication:
Data communication is the process of sending and receiving digital data
by two or more devices. It is the exchange of information between
computers and other digital devices through a transmission medium such
as a wire, cable, or radio waves. Data communication is used in almost all
aspects of life, from simple communication between two people to the vast
networks of data that drive the internet. Data communication involves the
transmission of digital data from one point to another, usually over
communication medium such as a wire, cable, or radio wave. Data
 communication can occur between two or more computers, or it can
involve
the transmission of data between one computer and another device (suc
as a printer or a modem). It is also possible to send data between two
different types of computer systems, such as between a personal computer
and a mainframe. Data communication is used in a variety of ways, such
as in the transmission of voice and video data, the transfer of computer
files, and the exchange of digital data between computers and other
digital devices.
B. Transmission Modes:
A transmission mode is the way in which data is transmitted from one
point to another in a network. There are two main types of transmission
modes: Simplex, Half Duplex, and Full Duplex. Simplex mode is a one-
way transmission mode which allows data to be transmitted from one
point to another in one direction only. This type of transmission is
typically used for broadcasting purposes, such as radio and television
broadcasts. Half-duplex mode is a two-way transmission mode which
allows data to be transmitted from one point to another in both directions,
but not simultaneously. This type of transmission is typically used for
simple communication between two people, such as telephone
conversations.Full duplex mode is a two-way transmission mode which
allows data to be transmitted from one point to another in both directions
simultaneously. This type of transmission is typically used for more
complex communication, such as video conferencing and internet
connections.
C. Network Types:
A network is a system of two or more computers linked together for the
purpose of sharing resources, exchanging data, and providing
communication services. There are a variety of network types, depending
on the size and purpose of the network. Local area network (LAN) – a
network that spans a limited geographical area, such as a single building
or campus.Wide area network (WAN) - a network that spans a large
geographic area, such as a country or continent.
Metropolitan area network (MAN) - a network that spans a metropolitan
area,such as a city or town.
 Wireless local area network (WLAN) - a wireless network that spans a
limited geographical area, such as a single building or campus.
Wireless wide area network (WWAN) - a wireless network that spans a
large
geographic area, such as a country or continent.
D. IP Addresses:
An IP address is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a
computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An
IP address serves two main functions: host or network interface
identification and location addressing. Every device on the internet has a
unique IP address. An IP address consists of four numbers separated by
periods, known as octets. For example, the IP address 192.168.1.1 is
composed of the four octets 192, 168, 1, and 1.IP addresses are used to
identify and locate devices on a network, such as computers, printers, and
routers. They are also used to route data across a network. IP addresses
are assigned to devices in a network either manually or automatically.