Bibliography

Nyantakyi, E. K., Obiri-Yeboah, A., Mohammed, G. A., Domfeh, M. K., & Obeng-Ahenkora, N. K. (2020).
Partial Replacement of Cement with Glass Bottle Waste Powder in Concrete for Sustainable Waste
Management: A Case Study of Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly, Ashanti Region, Ghana. Journal of Civil
Engineering Research, 10(2), 29-38.

Objective

It investigates partial replacement of single and mixed coloured waste glass bottle powder forcement in
concrete technology. Ordinary Portland cement in concrete mix was replaced with bottle glass waste
powder of 30%, 50% and 70% respectively during mixing.

Variables

Replacement, Glass Bottle Waste Powder, Concrete Technology, Sustainable Waste, Kumasi

Research design

This is an experimental research because the study involves manipulating the independent variable (the
amount of glass bottle waste powder used to replace cement) and measuring the effect of this
manipulation on the dependent variables (slump, compressive strength, density, and percentage of
water absorption) using a controlled and standardized method. The study uses a mix design ratio, water-
to-cement ratio, and design strength that are kept constant across all samples to ensure consistency and
eliminate confounding variables. The use of concrete cubes of fixed size, slump testing, and compressive
strength, density, and percentage of water absorption tests are all standardized and controlled methods
used in concrete technology research to ensure accuracy and reliability of results. Therefore, this study
fulfills the criteria for an experimental research design.

Locale of the study

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Energy and Natural Resources,
Sunyani, Ghana

Department of Civil Engineering, Kumasi Technical University, Kumasi, Ghana

Informants

Ordinary Portland Cement, Glass bottle powder, coarse aggregates, water

Data gathering

Obtaining the materials used in the study, including Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), fine aggregates,
and coarse aggregates from local markets in Kumasi, Ghana.

Collecting waste glass bottles from a landfill site, sorting them by color, manually grinding them in the
Materials Laboratory of the Ghana Highway Authority (GHA), and sieving them to obtain glass bottle
powder with sizes between 425µm and 600µm.

Conducting chemical analyses to determine the chemical compositions of OPC and glass bottle powder.
Using a mix design ratio of 1:2:4 with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.6 and a design strength of 20MPa to
prepare the concrete mixtures with varying proportions of glass bottle powder (30%, 50%, and 70%)
replacing OPC.

Casting the concrete mixtures into 150mmx150mmx150mm cubes and conducting slump tests to
determine the workability of the mixtures.

Curing the concrete cubes for 7 and 28 days and conducting compressive strength tests, density tests,
and percentage of water absorption tests to determine the mechanical and physical properties of the
concrete mixtures.

Comparing the test results of the concrete mixtures containing different proportions of glass bottle
powder to the control mixture (without any glass bottle powder).

Analyzing the results and drawing conclusions about the effect of glass bottle powder on the properties
of concrete.

Data analysis

The study notes that glass waste, which is non-biodegradable, can have severe environmental
implications if not disposed of properly. To address this issue, this study proposes using waste glass
powder as a substitute for cement in concrete production, which can reduce waste glass and
construction costs. Various studies have explored the use of waste glass in concrete production,
including as fine or coarse aggregates, and as a replacement for cement. It notes that waste glass can
have pozzolanic properties and can enhance reactions between glass and cement hydrates, offering
environmental and economic benefits. It also concludes by emphasizing the environmental challenges of
glass waste generation and the need for sustainable waste management practices.

Major findings

This study used knowledge of material engineering and solid waste management to solve the ever-
increasing rate of waste glass bottles generation in our society with the main objective of replacing
cement with glass bottle powder in concrete technology for sustainable waste management. The results
showed that the slump of fresh concrete decreased as the percentage of glass bottle powder increased,
but the workability was still good. Compressive strength decreased as the glass content in concrete
increased, but the strength improved at later ages. 30% waste glass replacement had the highest
compressive strength. Water absorption decreased with an increase in the percentage of glass bottle
powder, and densities of all mixes increased with increased percentage of glass powder. All glass mixes
showed a decrease in water absorption compared to the control mix.

Recommendations

The study recommends a 30% glass bottle waste powder to replace cement for use in concrete
production for sustainable solid waste management. It is also recommended that the effects of different
colours (white, green and brown) be studied independently to see the impact of the different colours on
the pozzolanic effect of the glass. The study further recommended the study of the replacement over a
longer period of time to verify the properties obtained.