CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES

Activity No. 1: Mind-blowing Activity

Direction: Express what comes into your mind (1 sentence or phrase) every time you heard/read the
following statement; (15 points-5 points each)
1.Emilio Aguinaldo gave us independence on June 12, 1898.
2.Philippines was accidentally discovered by Ferdinand Magellan.
3. Emilio Jacinto is the “brains” of the Katipunan.

A. FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY MAGELLAN

Translated from the accounts of Antonio Pigafetta accompanied by original documents,

with notes and introduction by Lord Stanley of Alderley.
Saturday, the 16th of March, 1521, we arrived at daybreak in sight of a high island, three
hundred leagues distant from the before-mentioned Thieves' island. This isle is named Zamal. The next
day the captain-general wished to land at another uninhabited island near the first, to be in greater
security and to take water, also to repose there a few days. He set up there two tents on shore for the
sick, and had a sow killed for them.
Monday, the 18th of March, after dinner, we saw a boat come towards us with nine men
in it: upon which the captain-general ordered that no one should move or speak without his permission. When
these people had come into this island towards us, immediately the principal one amongst them went
towards the captain-general with demonstrations of being very joyous at our arrival. Five of the most
showy of them remained with us, the others who remained with the boat went to call some men who were
fishing, and afterwards all of them came together. The captain seeing that these people were reasonable,
ordered food and drink to be given them, and he gave them some red caps, looking glasses, combs, bells,
ivory, and other things. When these people saw the politeness of the captain, they presented some fish, and
a vessel of palm wine, which they call in their language Uraca; figs more than a foot long, and others smaller
and of a better savour, and two cochos. At that time, they had nothing to give him, and they made signs to us
with their hands that in four days, they would bring us Umai, which is rice, cocos, and many other victuals.

To explain the kind of fruits above-named it must be known that the one which they call cochi, is
the fruit which the palm trees bear. And as we have bread, wine, oil, and vinegar, proceeding from different
kinds, so these people have those things proceeding from these palm trees only. It must be said that wine
proceeds from the said palm trees in the following manner. They make a hole at the summit of the tree as far
as its heart, which is named palmito, from which a liquor comes out in drops down the tree, like white must,
which is sweet, but with somewhat of bitter. They have canes as thick as the leg, in which they draw off this
liquor, and they fasten them to the tree from the evening till next morning, and from the morning to the
evening, because this liquor comes little by little. This palm produces a fruit named cocho, which is as large
as the head, or thereabouts: its first husk is green, and two fingers in thickness, in it they find certain threads,
with which they make the cords for fastening their boats. Under this husk, there is another very hard, and
thicker than that of a walnut. They burn this second rind, and make with it a powder which is useful to them.
Under this rind, there is a white marrow of a finger's thickness, which they eat fresh with meat and fish, as we
do bread, and it has the taste of an almond, and if anyone dried it he might make bread of it. From the middle
of this marrow there comes out a clear sweet water, and very cordial, which, when it has rested a little, and
settled, congeals and becomes like an apple.

When they wish to make oil, they take this fruit, the coco, and let it rot, then they corrupt this
marrow in the water, then they boil it, and it becomes oil in the manner of butter. When they want to make
vinegar, they let the water in the cocoa-nut get bad, and they put it in the sun, when it turns to vinegar like
white wine. From this fruit milk also can be made, as we experienced, for we scraped this marrow and then
put it with its water, and passed it through a cloth, and thus it was milk like that of goats. This kind of palm
tree is like the date-palm, but not so rugged. Two of these trees can maintain a family of ten persons: but
they do not draw wine as above-mentioned always from one tree, but draw from one for eight days, and
from the other as long. For if they did not, otherwise the trees would dry up. In this manner they last a
hundred years.
These people became very familiar and friendly with us, and explained many things to us in
their language, and told us the names of some islands, which we saw with our eyes before us. The
island where they dwelt is called Zuluam, and it is not large. As they were sufficiently agreeable and
conversable, we had great pleasure with them. The captain seeing that they were of this good condition,
to do them greater honor conducted them to the ship, and showed them all his goods, that is to say,
cloves, cinnamon, pepper, ginger, nutmeg, mace, gold and all that was in the ship. He also had some
shots fired with his artillery, at which they were so much afraid that they wished to jump from the ship
into the sea. They made signs that the things, which the captain had shown them, grew where we were
going. When they wished to leave us, they took leave of the captain and of us with very good manners
and gracefulness, promising us to come back to see us. The island we were at was named Humunu;
nevertheless because we found there two springs of very fresh water we named it the Watering Place of
good signs, and because we found here the first signs of gold. There is much white coral to be found
here, and large trees which bear fruit smaller than an almond, and which are like pines. There were also
many palm trees both good and bad. In this place there were many circumjacent islands, on which
account we named them the archipelago of St. Lazarus, because we stayed there on the day and
feast of St. Lazarus. This region and archipelago is in ten degrees north latitude, and a hundred and
sixty-one degrees longitude from the line of demarcation.
Friday, the 22nd of March, the above-mentioned people, who had promised us to return, came
about midday, with two boats laden with the said fruit cochi, sweet oranges, a vessel of palm wine, and a
cock, to give us to understand that they had poultry in their country, so that we bought all that they
brought. The lord of these people was old, and had his face painted, and had gold rings suspended to his
ears, which they name Schione, and the others had many bracelets and rings of gold on their arms, with a
wrapper of linen round their head. We remained at this place eight days: the captain went there every day
to see his sick men, whom he had placed on this island to refresh them: and he gave them himself every
day the water of this said fruit the cocho, which comforted them much. Near this isle is another where
there are a kind of people who wear holes in their ears so large that they can pass their arms through
them; these people are Caphre, that is to say, Gentiles, and they go naked, except that round their
middles they wear cloth made of the bark of trees. But there are some of the more remarkable of them
who wear cotton stuff, and at the end of it there is some work of silk done with a needle. These people are
tawny, fat, and painted, and they anoint themselves with the oil of coconuts and sesame, to preserve
them from the sun and the wind. Their hair is very black and long, reaching to the waist, and they carry
small daggers and knives, ornamented with gold, and many other things, such as darts, harpoons, and
nets to fish, like........., and their boats are like ours.
The Monday of Passion week, the 25th of March, and feast of our Lady, in the afternoon, and
being ready to depart from this place, I went to the side of our ship to fish. And putting my feet on a spar
to go down to the store room, my feet slipped because it had rained, and I fell into the sea without any
one seeing me. Being near drowning by luck I found at my left hand the sheet of the large sail which was
in the sea. I caught hold of it and began to cry out till they came to help and pick me up with the boat. I
was assisted not by my merits, but by the mercy and grace of the fountain of pity. That same day, we took
the course between west and southwest, and passed amidst four small islands, that is to say, Cenalo,
Huinanghar, Ibusson, and Abarien.
Thursday, the 28th of March, having seen the night before fire upon an island, at the morning we
came to anchor at this island; where we saw a small boat which they call Boloto, with eight men inside,
which approached the ship of the captain- general. Then a slave of the captain's, who was from Sumatra,
otherwise named Traprobana, spoke from afar to these people, who understood his talk, and came near
to the side of the ship, but they withdrew immediately, and would not enter the ship from fear of us. So the
captain seeing that they would not trust to us showed them a red cap, and other things, which he had tied
and placed on a little plank, and the people in the boat took them immediately and joyously, and then
returned to advise their king. Two hours afterwards, or thereabouts, we saw come two long boats, which
they call Ballanghai, full of men. In the largest of them was their king sitting under an awning of mats;
when they were near the ship of the captain-general, the said slave spoke to the king, who understood him
well, because in these countries the kings know more languages than the common people. Then the king
ordered some of his people to go to the captain's ship, whilst he would not move from his boat, which was
near enough to us. This was done, and when his people returned to the boat, he went away at once. The
captain gave good entertainment to the men who came to his ship, and gave them all sorts of things, on
which account the king wished to give the captain a rather large bar of solid gold, and a chest full of
ginger. However, the captain thanked him very much but would not accept the present. After that, when it
was late, we went with the ships near to the houses and abode of the king.
 The next day was Good Friday. The captain sent on shore the before- mentioned slave,
who was our interpreter, to the king to beg him to give him for money some provisions for his ships,
sending him word that he had not come to his country as an enemy, but as a friend. The king on hearing
this came with seven or eight men in a boat, and entered the ship, and embraced the captain, and gave
him three china dishes covered with leaves full of rice, and two dorades, which are rather large fish, and
of the sort above-mentioned, and he gave him several other things. The captain gave this king a robe of
red and yellow cloth, made in the Turkish fashion, and a very fine red cap, and to his people he gave to
some of them knives, and to others mirrors. After that refreshments were served up to them. The captain
told the king, through the said interpreter, that he wished to be with him, cassi cassi, that is to say,
brothers. To which the king answered that he desired to be the same towards him. After that the captain
showed him cloths of different colours, linen, coral, and much other merchandise, and all the artillery, of
which he had some pieces fired before him, at which the king was much astonished; after that the captain
had one of his soldiers armed with white armour, and placed him in the midst of three comrades, who
struck him with swords and daggers. The king thought this very strange, and the captain told him, through
the interpreter, that a man thus in white armour was worth a hundred of his men; he answered that it was
true; he was further informed that there were in each ship two hundred like that man. After that the
captain showed him a great number of swords, cuirasses, and helmets, and made two of the men play
with their swords before the king; he then showed him the sea chart and the ship compass, and informed
him how he had found the strait to come there, and of the time which he had spent in coming; also of the
time he had been without seeing any land, at which the king was astonished. At the end the captain
asked if he would be pleased that two of his people should go with him to the places where they
lived, to see some of the things of his country. This the king granted, and I went with another.
When I had landed, the king raised his hands to the sky, and turned to us two, and we did the
same as he did; after that he took me by the hand, and one of his principal people took my companion,
and led us under a place covered with canes, where there was a ballanghai, that is to say, a boat, eighty
feet long or thereabouts, resembling a fusta. We sat with the king upon its poop, always conversing with
him by
signs, and his people stood up around us, with their swords, spears, and bucklers. Then the king ordered
to be brought a dish of pig's flesh and wine. Their fashion of drinking is in this wise, they first raise their
hands to heaven, then take the drinking vessel in their right hand, and extend the left hand closed towards
the people. This the king did, and presented to me his fist, so that I thought that he wanted to strike me; I
did the same thing towards him; so with this ceremony, and other signs of friendship, we banqueted, and
afterwards supped with him.

B. DECLARATION OF THE PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE

Translation by Sulpicio Guevara
In the town of Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite, this 12th day of June
1898: BEFORE ME, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, War Counsellor
and Special Delegate designated to proclaim and solemnize this Declaration of Independence by the
Dictatorial Government of the Philippines, pursuant to, and by virtue of, a Decree issued by the
Engregious Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, The undersigned assemblage of military chiefs and
others of the army who could not attend, as well as the representatives of the various towns, Taking into
account the fact that the people of this country are already tired of bearing the ominous joke of
Spanish domination,

Because of arbitrary arrests and abuses of the Civil Guards who cause deaths in connivance with and
even under the express orders of their superior officers who at times would order the shooting of those
placed under arrest under the pretext that they attempted to escape in violation of known Rules and
Regulations, which abuses were left unpunished, and because of unjust deportations of illustrious
Filipinos, especially those decreed by General Blanco at the instigation of the Archbishop and friars
interested in keeping them in ignorance for egoistic and selfish ends, which deportations were
carried out through processes more execrable than those of the Inquisition which every civilized nation
repudiates as a trial without hearing.
Had resolved to start a revolution in August 1896 in order to regain the independence and
sovereignty of which the people had been deprived by Spain through Governor Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
who, continuing the course followed by his predecessor Ferdinand Magellan who landed on the shores of
Cebu and occupied said Island by means of a Pact of Friendship with Chief Tupas, although he was killed
in the battle that took place in said shores to which battle he was provoked by Chief Kalipulako of Mactan
who suspected his evil designs, landed on the Island of Bohol by entering also into a Blood Compact
with its Chief Sikatuna, with the purpose of later taking by force the Island of Cebu, and because his
successor Tupas did not allow him to occupy it, he went to Manila, the capital, winning likewise the
friendship of its Chiefs Soliman and Lakandula, later taking possession of the city and the whole
Archipelago in the name of Spain by virtue of an order of King Philip II, and with these historical
precedents and because in international law the prescription established by law to legalize the vicious
acquisition of private property is not recognized, the legitimacy of such revolution can not be put in doubt
which was calmed but not complete stifled by the pacification proposed by Don Pedro A. Paterno with
Don Emilio Aguinaldo as President of the Republic established in Biak-na-Bato and accepted by
Governor-General Don Fernando Primo De Rivera under terms, both written and oral, among them being
a general amnesty for all deported and convicted persons; that by reason of the non-fulfillment of some of
the terms, after the destruction of the plaza of Cavite, Don Emilio Aguinaldo returned in order to initiate a
new revolution and no sooner had he given the order to rise on the 31st of last month when several towns
anticipating the revolution, rose in revolt on the 28th , such that a Spanish contingent of 178 men, between
Imus Cavite-Viejo, under the command of major of the Marine Infantry capitulated , the revolutionary
movement spreading like wild fire to other towns of Cavite and the other provinces of Bataan, Pampanga,
Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna, and Morong, some of them with seaports and such was the success of the
victory of our arms, truly marvelous and without equal in the history of colonial revolutions that in the first
mentioned province only the Detachments in Naic and Indang remained to surrender; in the second all
Detachments had been wiped out; in the third the resistance of the Spanish forces was localized in the
town of San Fernando where the greater part of them are concentrated, the remainder in Macabebe,
Sexmoan, and Guagua; in the fourth, in the town of Lipa; in the fifth, in the capital and in Calumpit; and in
last two remaining provinces, only in their respective capitals, and the city of Manila will soon be besieged
by our forces as well as the provinces of Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pangasinan, La Union, Zambales, and some
others in the Visayas where the revolution at the time of the pacification and others even before, so that
the independence of our country and the revindication of our sovereignty is assured.
And having as witness to the rectitude of our intentions the Supreme Judge of the Universe, and under the
protection of our Powerful and Humanitarian Nation, The United States of America, we do hereby
proclaim and declare solemnly in the name by authority of the people of these Philippine Islands,
That they are and have the right to be free and independent; that they have ceased to have allegiance to
the Crown of Spain; that all political ties between them are should be completely severed and annulled;
and that, like other free and independent States, they enjoy the full power to make War and Peace,
conclude commercial treaties, enter into alliances, regulate commerce, and do all other acts and things
which and Independent State Has right to do,
And imbued with firm confidence in Divine Providence, we hereby mutually bind ourselves to support this
Declaration with our lives, our fortunes, and with our sacred possession, our Honor.
We recognize, approve, and ratify, with all the orders emanating from the same, the Dictatorship
established by Don Emilio Aguinaldo whom we reverse as the Supreme Head of this Nation, which today
begins to have a life of its own, in the conviction that he has been the instrument chosen by God, in spite
of his humble origin, to effectuate the redemption of this unfortunate country as foretold by Dr. Don Jose
Rizal in his magnificent verses, which he composed in his prison cell prior to his execution,liberating it
from the Yoke of Spanish domination,
And in punishment for the impunity with which the Government sanctioned the commission of abuses by
its officials, and for the unjust execution of Rizal and others who were sacrificed in order to please the
insatiable friars in their hydropical thirst for vengeance against and extermination of all those who oppose
their Machiavellian ends, trampling upon the Penal Code of these Islands, and of those suspected
persons arrested by the Chiefs of Detachments at the instigation of the friars, without any form nor
semblance of trial and without any spiritual aid of our sacred Religion; and likewise, and for the same
ends, eminent Filipino priest, Doctor Don Jose Burgos, Don Mariano Gomez, and Don Jacinto Zamora
were hanged whose innocent blood was shed due to the intrigues of these so-called Religious
corporations which made the authorities to believe that the military uprising at the fort of San Felipe in
Cavite on the night of January 21, 1872 was instigated by those Filipino martyrs, thereby impeding
the execution of the decree- sentence issued by the Council of State in the appeal in the administrative
case interposed by the secular clergy against the Royal Orders that directed that the parishes under them
within the jurisdiction of this Bishopric be turned over to the Recollects in exchange for those controlled
by them in Mindanao which were to be transferred to the Jesuits, thus revoking them completely and
ordering the return of those parishes, all of which proceedings are on file with the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs to which they are sent last month of the year of the issuance of the proper Royal Degree which, in
turn, caused the grow of the tree of the liberty in our dear land that grow more and more through the
iniquitous measures of oppressions, until the last drop of our chalice of suffering having been drained, the
first spark of revolution broke out in Caloocan, spread out to Santa Mesa and continued its course to the
adjoining regions of the province were the unequalled heroism of its inhabitants fought a one sided battle
against superior forces of General Blanco and General Polavieja for a period of 3 months, without proper
arms nor ammunitions, except bolos, pointed bamboos, and arrows.

Moreover, we confer upon our famous Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all the powers necessary to enable
him to discharge the duties of Government, including the prerogatives of granting pardon and amnesty,
And lastly, it was results unanimously that this Nation, already free and independent as of this day, must
use the same flag which up to now is being used, whose designed and colored are found described
in the attached drawing, the white triangle signifying the distinctive emblem of the famous Society of
the "Katipunan" which by means of its blood compact inspired the masses to rise in revolution; the
tree stars, signifying the three principal Islands of these Archipelago - Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay
where the revolutionary movement started; the sun representing the gigantic step made by the son of the
country along the path of Progress and Civilization; the eight rays, signifying the eight provinces - Manila,
Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas - which declares themselves in
a state of war as soon as the first revolt was initiated; and the colors of Blue, Red, and White,
commemorating the flag of the United States of America, as a manifestation of our profound gratitude
towards this Great Nation for its disinterested protection which it lent us and continues lending us.
And holding up this flag of ours, assembled: I present it to the
gentlemen here
Don Segundo Arellano Don Esteban Francisco
Don Evaristo Dimalanta Don Flaviano Alonzo
Don Guido Yaptinchay Don Juan Arevalo
Sergio Matias Don Mariano Legazpi
Don Gregorio Alvarez Don Aurelio Tolentino
Don Sabas de Guzman Don Felix Ferrer
Don Agapito Zialcita Don Antonio Gonzales
Don Jose Turiano Santiago y Acosta Don Francisco Arambulo
Don Mariano Rianzares Bautista Don Felipe Buencamino
Don Juan Antonio Gonzales Honorio Tiongco
Don Fernando Canon Faustino Don Gavino Masancay
Don Ramon Delfino Don Anastacio Don Narciso Mayuga
Pinzun Don Timoteo Bernabe Don Don Ladislao Afable Jose
Don Francisco del Rosario Don Flaviano
Don Gregorio Villa Rodriguez Don Epifanio Saguil
Don Sixto Roldan Don Efipanio Crisia
Don Luis de Lara Don Marcelo Basa
Don Luis Perez Tagle Don Jose Medina
Don Marcos Jocson Don Canuto Celestino
Don Martin de los Reyes Don Pastor Lopez de Leon
Don Ciriaco Bausa Don Buenaventura Toribio
Don Manuel Santos Don Jose Maria del Rosario
Don Mariano de los Santos Don Mariano Toribio
Don Santiago Garcia Don Hugo Lim
Don Andres Tria Tirona Don Emiliano Lim
Don Gabriel de los Reyes Don Daniel Tria Tirona
Don Estanislao Tria Tirona Simon Villareal
Don Andres Tria Tirona Don Faustino Tinorio
Don Rosendo Simon Don Carlos Tria Tirona
Don Sulpicio P. Antony Don Leon Tanjanque
Don Epitacio Asuncion Don Gregorio Bonifacio
Don Catalino Ramon Don Manuel Salafranca
Don Juan Bordador Don Jose del Rosario
Don Calixto Lara Don Proceso Pulido
Don Gabriel Reyes Don Numeriano Castillo
Don Ramon Magcamco Don Zacarias Fajardo
Don Antonio Calingo Don Florencio Manalo
Don Ramon Gana Don Pedro Mendiola
Don Valentin Politan
Don Estanislao Galinco Don Marcelino Gomez

Who solemnly swear to recognize and defend it unto the last drop of their blood. In witness thereof, I
certify that this Act of Declaration of Independence was signed by me and by all those here
assembled including the only stranger who attended those proceedings, a citizen of the U.S.A.,
Mr. L.M. Johnson, a Colonel of Artillery.
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
War Counsellor and Special Delegate-Designate

C. KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
Ni Emilio Jacinto
Ang buhay na hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na
walang lilim, kundi damong makamandag.

Ang gawang magaling na nagbuhat sa paghahambog o pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi

talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan.
Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang-gawa, ang pag-ibig sa kapwa at ang isukat
ang bawat kilos, gawa't pangungusap sa talagang Katuwiran.
Maitim man o maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao'y magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang
isa'y hihigtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda...; ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao.
Ang may mataas na kalooban, inuuna ang puri kaysa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na
kalooban, inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili kaysa sa puri.
Sa taong may hiya, salita'y panunumba.
Huwag mong sayangin ang panahon; ang yamang nawala'y mangyayaring magbalik; ngunit
panahong nagdaan ay di na muli pang magdadaan.
Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi; kabakahin ang umaapi. Ang mga taong matalino'y ang may pag-
iingat sa bawat sasabihin;matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim.

Sa daang matinik ng buhay, lalaki ang siyang patnugot ng asawa at mga anak; kung ang
umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang pagtutunguhan ng inaakay ay kasamaan din.
Ang babae ay huwag mong tingnang isang bagay na libangan lamang, kundi isang katuwang
at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong buhay; gamitin mo nang buong pagpipitagan ang
kanyang kahinaan, at alalahanin ang inang pinagbuharan at nag-iwi sa iyong
kasanggulan.

Ang di mo ibig gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huwag mong

gagawin sa asawa, anak at kapatid ng iba.
The Kartilya ng Katipunan
• Is one of the most important documents of Katipunan.
• The original title of this document is “Mga Aral Nang Katipunan ng mga A.N.B”
or “Lessons of the Organization of the Sons of the Country”.
• This document was written by Emilio Jacinto in the 1896 when he joined the organization at
the ae of 18 years old.
• Kartilya can be treated as the Katipunan’s Code of Conduct.
• It contains teachings which the members of the society were expected to observe.
• Generally, the rules stated in the Kartilya can be classified into two. The first group contains
the rules that will make the member an upright individual and the second group contains the rules
that will guide the way in treating