Limits and Continuity: Calculus I Universitas Gadjah Mada

CHAPTER 3
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
CALCULUS I
Universitas Gadjah Mada
CALCULUS I - CHAPTER 3
3.1 Motivation of a Limit:
The tangent & velocity problems
3.2 The Limit of a Function:
- Intuitive definition of a limit
- One-Sided Limits (intuitively)
3.3 The Limit of a Function:
Intuitive definition of an infinite limit; Vertical Asymptotes
3.4 Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws
Firstname Lastname
The Squeeze Theorem
3.5 Limit of Trigonometric Functions
3.6 The Formal Definition of a Limit:
- Precise definition of a limit
- Precise definition of a left-hand Limit
Firstname Lastname Firstname Lastname
- Precise definition of a right-hand limit
- Precise definition of an infinite limit; Vertical Asymptotes
3.7 Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asymptotes
- Intuitive definition of a limit at infinity
- Horizontal asymptotes
Hanung – Umi Mahnuna Hanung - Infinite limitsLastname
Firstname at infinity Firstname Lastname
hanungum@ugm.ac.id - Precise definition of a limit at infinity
umimahnunahanung.staff.ugm.ac.id
- Precises definition of an infinite limit at infinity
3.8 The Binomial Theorem; Limits and Euler Number
2
3.9 Continuity
𝟑. 𝟏 MOTIVATION OF A LIMIT: THE TANGENT & VELOCITY PROBLEMS
If you do not want to fail in studying Calculus I (especially Chapter 3 Limits and Continuity),
then I advise and stress every student in the IUP-3 Class to be disciplined and commit to watching videos according to
the instructions and directions from Bu Hanung (especially regarding the timing and sequence of watching videos).
📙 For the students from Indonesia, watch all the first 7 (seven) videos from Chapter 3 (Limits and Continuity) below in sequence (secara berurutan, tidak boleh loncat)
no later than Saturday, September 24, 2022, at 07.00 WIB (video links are already on eLOK from September 21, 2022, see the menu of Chapter 3).
Video 3.1(A)_Motivation of LImits_(The Tangent Problem_Motivation & Definition of Derivative)
Video 3.2(A)_Limit Fungsi Bagian 1_Definisi Intuitif Limit
Video 3.3(A)_Limit Fungsi Bagian 2_Definisi Intuitif Limit

After watching all seven videos above, click and fill in the GF (Google Form) here according to
Video 3.4(A)_Limit Fungsi secara Intuitif (Bagian 3)_Soal Konsep Limit the facts of your activities no later than Saturday, September 24, 2022, at 07.00 WIB.
Video 3.5(A)_Limit Fungsi (Bagian 4)_Limit Kiri_Limit Kanan
Video 3.6(A)_One-Sided Limits
Video 3.7(A)_How to Find One-sided limit from Equation of Functions_AK
📙 For the students from abroad, watch all the first 6 (six) videos from Chapter 3 (Limits and Continuity) below in sequence
no later than Saturday, September 24, 2022, at 07.00 WIB (video links are already on eLOK from September 21, 2022, see the menu of Chapter 3).
Video 3.1(B)_Motivation of Limits_(The Tangent Line and the Derivative)
Video 3.2(B)_Finding Limits Numerically
Video 3.3(B)_Find Limits Graphically and Numerically_ Estimate a Limit Numerically or Graphically
Video 3.4(B)_Find Limits Graphically and Numerically_ When Limits Fail to Exist
After watching all six videos above, click and fill in the GF (Google Form) here according to
Video 3.5(B)_One-Sided Limits the facts of your activities no later than Saturday, September 24, 2022, at 07.00 WIB.
Video 3.6(B)_How to Find One-sided limit from Equation of Functions_AK

𝟑. 𝟏 Motivation of a Limit (1 from 10) Every student (from Indonesia)
should watch the video pointed
before joining the intended lecture.
To whom from abroad, click below:

Video 3.1(B)_Motivation of Limits_(The Tangent
(1 from 7) Line and the Derivative)
A lecture on the motivation of a limit regarding the "Tangent Problem" is given in a video here from the 1st
minute to the 17:40th minute (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFSnRarD7rU&t=25s).
Meanwhile, from the 17:41th minute up to the end is used to give a definition of derivative which shall be
discussed in Chapter 4 on "Derivatives".
5
𝟑. 𝟏 Motivation of a Limit (2 from 10) A lecture on the motivation of a limit
regarding the "Tangent Problem" is given
in a video here from the 1st minute
(2 from 7) to the 17:40th minute.
Meanwhile, from the 17:41th minute up

to the end is used to give a definition of
derivative which shall be discussed in
Chapter 4 on "Derivatives".
To whom from abroad, click

below:
Video 3.1(B)_Motivation of Limits_(The
Tangent Line and the Derivative)
6


below:
7
𝟑. 𝟏 Motivation of a Limit (4 from 10)
(4 from 7)
8


below:
9


below:
10


below:
11
(1 from 3)
12
(2 from 3)
13
(3 from 3)
3.10.
14
𝟑. 𝟐 THE LIMIT OF A FUNCTION: INTUITIVE DEFINITION OF A LIMIT
𝟑. 𝟐 The Limit of a Function: Intuitive Definition of a Limit (1 from 11)
Every student from Indonesia should

watch all the videos pointed before
joining the intended lecture by
September 24, 2022, at 07.00 WIB.
A series of lectures on “Intuitive Definition of a Limit" is given in three videos, respectively, as follows:
- Video 3.2(A)_Limit Fungsi Bagian 1_Definisi Intuitif Limit (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yx-ER005YRc&t=681s),
- Video 3.3(A)_Limit Fungsi Bagian 2_Definisi Intuitif Limit (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MHYo04B0II&t=33s), and
- Video 3.4(A)_Limit Fungsi secara Intuitif (Bagian 3)_Soal Konsep Limit (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SlLQG5UdV-Q&t=31s).
Every student from abroad should

watch all the videos pointed before
joining the intended lecture by
September 24, 2022, at 07.00 WIB.
A series of lectures on “Intuitive Definition of a Limit" is given in three videos, respectively, as follows:
- Video 3.2(B)_Finding Limits Numerically
- Video 3.3(B)_Find Limits Graphically and Numerically_ Estimate a Limit Numerically or Graphically
- Video 3.4(B)_Find Limits Graphically and Numerically_ When Limits Fail to Exist
16
𝟑. 𝟐 The Limit of a Function: Intuitive Definition of a Limit (2 from 11) A series of lectures on “Intuitive Definition of a Limit" is given in three
videos (in Indonesian), respectively, as follows:
- Video 3.2(A)_Limit Fungsi Bagian 1_Definisi Intuitif Limit
- Video 3.4(A)_Limit Fungsi secara Intuitif (Bagian 3)_Soal Konsep Limit
A series of lectures on “Intuitive Definition of a Limit" is given in three

videos (in English), respectively, as follows:
- Video 3.3(B)_Find Limits Graphically and Numerically_Estimate a Limit
Numerically or Graphically
- Video 3.4(B)_Find Limits Graphically and Numerically_When Limits
17 Fail to Exist
3.7. A series of lectures on “Intuitive Definition of a Limit" is given in three

18 Fail to Exist

19 Fail to Exist
20

21 Fail to Exist

22 Fail to Exist

23 Fail to Exist

24 Fail to Exist

25 Fail to Exist

26 Fail to Exist
𝟑. 𝟐 The Limit of a Function: One-Sided Limits (intuitively) (1 from 4)
Every student from Indonesia should watch

the video pointed before joining the
intended lecture by September 24, 2022,
at 07.00 WIB.
A lecture on “One-Sided Limits (intuitively)" is given in videos below:

▪ Video 3.5(A)_Limit Fungsi (Bagian 4)_Limit Kiri_Limit Kanan
▪ Video 3.6(A)_One-Sided Limits
▪ Video 3.7(A)_How to Find One-sided limit from Equation of Functions_AK
Every student from abroad should watch

the video pointed before joining the
intended lecture by September 24, 2022,
at 07.00 WIB.
A lecture on “One-Sided Limits (intuitively)" is given in videos below:

▪ Video 3.5(B)_One-Sided Limits
▪ Video 3.6(B)_How to Find One-sided limit from Equation of Functions_AK
27
𝟑. 𝟐 The Limit of a Function: One-Sided Limits (intuitively) (2 from 4) A lecture on “One-Sided Limits (intuitively)" is given in videos below
(for students from Indonesia):
A lecture on “One-Sided Limits (intuitively)" is given in videos below

(for students from abroad):
Video 3.5(B)_One-Sided Limits
28

29

30
𝟑.3 THE LIMIT OF A FUNCTION: INFINITE LIMITS
𝟑.3 Intuitive Definition of an Infinite Limit (1A from 8) A supporting video is below:
Video 3.8(IDIL)_Infinite Limits_Intuitively
32
𝟑.3 Intuitive Definition of an Infinite Limit (1B from 8) A supporting video is below:
𝒙 0 𝒙
𝒙 -1 - 0.5 - 0.2 - 0.1 - 0.05 - 0.01 - 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1
𝒇 𝒙 1 4 25 100 400 10,000 106 106 10,000 400 100 25 4 1
𝒇 𝒙 ∞ 𝒇 𝒙
1
lim =∞
𝑥→0− 𝑥 2 1
⟹ lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2
=∞
1
lim+ 2 = ∞
𝑥→0 𝑥
33
𝟑.3 Intuitive Definition of an Infinite Limit (2 from 8) A supporting video is below:
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
A supporting video is below:
Video 3.8(IDIL)_Infinite
VideoLimits_Intuitively
3.8(IDIL)_Infinite Limits_Intuitively
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
EXERCISES 3.3 (1 from 5)
“QUOTE”
“QUOTE”
“QUOTE”
“QUOTE”
“QUOTE”
𝟑. 𝟒 CALCULATING LIMITS USING THE LIMIT LAWS
𝟑. 𝟒 Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws (1 from 21)
3.3
59
3.5
60
here (later).
61
62
3.4.
63
3.
64
65
3.6.
66
3.1.1.
67
68
69
70
3.3.2.
71
3.3.
(already discussed in the previous videos)


72
73
74
3.
75
76
𝟑. 𝟒 Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws (18A from 21 - additional) The following four problems from the previous video:
Video 3.7(A)_How to Find One-sided limit from
Equation of Functions_AK
77
Hanung – Umi Mahnuna Hanung
Problems 1 – 5 Find the following limits, if they exist.

𝑥
(1) lim− 1 − 𝑥 lim
(2) 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥→1
𝑥−1
(3) lim− 𝑥 − 1 (4) lim+
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1
(5) lim 𝑥
𝑥→0
𝑥2 + 1 , if 𝑥 < 1
(6) Let 𝑓 𝑥 =ቐ (see Problem 50 in Exercises 3.4 – Chapter 3)
2
𝑥−1 , if 𝑥 ≥ 1
(a) Find lim− 𝑓 𝑥 and lim+ 𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
(b) Does lim 𝑓 𝑥 exist?
𝑥→1
(c) Sketch the graph of 𝑓.
𝑓 4+ℎ −𝑓 4 9
(7) Find lim , if 𝑓 𝑥 = .
ℎ→0 ℎ 2𝑥 + 1
(8) Given a piecewise defined function 𝑓 by the formula

𝑥 𝑥−1 , if 𝑥 > −1
𝑓 𝑥 =ቐ
𝑥 2 +1 , if 𝑥 ≤ −1
𝑓 −1 + ℎ − 𝑓 −1
Find lim , if this limit exists.
ℎ→0 ℎ
here.
79
Section 3.2, Example 4

3.2.4
80
3.
81
EXERCISES 3.4 Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws (1 from 5)
82
83
84
85
86
𝟑. 𝟓 LIMITS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
𝟑. 𝟓 Limits of Trigonometric Functions (1 from 2)
By utilizing the Squeeze Theorem, the following theorem can be demonstrated.
88
𝟑. 𝟓 Limits of Trigonometric Functions (2 from 2)
EXERCISES 3.5
For problems 1 – 12, determine each limit if it exists.
89
𝟑. 𝟔 THE FORMAL DEFINITION OF A LIMIT
𝟑. 𝟔 The Formal Definition of a Limit (1 from 21)
For the students from Indonesia.

Watch all the following two videos (I and ii) in sequence (secara berurutan, tidak boleh
loncat) no later than Monday, September 26, 2022, at 07.00 WIB:
(i) Video 3.1.A(FDL)_Formal definition of a limit

(ii) Video 3.2.A(FDL)_Proving a limit using the formal definition of a limit
For the students from abroad.

Watch all the following two videos (I and ii) in sequence no later than Monday,
September 26, 2022, at 07.00 WIB:
(i) Video 3.1.B(FDL)_Formal definition of a limit

(ii) Video 3.2.B(FDL)_Proving a limit using the formal definition of a limit
91
For the students from Indonesia. Watch all the following two videos (i and ii):
3.2
For the students from abroad. Watch all the following two videos (i and ii):

92 (ii) Video 3.2.B(FDL)_Proving a limit using the formal definition of a limit





𝟑. 𝟔 The Formal Definition of a Limit (8A from 21)

𝟑. 𝟔 The Formal Definition of a Limit (8B from 21)
deleted 𝛿 −neighbourhood of the center point 𝑐

(Remember the material from Chapter 1)
𝜀 −neighbourhood of the center point 𝐿

(Remember the material from Chapter 1)

𝟑. 𝟔 The Formal Definition of a Limit (8C from 21)

101



Note: that in the solution of Example 2 there were two stages – guessing and provings.
We made a preliminary analysis that enabled us to guess a value for . But then in the second stage we
had to go back and prove in a careful, logical fashion that we had made a correct guess. This procedure is
typical of much of mathematics. Sometimes it is necessary to first make an intelligent guess about the
answer to a problem and then prove that the guess is correct.

3.3
106
107
108
109
3.4
110
Let’s us recall Example 8
𝟑.3 Intuitive Definition of an Infinite Limit (1A from 8)
111
112

1
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥2
113

∞ ∞
1
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥2
𝑥 0 𝑥
114

𝒚 = 𝑴𝟏 Given 𝑴𝟏 > 𝟎 arbitrarily (how large 𝑴𝟏 is).
1
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥2
115


There is a positive real number 𝜹𝟏 .
1
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥2
0
ሼ
ሼ
𝜹𝟏 𝜹𝟏
116


1
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥2
0
ሼ
ሼ
𝜹𝟏 𝜹𝟏
0 − 𝛿1 0 + 𝛿1
117


1 For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 0 < 𝜹𝟏

𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥
0
𝑥
ሼ
ሼ
𝜹𝟏 𝜹𝟏
0 − 𝛿1 0 + 𝛿1
118

𝑓 𝑥

1 For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 0 < 𝜹𝟏 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴𝟏

𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥
0
𝑥
ሼ
ሼ
𝜹𝟏 𝜹𝟏
0 − 𝛿1 0 + 𝛿1
119

𝑓 𝑥

1 For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹𝟏 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴𝟏

𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥
𝑎
𝑥
ሼ
ሼ
𝜹𝟏 𝜹𝟏
𝑎 − 𝛿1 𝑎 + 𝛿1
120

𝒚=𝑴 Given 𝑴 > 𝟎 arbitrarily (how large 𝑴 is).

1 For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹𝟏 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴𝟏

𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥
121


There is a positive real number 𝜹.

1 For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹𝟏 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴𝟏

𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥
𝑎
ሼ
ሼ
𝜹 𝜹
122



1 For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹𝟏 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴𝟏

𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥
𝑎
ሼ
ሼ
𝜹 𝜹
𝑎−𝛿 𝑎+𝛿
123


For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹
Given 𝑴𝟏 > 𝟎 arbitrarily (how large 𝑴𝟏 is).

1 For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹𝟏 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴𝟏

𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥
𝑎
𝑥
ሼ
ሼ
𝜹 𝜹
124

𝑓 𝑥 𝟑.3 Intuitive Definition of an Infinite Limit (1A from 8)

For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹

1 For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹𝟏 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴𝟏

𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥
𝑎
𝑥
ሼ
ሼ
𝜹 𝜹
125

𝑓 𝑥

For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴

1 For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹𝟏 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴𝟏

𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥
𝑎
𝑥𝑥
ሼ
ሼ
𝜹 𝜹
126

𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑓 𝑥 = ∞
𝑥→𝑎

For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴

1 For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹𝟏 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴𝟏

𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥
𝑎
𝑥𝑥
ሼ
ሼ
𝜹 𝜹
127

𝑥→𝑎

For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴

1 For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹𝟏 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴𝟏

𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥
𝑎
𝑥𝑥
ሼ
ሼ
𝜹 𝜹
128

𝑥→𝑎

For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴

1 For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹𝟏 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴𝟏

𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥
𝑎
𝑥𝑥
ሼ
ሼ
𝜹 𝜹
129

𝑥→𝑎

For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴

1 For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹𝟏 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴𝟏

𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥
𝑎
𝑥𝑥
ሼ
ሼ
𝜹 𝜹
130

𝑥→𝑎

For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴

1 For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹𝟏 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴𝟏

𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥
𝑎
𝑥𝑥
ሼ
ሼ
𝜹 𝜹
131

𝑥→𝑎

For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴

1 For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹𝟏 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴𝟏

𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥
𝑎
𝑥𝑥 𝟐
𝟑
ሼ
ሼ
𝜹 𝜹
132

𝑥→𝑎

For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴

1 For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹𝟏 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴𝟏

𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥
𝟏
𝑎
𝑥𝑥 𝟐
𝟑
ሼ
ሼ
𝜹 𝜹
133

𝑥→𝑎

For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴

1 For all 𝑥, 𝟎 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝜹𝟏 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑴𝟏

𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥
𝑎
𝑥𝑥
ሼ
ሼ
𝜹 𝜹
134 𝑥 = 𝒂 is a vertical asymptote of 𝑓

𝟑. 𝟔 The Formal Definition of a Limit (19B from 21)
3.3.4.
𝑥 = 𝒂 is a vertical asymptote of 𝑓
135
136
3.3.5.
137
EXERCISES 3.6 The Formal Definition of a Limit (1 from 4)
138
139
140
141
𝟑. 𝟕 LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES
𝟑.7 Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asymptotes (1 from 28)
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
3.4
3.4
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
𝟑.7 Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asymptotes (21A from 28)
𝑦 − axis
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 − axis
163
𝑦 − axis
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 − axis
𝑎
164
𝑦 − axis
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 − axis
𝑎
165
𝑦 − axis
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 − axis
𝑎
𝟏
𝟐
166
𝑦 − axis
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
ሼ 𝜀
𝑳 ሼ 𝜀
𝑥 − axis
𝑎
𝟏
𝟐
𝟑 Let 𝜺 > 𝟎 be given arbitrarily.
167
𝑦 − axis
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
𝐿+𝜺 top green line

ሼ 𝜀
𝑳 ሼ 𝜀
𝐿−𝜺 bottom green line
𝑥 − axis
𝑎
𝟏
𝟐
168
𝑦 − axis
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥

ሼ 𝜀
𝑳 ሼ 𝜀
𝑥 − axis
𝑎
𝟏
𝟐
169
𝑦 − axis
𝑁𝜀 𝐿 = 𝐿 − 𝜀, 𝐿 + 𝜀
𝜀 −neighborhood
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥

ሼ 𝜀
𝑳 ሼ 𝜀
𝑥 − axis
𝑎
𝟏
𝟐
170
𝑦 − axis
𝑁𝜀 𝐿 = 𝐿 − 𝜀, 𝐿 + 𝜀
𝜀 −neighborhood
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥

ሼ 𝜀
𝑳 ሼ 𝜀
𝑥 − axis
𝑎 1 2 3 ⋯ ⋯ 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑁3 𝑁4 𝑁5 𝑁6
𝟏
𝟐
171
𝑦 − axis
𝑁𝜀 𝐿 = 𝐿 − 𝜀, 𝐿 + 𝜀
𝜀 −neighborhood Choose 𝑁 ∈ 1, 2, 3, ⋯ , 𝑁1 , 𝑁2 , 𝑁3 , 𝑁4 , 𝑁5 , 𝑁6 such that
if 𝑁 < 𝑥, then 𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 lies among the two green lines.
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥

ሼ 𝜀
𝑳 ሼ 𝜀
𝑥 − axis
𝑎 1 2 3 ⋯ ⋯ 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑁3 𝑁4 𝑁5 𝑁6
𝟏
𝟐
172
𝑦 − axis
𝑁𝜀 𝐿 = 𝐿 − 𝜀, 𝐿 + 𝜀
Choose 𝑁 = 𝑁5 or 𝑁 = 𝑁6
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥

ሼ 𝜀
𝑳 ሼ 𝜀
𝑥 − axis
𝑎 1 2 3 ⋯ ⋯ 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑁3 𝑁4 𝑁5 𝑁6
𝟏
𝟐
173
𝑦 − axis
𝑁𝜀 𝐿 = 𝐿 − 𝜀, 𝐿 + 𝜀
Choose 𝑁 = 𝑁5 or 𝑁 = 𝑁6
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥

ሼ 𝜀
𝑳 ሼ 𝜀
𝑥 − axis
𝑎 𝑁5 𝑁6
𝟏
𝟐
174
𝑦 − axis
𝑁𝜀 𝐿 = 𝐿 − 𝜀, 𝐿 + 𝜀
Choose 𝑁 = 𝑁6
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥

ሼ 𝜀
𝑳 ሼ 𝜀
𝑥 − axis
𝑎 𝑁6
𝑁
𝟏
𝟐

There exists 𝑁
175
𝑦 − axis
𝑁𝜀 𝐿 = 𝐿 − 𝜀, 𝐿 + 𝜀
Choose 𝑁 = 𝑁6
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥

ሼ 𝜀
𝑳 ሼ 𝜀
𝑥 − axis
𝑎 𝑁 𝑥
(𝑁 < 𝑥 )
𝟏
𝟐

There exists 𝑁 such that
if 𝑥>𝑁
176
𝑦 − axis
𝑁𝜀 𝐿 = 𝐿 − 𝜀, 𝐿 + 𝜀
Choose 𝑁 = 𝑁6
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 ሼ 𝜀
𝑳 ሼ 𝜀
𝑥 − axis
𝑎 𝑁 𝑥
(𝑁 < 𝑥 )
𝟏
𝟐

if 𝑥>𝑁, then 𝒇 𝒙 −𝑳 <𝜺.
177
𝑦 − axis
𝑁𝜀 𝐿 = 𝐿 − 𝜀, 𝐿 + 𝜀
Choose 𝑁 = 𝑁6
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 ሼ 𝜀
𝑳 ሼ 𝜀
𝑥 − axis
𝑎 𝑁 𝑥
(𝑁 < 𝑥 )
𝟏
𝟐

if 𝑥>𝑁, then 𝒇 𝒙 −𝑳 <𝜺.
178
𝟑.7 Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asymptotes (21B from 28)
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
EXERCISES 3.7 Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asymptotes (1 from 8)
“Differential Equation”
𝟑. 𝟖 EULER’S NUMBER 𝒆 AND LIMITS
𝟑. 𝟖 Euler’s Number and Limits (0 from 8)
Watch all the following two videos (iii and iv) in sequence (secara berurutan, tidak
boleh loncat) no later than Monday, September 26, 2022, at 07.00 WIB:
(you can also click here for a video discussing the motivation of "Limits involving Euler's number")
(iii) Video 3.1.A(BTEL)_Binomial theorem

(iv) Video 3.2.A(BTEL)_Limits involving Euler's number e
196
𝟑. 𝟖 Euler’s Number and Limits (1 from 8) Watch all the following two videos (iii and iv) in sequence
no later than Monday, September 26, 2022, at 7 a.m.
(you can also click here for a video discussing the motivation
of "Limits involving Euler's number")

197

198

199

200

201

202

203
Problem 4 for Assignment-2 of Calculus I: of "Limits involving Euler's number")
Rework Problems 1, 4, and 6 shown in green below. (iii) Video 3.1.A(BTEL)_Binomial theorem
(released on September 25, 2022, and deadline on September 26, 2022) (iv) Video 3.2.A(BTEL)_Limits involving Euler's number e
204
𝟑. 𝟗 CONTINUITY
𝟑. 𝟗 Continuity (0 from 25)
Watch all the following four videos (v, vi, vii, and viii) in sequence no later than Tuesday,
September 27, 2022, at 7 a.m.
(v) Video 3.1(CNT)_Continuity_(Part 1)
(vi) Video 3.2(CNT)_Continuity_(Part 2)
(vii) Video 3.3(CNT)_Continuity_(Part 3)
(viii) Video 3.4(CNT)_Continuity_(Part 4)
206
𝟑. 𝟗 Continuity (1 from 25) Watch all the following four videos (v, vi, vii, and viii) in sequence
no later than Tuesday, September 27, 2022, at 7 a.m.

3.4 (vi) Video 3.2(CNT)_Continuity_(Part 2)
207

208
3.3.8.
209

3.4.10
3.4.53.
210
3.4.10
3.4.53.
211
212

213

214

215

3.4
216

217

3.4.2(b).
218
2.2.18
219

here (later)
2.4
220

221

here (later).
222

223

224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
EXERCISES 3.9 Continuity (A) (1 from 7)
EXERCISES 3.9 Continuity (B) (6 from 7)
1. For what value of the constant 𝐴 is the function 𝑓 continuous at 0.

𝑥+𝐴 , if 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑓 𝑥 = tan 2𝑥
𝜋 , if 𝑥 > 0
cos 𝑥 +
2
2. Find the value of 𝐴 + 𝐵 such that the function 𝑓 will be continuous at 𝑥 = 1.
𝐵𝑥 , if 𝑥 < 1
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 , if 𝑥 = 1
𝑓 𝑥 = 2
1 − cos 𝑥 − 1 , if 𝑥 > 1
𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥
3. Given a piecewise function 𝑓: −∞, 2 ⟶ ℝ as follows
𝐴 2 − 𝑥 𝑥 3Τ2 − 𝑥
, for 1 < 𝑥 < 2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
𝐵𝑥 + 1 , for 𝑥 = 1
2𝑥 − 1 , for 𝑥 < 1
Determine the values of 𝐴 and 𝐵 such that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝟏 .

𝒙→𝟏
EXERCISES 3.9 Continuity (B) (7 from 7)
4. Given a function 𝑔 as follows
𝐴𝑥 + 2
, for 𝑥 > 1
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥−1
𝐵𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 , for 𝑥 ≤ 1
If lim 𝑔 𝑥 exists, then determine 𝐴 + 𝐵. State your answer in detail.

𝑥→1
5. Determine all pairs 𝐴, 𝐵 for function ℎ below to be continuous at 𝑥 = 2.
𝑥−𝐴 −1
, for 𝑥 < 2
ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥−2
𝐵𝑥 2 + 20 , for 𝑥 ≥ 2
6. Find the values of 𝐴 dan 𝐵 that make the function 𝑓 continuous everywhere.
1
𝐴𝑥 sin 𝜋𝑥 , if 𝑥 ≤
2
𝑓 𝑥 = 1
𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 , if <𝑥≤1
2
𝐴 − 2𝑥 , if 𝑥 > 1
ASSIGNMENT-2 OF CALCULUS I
ASSIGNMENT-2 (released on September 16, 2022, and deadline on September 30, 2022)
Assignment-2 consists of five problems given in stages and sequentially.
📘 Problem 1 (Chapter 2): Rework (in handwriting on hard paper) the problem of composition functions of f and g given in Example 2.1.9 (see Contoh 2.1.9) here.
The deadline is September 20, 2022, by 23.00 WIB.
📘 Problem 2 (Chapter 2): Rework (in handwriting on hard paper) the problem of inverse functions discussed in a video here.
📘 Problem 3 (Chapter 2): Watch first a video discussing "Polar Coordinates" here. And then, rework (in handwriting on hard paper) all the problems on
"Sketching the Polar Equations" discussed in the video here (available from September 21, 2022).
(Rectangular coordinates = Cartesian coordinates)
📘 Problem 4 (Chapter 3): First watch two videos discussing the "Binomial theorem" here and "Limits involving Euler's number e" here, respectively.
And then, rework (in handwriting on hard paper) Problems 1, 4, and 6 here (announced on September 25, 2022).
📘 Problem 5 (Chapter 3): First watch these four videos discussing "Continuity" here5.1, here5.2, here5.3, and here5.4.
And then, rework (in handwriting on hard paper) the problem/example discussed in the video here5.4 (available from September 26, 2022)
and solve Problem 2 in "EXERCISES 3.9 Continuity (B) here" in detail.
The deadline is September 30, 2022, at 14.30 WIB.
NOTE:
1. Your work for this Assignment-2 must be done and submitted in handwriting on hard paper (no printing, no photocopy).
2. Submit your Assignment-2 (in handwriting on hard paper) to the Staff of the Bachelor Study Program of Mathematics (Pak Jumari or Pak Idrap
at the Mathematics Department Building, 3rd Floor) no later than Friday, September 30, 2022, at 14.30 WIB.
3. Submission of assignments that falls outside the stipulations (including media used) will be rejected. Please, do not contact Bu Hanung/Staff/Assistance of lecturer
in case you forgot or missed submitting your assignment.
Hanung – Umi Mahnuna Hanung
hanungum@ugm.ac.id
umimahnunahanung.staff.ugm.ac.id

Limits and Continuity: Calculus I Universitas Gadjah Mada

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Limits and Continuity: Calculus I Universitas Gadjah Mada

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CHAPTER 3

LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

Video 3.1(A)_Motivation of LImits_(The Tangent Problem_Motivation & Definition of Derivative)

Video 3.2(A)_Limit Fungsi Bagian 1_Definisi Intuitif Limit

Video 3.3(A)_Limit Fungsi Bagian 2_Definisi Intuitif Limit

Video 3.5(A)_Limit Fungsi (Bagian 4)_Limit Kiri_Limit Kanan

Video 3.6(A)_One-Sided Limits

Video 3.7(A)_How to Find One-sided limit from Equation of Functions_AK

Video 3.1(B)_Motivation of Limits_(The Tangent Line and the Derivative)

Video 3.2(B)_Finding Limits Numerically

Video 3.6(B)_How to Find One-sided limit from Equation of Functions_AK

To whom from abroad, click below:

Meanwhile, from the 17:41th minute up

To whom from abroad, click

Meanwhile, from the 17:41th minute up

To whom from abroad, click

Meanwhile, from the 17:41th minute up

To whom from abroad, click

Meanwhile, from the 17:41th minute up

To whom from abroad, click

Meanwhile, from the 17:41th minute up

To whom from abroad, click

Every student from Indonesia should

Every student from abroad should

A series of lectures on “Intuitive Definition of a Limit" is given in three

3.7. A series of lectures on “Intuitive Definition of a Limit" is given in three

A series of lectures on “Intuitive Definition of a Limit" is given in three

A series of lectures on “Intuitive Definition of a Limit" is given in three

A series of lectures on “Intuitive Definition of a Limit" is given in three

A series of lectures on “Intuitive Definition of a Limit" is given in three

A series of lectures on “Intuitive Definition of a Limit" is given in three

A series of lectures on “Intuitive Definition of a Limit" is given in three

A series of lectures on “Intuitive Definition of a Limit" is given in three

Every student from Indonesia should watch

A lecture on “One-Sided Limits (intuitively)" is given in videos below:

Every student from abroad should watch

A lecture on “One-Sided Limits (intuitively)" is given in videos below:

A lecture on “One-Sided Limits (intuitively)" is given in videos below

A lecture on “One-Sided Limits (intuitively)" is given in videos below

A lecture on “One-Sided Limits (intuitively)" is given in videos below

𝒇 𝒙 1 4 25 100 400 10,000 106 106 10,000 400 100 25 4 1

(already discussed in the previous videos)

A lecture on “One-Sided Limits (intuitively)" is given in videos below

A lecture on “One-Sided Limits (intuitively)" is given in videos below

Problems 1 – 5 Find the following limits, if they exist.

(8) Given a piecewise defined function 𝑓 by the formula

Section 3.2, Example 4

By utilizing the Squeeze Theorem, the following theorem can be demonstrated.

For problems 1 – 12, determine each limit if it exists.

For the students from Indonesia.

(i) Video 3.1.A(FDL)_Formal definition of a limit

For the students from abroad.

(i) Video 3.1.B(FDL)_Formal definition of a limit

(i) Video 3.1.B(FDL)_Formal definition of a limit

(i) Video 3.1.B(FDL)_Formal definition of a limit

(i) Video 3.1.B(FDL)_Formal definition of a limit

(i) Video 3.1.B(FDL)_Formal definition of a limit

(i) Video 3.1.B(FDL)_Formal definition of a limit

(i) Video 3.1.B(FDL)_Formal definition of a limit

(i) Video 3.1.B(FDL)_Formal definition of a limit

deleted 𝛿 −neighbourhood of the center point 𝑐

𝜀 −neighbourhood of the center point 𝐿