Science Module Form 1 – Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE

1.1 WHAT IS SCIENCE?

Definition • Science is the systematic study of nature and

how it affects us and the environment.
• Science covers broad field of knowledge that deals
with observed facts and the relationship among
those facts.

• Improve our standard of living.

Importance of
• Improve quality of environment.
Science
• Understand the world around us.
• Prevention and treatment of diseases.
• Increase food supply

Areas of science • Biology – Study of living things.

• Physics – Study of matter, energy, force and motion
and the way they relate to each other.
• Chemistry – Study of composition, properties,
reactions and uses of substances.
• Geology – Study of rocks and minerals.
• Astronomy – Study of universe.
• Meteorology – Study of weather.

Career in science a) Doctors b) Engineers

c) Pharmacists d) Teachers
e) Chemists f) Architects
g) Physicists h) Astronauts
i) Microbiologists j) Computer experts

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 Science Module Form 1 – Chapter 1

Review 1 : What is Science

1. What is science ?
science is the knowledge of a discipline that involves systematic observations and
_____________________________________________________
experimental of investigations of natural phenomena
2. Name three natural phenomena that bring about bad effects to
living things.
volcano
(a) __________________________________________________
earthquake
(b) __________________________________________________
(c) __________________________________________________
szuname

3. List three benefits of science to our lives

our lives become more easier and saver
(a) __________________________________________________
(b) __________________________________________________
make long distance travel faster
recycling helps to reduce pollution in the eviroment
(c) __________________________________________________

4. State three main branches of study in science.

biology
(a) __________________________________________________
(b) __________________________________________________
chemistry
(c) __________________________________________________
physic

5. Give five examples of career that related to science.

(a) __________________________________________________
doctor
teacher
(b) __________________________________________________
(c) __________________________________________________
geologist
(d) __________________________________________________
biologist
(e) __________________________________________________
chemist

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 Science Module Form 1 – Chapter 1

1.2 SAFETY RULES AND APPARATUS IN THE

LABORATORY

Laboratory Safety Rules

• Do not enter the laboratory without

teacher’s permission.
• Do not take anything out of the
laboratory.
• Read all the instruction before start any
work
• Read the label on a reagent bottle
before using its content
• Do not taste or smell any chemical
• Do not eat or drink in the laboratory
• Do not run and play at the laboratory
• Do not throw solid waste into the sink.
• Do not pour any unused chemical into
its bottle.
• Clean apparatus that you have used.

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 Science Module Form 1 – Chapter 1

Hazard Warning Symbols

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 Science Module Form 1 – Chapter 1

Common Laboratory Apparatus

Apparatus Use

• To hold liquids or chemicals

Test tube

• To hold liquids or chemicals.

Beaker

• Hold apparatus while carrying out experiments.

Retort stand and

clamp

• To collect gas

Gas jar

• To hold liquids and chemicals

Conical flask

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 Science Module Form 1 – Chapter 1

Apparatus Use

• Filter mixture of solids and liquids

Filter funnel

• To measure the volume of solutions .

Measuring cylinder

• To evaporate liquids from a solution.

Evaporating dish

• Support apparatus during heating

Tripod stand and

wire gauze

• To provide a flame

Bunsen burner

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 Science Module Form 1 – Chapter 1

Apparatus Use

• To measure small volume of liquid

Burette

• To measure a fixed volume of liquids.

Pipette

• To hold liquids or chemicals.

Round-bottomed
flask

• To hold liquids or chemicals.

Flat-bottomed flask

• To hold solids for strong heating over a flame.

Crucible

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 Science Module Form 1 – Chapter 1

Review 2 : Safety Rules and Apparatuus

1. What action that should take when chemical get into your eyes?
______________________________________________________________

2. Name the following apparatus and state its function.

Apparatus Name Use

contain large amount

conical flask of chemicals

measuring cylinder to measure the volume

of liquid

retort stand and use to stable the test tube

clamp when experimenting

burette to get accurate volume of

liquid

to heat up chemicals
bunsen burner

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 Science Module Form 1 – Chapter 1

3. Complete the table below

Hazard Warning Symbol Meaning Example

toxic or poisonous
mercury

flammable
petrol

ammonia

irritant

explosive
butane gas

flammable uranuim

corrosive concentrated acid

and alkalis

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 Science Module Form 1 – Chapter 1

1.3 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

MAKE A
SMART
IDENTIFY GUESS
THE (HYPHOTHESIS)
PREPARE PROBLEM
REPORT

PLANNING THE
EXPERIMENT
MAKE SCIENTIFIC
CONCLUSION INVESTIGATION

CONTROLLING
VARIABLES
INTERPRET
DATA

ANALYSE COLLECTING
DATA DATA

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 Science Module Form 1 – Chapter 1

Review 3 : Steps In Scientific Investigation

1. Complete the following steps in scientific investigation.

Step 1:

Step 2: Making a hypothesis

Step 3:

Step 4: Planning the experiment

Step 5:

Step 6:

Step 7:

Step 8: Writing a report

2. In the pendulum experiment, state the

(a) Manipulated variable : _________________________________________

(b) Responding variable : ________________________________________
(c) Constant variable : ________________________________________

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 Science Module Form 1 – Chapter 1

1.4 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND THEIR UNITS

DEFINATION
Quantities that can be measured.

Physical SI Units Unit

Quantities Symbols
Length Metre m

Mass Kilogram kg

Time Second s

Temperature Kelvin K

Electric Ampere A
current

Prefixe Symbol Value of the Multification

symbol Factor 1 cm = 10mm
1m = 100 cm = 1 000 mm
Tera T X 1012 X 1 000 000 000 1 km = 1 000 m = 100 00 cm
000
Giga G X 109 X 1 000 000 000
Mega M X 106 X 1 000 000
Kilo k X 103 X 1 000 Value of physical Prefix
Hecto h X 102 X 10 quantity form
2 000 000 000 A 2 GA
Deca da X 101 X 10
8 000 000 m 8 Mm
Deci d X 10-1 0.1 5 000 g 5 kg
Centi c X 10-2 0.01 0.02m 2 cm
Milli m X 10-3 0.001 0.005m 5 mm
0.000007s 7 µs
Micro µ X 10-6 0.000001
Nano n X 10-9 0.000 000 001
Pico p X 10-12 0.000 000 000
001
Femto f X 10-15 0.000 000 000
000 001

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 Science Module Form 1 – Chapter 1

Review 4 : Physical Quantities and Their Units

1. State 5 physical quantities and their SI unit .

Physical quantity S.I unit Symbol

length metre m

mass kilogram kg

time second s
kelvin K
temperature
electric current ampere A

2. Change the value of the physical quantity given to the standard form and the
prefix form.

Value of physical quantity Standard form Prefix form

1 000 m 10,3 kilo
0.03 m 10,-2 metre
5 000 000 m mega
10,6
0.000 008 m 10,-6 micro
0.006 m 10,-3 milli

3. Change the values of the physical quantities to the prefix forms.

5
(a) 5 000 g = ___________ kg
(b) 0.008 kg = ___________
8 g
(c) 7 500 g = ___________
7.5 kg
5.5
(d) 5 500 m = ___________ km
(e) 200 m = ___________
0.2 km
(f) 0.03 m = ____________
3 cm

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 Science Module Form 1 – Chapter 1

1.5 THE CONCEPT OF MASS

Weight Mass

The pull of the Earth on an
The quantity of matter in an

object. object.

The force that pulls of body
The mass of an object is
towards the centre of the Earth constant and not affected by
is called gravitational force. gravitational force.

The weight of an object may
Types of tools for measuring
change in different places. mass :

Types of tools for measuring - Lever balance
weight : - Triple beam balance
- Spring balance - Electronic balance
- Compression balance
The S.I unit : Kilogram (kg)

The S.I unit : Newton (N)

Various balances for measuring mass and weight

Lever balance
alance Triple beam balance Electronic balance

Compression balance Spring balance

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 Science Module Form 1 – Chapter 1

Review 5 : The Concept of Mass

1. State the definition of :

(a) Mass : _____________________________________________________
(b) Weight : ____________________________________________________

2. State the S.I unit for :

(a) Mass : _____________________________________________________
(b) Weight : ____________________________________________________

3. State two example of tools to measure :

(a) Mass : _____________________________________________________
(b) Weight : ____________________________________________________

4. Complete the following table.

On Earth On Moon In Outer Space

Mass 78kg
Weight 780N

5. Name the balances. State whether it is used to measure the ‘mass’ or ‘weight’
of an object.

____________________ __________________ ________________

____________________ __________________ ________________

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 Science Module Form 1 – Chapter 1

1.6 THE USE OF MEASURING TOOLS

Measuring Length

 Length is the distance between

two points.
 The SI unit is metre (m).
 Other units that can be used for
length :
o kilometer (km)
o centimeter (cm)
o millimeter (mm)
 The relationship between the units
of length

1cm = 10mm
1m = 100 cm = 1 000 mm
1 km = 1 000 m = 100 000 cm

 Instruments for measuring length ;

o Metre rule – to measure short
straight line.
o Measuring tapes – to measure
distances of up to several
hundred metres.
o Internal calipers - to measure
the internal diameter.
o External calipers – to measure
the external diameter.
o Vernier calipers – to measure
the internal diameter, external
diameter and the depth of an
object.
o Micrometer screw gauge Vernier callipers
 When taking a reading, the eye
must be placed vertically above the
mark of scale to avoid parallax
error.
 Parallax error – an error in
measurement due to the eye not
being correct position while taking a
reading.

Micrometer screw gauge

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 Science Module Form 1 – Chapter 1

Measuring Area

Area is measure of the amount of

a surface.
Its SI unit is square meters (m2).
Other units that can be used for
area
Square kilometers (km2)
Square centimeters (cm2)
Square millimeters (mm2)
The relationship between the units
of area

1cm2 = 100mm2
1m2 = 10 000 cm2
1 km2 = 1 000 000m2

The areas of regular-shaped

object can be calculated by using
mathematical formulae.
The areas of irregular- shaped
object can be estimated by tracing
the object on a graph paper and
counting the number of completed,
half- completed or more than half-
completed squares.

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 Science Module Form 1 – Chapter 1

Measuring Volume

Volume is a measure of the space

occupied by a substances.
Its SI unit is cubic meters (m3).
Other units that can be used for
volume
Cubic millimeters (mm3)
cubic centimeters (cm3)
Milliliters (ml).
Liters (l).
The relationship between the units of
area

1ml = 1cm3
1l = 1 000 ml = 1 000cm3
1 m3 = 1 000 000ml = 1 000 000 cm3

Tools for measuring volume of liquid:

Measuring cylinder
Burette
Pipette
The volume of regular-shaped solid
objects can be calculated by using
formulae.
The volume of irregular-shaped
solid objects can be measured by
using water displacement method.

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 Science Module Form 1 – Chapter 1

Review 6 : The Use of Measuring Tools

1. Complete these following table:

Quantities SI Unit Tools/Method

a. Area

b. Volume of liquids

c. Volume of irregular
shapes

d. Volume of regular
shapes

e. curved line

f. short straight line

2. State the function of :

(a) Vernier caliper : ______________________________________________
(b) Opisometer : ______________________________________________

3. What is the parallax error ?

______________________________________________________________

4. Why do we need to take reading for 3 times ?

______________________________________________________________

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