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Iron Kettle
What is science?
1. Science is a discipline that involves systematic scientific observation
and investigation of all natural phenomena.
Observation
Investigation
2. The word science comes from the Latin word "Scientia" which means
knowledge.
3. Science can explain the following matters:
a) Cells are the basic structures of living things.
b) Relationship between living things. For example, we can state the
importance of plants to humans and animals.
c) Relationship between living things and non-living things. For
example, the importance of oxygen and water to life.
d) Day and night events.
e) Natural phenomena such as lightning, earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions and tsunamis.
Application of scientific
Innovation of knowledge that helps us to solve
problems in our daily live. For
Technology
example, this is applied in the
creation of machines and tools.
Burrette
To measure the volume of the liquids
Accuracy: 0.1 cm3
Pipette
To measure the volume of the liquids
Accuracy: Fixed
Measuring cylinder
To measure the volume of the liquids
Accuracy: Fixed
2. Collecting liquids
Beaker
To collect the chemical
substances in large quantities.
Conical flask
To collect the chemical
substances in large quantities.
Round bottom flask
To collect the chemical
substances in large quantities.
3. Hold apparatus
Retort stand
To hold and support the apparatus
Thermometer
To measure the temperature
Stopwatch
To measure the time taken
Bunsen burner
To heat up the substances in
experiment
Evaporating dish
For the substance to evaporate.
Hazardous Symbols in Labs
1. Some of the chemicals in the lab are harmful and need to be
identified in the right way to avoid the accident.
Flammable Substance
Characteristic: Chemical substance
that simply evaporates and burns.
Example: alcohol , petrol , kerosene
Handling methods:
1. Avoid from fire sources
Toxic Substance
Characteristic: Causes poisoning and death
Example: Mercury, methanol and chlorine
Handling methods:
1. Do not eat, drink, smell and taste the chemical
substances.
2. Keep the chemical substances in safe and locked
place.
Irritant Substance
Characteristic: Substance that produces
irritating vapours that irritate the nose, eyes and
throat.
Examples: Chloroform, bromine and ammonia
Handling methods:
1. Avoid inhaling the substances.
Radioactive Substance
Characteristic: Chemical substances that will
release radiation.
Example: Uranium
Handling methods:
1. Store in a closed lead container
Corrosive Substance
Characteristic: Scalds the skin
Example: Sulphuric acid
Handling method:
1. Avoid contact with skin and eyes
3. If you are facing problems or doubts, ask the teacher for help.
Rules in the science lab
Safety measures
Accidents Actions
Sniffed gas Get away from poisonous gas sources
immediately.
Electric shock Turn off electrical switches immediately.
Injured Carry out first-aid immediately.
Swallowed Try to extract the chemical and gargle with plenty
chemicals of water immediately with the teacher's
permission.
In contact Rinse part of the body exposed to chemicals with
with plenty of water immediately with the teacher's
chemicals permission.
Cloth on fire Remove combustible clothing by using proper fire
extinguishing methods.
Fire incident Keep away from the fire source immediately.
1 cm = 10 mm
1m = 100 cm
1 km = 1000 m
X 1000 X 100 X 10
÷ 1000 ÷ 100 ÷ 10
(i) Converting 500 km to m.
Example of solution:
500 x 1000 = 500 000 m
Example of solution:
67m X 100 X 10
= 67000 mm
(iii) Converting 50000 mm to km
Example of solution:
50000 ÷ 1000 000
= 0.05 km
X1000 X 1000
÷ 1000 ÷ 1000
I. Converting 1000 kg to g
Example of solution:
1000 kg x 1000
= 1000 000 g
II. Converting 50 mg to g
Example of solution:
50 mg ÷ 1000
= 0.05 g
Example of solution:
65.7 g x 1000
= 65700 mg
3. The relationship between standard units of time is as follows:
1 minutes = 60 seconds
1 hour = 60 minutes
÷ 60 ÷60
I. Converting 2 hours to minutes
Example of solution:
2 hours X 60
= 120 minutes
Example of solution:
68 minutes x 60
= 4080 seconds
The Importance of a Standard Unit in Daily Life
1. Before the S.I. unit is introduced, many problems arise because
different measurement units are used in different countries.
2. For example, some countries use catty and kilogram units while some
others use pound and ounce units to measure mass.
3. The usage of different measurement units poses many problems and
confusion during the exchange of information.
4. It does not only exacerbate the exchange of information between
scientists, but it also complicates international trade.
5. Since the S.I. unit is introduced and becomes a standard unit of basic
physical quantity in the 1960s, scientists around the world use the
same measurement unit. This facilitates communication
internationally.
6. The usage of this standard unit is very important to avoid confusion
and misunderstandings.
Measurement
Example:
Mass Reading
balance (kg) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
A 56 57 56 56 56
B 8 7 6 7 5
Accuracy
Example 1:
Mass balance Reading
(kg) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
A 56 57 56 56 56
B 8 7 6 7 5
Example 2:
Milliammeter Ammeter
Sensitivity
Vernier calipers
Screw
Jaws Main
Vernier scale scale
1. Vernier caliper is a measuring instrument to accurately measure
the:-
I. Length of object
II. Outer diameter of object Important notes:-
III. Inner diameter of object The accuracy of Vernier scale: 0.01 cm
The accuracy of main scale: 0.1 cm
IV. Depth of the object.
4. Thus, the Vernier caliper is more precise than the ruler which can
only measure the smallest readings of up to 0.1 cm.
4. The
2. Take a diameter of
major scale object
1. Place the 3. Take a
reading. The reading is
object to be vernier scale
major scale determined.
measured in reading on
reading is Measured
the middle of thimble. Take
taken by object
the jaw and a look at the
reading the diameters
the thimble is mark on
main scale can be
swirled slowly vernier scale
sign closest determined
until the 'tick' which is
to the edge of by adding the
sound is parallel to the
the vernier main scale
heard. main scale.
scale on the readings and
thimble. vernier scale
readings.
Measure the reading of micrometer screw gauge
Vernier
Scale
Step 1: Confirm that the reading on the main scale at the side
of the thimble is zero.
Step 2: Take the reading on the main scale at the side of the
thimble.
Measuring length
Definition of length: Distance between two points
Use: Centimetres (cm) and meters (m) are used to measure short
distances. Kilometres (km) are used to measure long distances.
Conversion units:
1 km = 1 000 m
1 m = 100 cm
1 cm = 10 mm
Measuring tools:
Meter ruler
Measuring tape
Use: Kilograms (kg) are used to measure large mass. Grams (g) are
used to measure small masses.
Conversion units:
1 g = 1 000 mg
1 kg = 1 000 g
Medium
rider
Big rider Balance
pointer
Small rider
Measuring time
Definition of time: Duration between two moments
Conversion units:
1 day = 24 hour
1 hour = 60 minute
1 minute = 60 second
Measuring tools:
1. Laboratory thermometers
2. Clinical thermometer
Conversion unit:
1 A = 1 000 mA
Measuring tool:
Ammeter
• Ammeter is used to measure the electric current in a
circuit.
• The ammeter must be connected in series in the circuit.
S.I. unit: m3
Use: Cubic millimeter (mm3), cubic centimeter (cm3) and liters (𝑙) are
oftenly used to measure liquid volume.
Conversion units:
1 cm3 = 1 𝑚𝑙
1 𝑙 = 1000 cm3 = 1000 𝑚𝑙
1 m3 = 1 000 000 cm3 = 1 000 000 𝑚𝑙
Measuring Tool:
Measuring cylinder
Digital thermometer
Accuracy: 0.1 ˚C
Digital weight
Accuracy: 0.01 g
Random error is the error caused by the error of the observer during
measurement.
(b) Align the position of the eye until the image of the needle in the
ammeter mirror is not visible, i.e. right behind the needle.
Correct Wrong
5 cm
2. Volume of object with certain shape and object with irregular shape
can be estimated using water displacement method.
(a) Fill up the measuring cylinder with water and initial volume of
water is recorded.
(b) Tie up an object with irregular shape such as stone with yarn
and put into the measuring cylinder.
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔, 𝒎
Density =
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆,𝑽
𝟏
1 kg/m3 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 g/cm3
V = l3 V = π r2h V = 4/3 π r3
Determining Density of Object by Using Water Displacement
Method
(a) Observe
(b) Clarify
(c) Measure and use
numbers
Basic (d) Make inferences
(e) Predict
(f) Communicate
(g) Use relationships
between space and time
Science process skills