Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction

Rust has always been such an inconvenience to people’s life when it comes to

their steel possessions. The researchers chose to conduct this research for them to help

people with this type of problem. The potato (Solanum Tuberosum) is a crop that is

grown almost everywhere in the world due to its great adaptability. The term “Potato”

(Solanum Tuberosum) generally refers to the tuber of the plant that grows in the

ground, of which more than 370 million tons are harvested worldwide each year. It is

one of the most important staple foods in the world; In Germany alone, per capita

consumption is almost 60 kilograms per year. Potatoes (Solanum Tuberosum) consist

of 80% water and are rich in vitamins, proteins, minerals such as potassium,

magnesium and iron, and carbohydrates (Stanley Obilikpa, 2014).

They also contain starch, few calories and virtually no fat. Despite the

valuable ingredients, 1.5 million tons of the healthy tubers do not make it past the

beginning of the value chain in Germany each year, meaning they are already

disposed of before they are processed into end products or made available to

consumers. Mostly because they are not the right color, shape or size or have minor

visual defects, although they are still edible. In addition, these figures include only the

potatoes that are actually harvested. If the unharvested tubers are included, the waste

is even higher (Stanley Obilikpa, 2014).

In the process, not only the part of the potato (Solanum Tuberosum) that we

consume is lost, but also the skin. In many eyes, it is considered a residual material

anyway and is usually discarded when the tubers are processed, although it also has a

lot of potential. Corrosion is both costly and dangerous (Stanley Obilikpa, 2014).
 Huge amount of money is spent, annually for the replacement of corroded

structures, machinery, and components. Premature failure of bridges or structures due

to corrosion can also result in human injury, loss of life, and damage (Ajeel et al

2011).

According to Fayomi and Popoola (2012), Steel is one of the major

constructions materials, which is extensively used in chemical and allied industries for

the handling of acid, alkali and salt solution. The wide industrial usage of mild steel

have been driven by number of issues, in particular its low cost and availability for the

manufacturing of reaction vessels, cooling tower reservoirs and pipelines. However,

the ability of mild steel to resist corrosion attack in some environment is poor and a

continuous search for improving this limitation becomes necessary. Acid solution are

extensively used in industry; Hydrochloric acid is one of the most difficult common

acids to handle from the standpoints of corrosion and materials for of all the methods

used for protection against corrosion, the use of inhibitors for controlling and

reducing the corrosion rate of mild steel have been reported to be effective in contact

with aggressive medium.

According to Abu-Dalo and Othman (2012), The inhibitors actions are due to

the formation of protective film onto the metal surface blocking the metal from the

corrosive agents present in solution. All acid inhibitors are organic compounds, and

because most of them are expensive and toxic to the environment, investigation and

evaluation of naturally occurring inhibitors are mostly obtained from medicinal

plants, aromatic spices, and herbs, but little has been done about researching the

capabilities of fruits and vegetables peels extracts as corrosion or rust inhibitors.

Theoretical Framework
 This study contains three theories such as a theory of potato peel extraction, on

why and how to remove rust, and the analysis and use as bacillus substrates for the

production of extracellular enzymes in continuous culture. The theories that can help

to support the study are the following; Theory of Potato Peel Extraction, Theory of

Why and How to Remove Rust, and Theory of the Analysis and Use as Bacillus

Substrates for the Production of Extracellular Enzymes in Continuous Culture.

Theory of Potato Peel Extraction states that organic yellow potatoes

“Bologna” were purchased from a local large-scale retail market in Pisa, Italy. The

peels with a thin periderm layer collected from manually peeled tubers by means of a

ceramic knife to avoid the interference with metallic ions, thus slowing down the start

of oxidation processes, were immediately stored in an inert atmosphere in a stainless-

steel vat provided with devices for the automated temperature control.

To maximize the recovery of the bioactive compounds from potato waste, the

peels stored as described were maintained in direct contact with solid CO2 over a

period of 24 hours. The addition of a cryogen to vegetal matrix induces, indeed,

intracellular water freezing, and as a consequence of the greater volume occupied by

the same amount of water in solid state than in the liquid phase, the consequent

laceration of cellular break occurs permitting the immediate diffusion of many

cellular compounds in the liquid phase. The bioactive compounds present in potato

peels were then protected by oxidation due to the sublimation of solid CO2 that at

room temperature and 1 atm of pressure passes to the gaseous phase, thus forming an

inert gas layer in storage atmosphere. The cryomaceration was stopped by the

increasing of the temperature, thus promoting a controlled defrosting phase in inert

atmosphere (Francesca Venturi, Chiara Sanmartin, Isabela Taglieri, and Anna

Mensuali, 2019).
 Theory of Why and How to Remove Rust states that research themes

introduced during the 2021s have been developed through to the present day. There

are three methods for removing rust: mechanical, chemical and electro chemical.

Depending on the task, the methods can be combined or used separately. Rust is a red

plaque on iron and iron alloys, composed of iron oxides. Rust forms when metal

corrodes, that is, as a result of the destruction of a metal surface. It is better to remove

rust before painting or gluing metal products. Rusty deposits will not allow paint or

glue to firmly bond with the metal, so it must be removed.

To protect the metal product from corrosion and destruction, it must be

cleaned of iron oxides and covered with an anti-corrosion material such as zinc oxide.

It is convenient to mechanically remove rust from large, flat metal surfaces such as

sheet metal or car bodies. The method is also suitable when heavily rusted products

need to be cleaned.

In industry and in small workshops, sandblasting guns are used for mechanical

cleaning of rust. This tool has found widespread use among auto technicians. The

essence of the chemical method: acids destroy iron and its compounds. When acid is

applied to rusty surfaces, it dissolves iron oxides and transforms them into salts. As a

result, the surface is cleaned of rust. Rust can be removed with an organic acid, such

as citric or acetic acid, or with a weak inorganic acid, such as carbonic acid.

Therefore, vinegar and soda are most often used in everyday life for cleaning metal

products. Nevertheless, it is better to use special agents, since a solution of acetic or

citric acid acts much more slowly than inorganic acids (Kangaroo Autocore, 2021).

Theory of the Analysis and Use as Bacillus Substrates for the Production

of Extracellular Enzymes in Continuous Culture states that orange and potato

peels were studied in terms of their chemical compositions and their ability to support
the growth and extracellular hydrolytic enzyme production of bacillus substrates. The

chemical compositions of the filtrates were similar to the crude peel ‘starting’ material

and were shown to contain predominantly alcohol-insoluble solids (pectin, cellulose,

starch), soluble sugars and minerals. The composition of the orange peel was different

to that of the potato peel mainly in terms of low levels of starch and protein, and

higher levels of sugars, pectin, and cellulose.

Bacillus species 11089 was capable of growth in continuous culture on both

orange and potato substrates when these were used as the carbon-energy source in a

mineral salts basal medium. Potato filtrate supported the highest growth (μ max and

biomass yield) but lowest specific activities of α-amylase, neutral and alkaline

proteases, and polygalacturonate-lyase compared to orange filtrate as substrate;

however, when enzyme activity was expressed as units per volume of culture, potato

filtrate supported the highest levels (Elsevier, 2019).

Statements of the Problem

This study aimed to observe and analyze the effect of potato peel as a rust

remover.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. How effective is potato peel as a rust remover in terms of time intervals of 10

minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, and 1,800 minutes or 18 hours?

2. Is there a significant difference between the effectiveness of potato peel extract

with different concentration?

Hypotheses of the Study

1) Is there a significant difference between the effectiveness of baking soda

and pure extract?

 2) Is there a significant difference between the effectiveness of pure potato peel

extract and diluted potato peel extract?

Null Hypotheses

1) There is no significance difference between the effectives of baking soda

and pure extract.

2) There is no significance difference between the effectiveness of pure potato

peel extract and diluted potato peel extract.

Significance of the Study

This study hopes to be a great contribution to people in relation to their

accessibility to use a potato peel as a rust remover. Furthermore, this study will be

beneficial to the following:

Household. The findings of this study will help them to use the potato peel

and make an extract out of it to use as a rust removal.

Students. It is hope that the result will help lessen the expense of a student by

not buying a new tool to replace a tool that had rust.

Future researchers. The findings of this study will serve as basis for further

study in order to elucidate reliable information related to this study.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

The researcher focused on creating potato peel as a rust remover. Material

used for the development of tool were available for the researchers. This study was

limited only to the use of potato peel extract as a rust remover.

Definition of Terms

The following key terms are operationally defined for clarity and better

understanding of the study;

 Extract. A withdraw or a constituent element by physical or chemical process

(Merriam-Webster Dictionary). In this study, the term refers to the main ingredient as

a rust remover.

Nail. A slender usually pointed and headed fastener designed to be pounded in

(Merriam-Webster Dictionary). In this study, it refers to the tool we used to remove

rust from.

Potato Peel. It is the covering of the potato. In this study, the peel is extracted

to make it as rust remover.

Rust. A reddish brittle coating formed on iron (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).

In this study, this term refers to the stain that stays on a tool.

Stain Remover. A substance designed for removing stains or dirty marks, as

from clothes, carpets, etc (Collins Dictionary). In this study, it refers to the removing

a spot left by one substance.

 Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents a review of relevant literature and studies that are

necessary in the development of this study.

Related Literatures

Potatoes (Solanum Tuberosum)

The United Nations declared 2008 as The Year of the Potatoes, highlighting

the importance of this crop as a staple food in human nutrition. While fresh potato

consumption is decreasing in many countries, more potatoes are currently processed

into value-added products to meet the demand especially from the fast food and

convenience food industries. Potatoes are usually peeled during processing, either by

steam, lye or abrasive peeling, depending on the type of product. As a consequence,

large quantities of peels are generated which represent a severe disposal problem to

the industry, especially with the increasing awareness and aims of minimizing

environmental impact and sustainability. However, potato peels contain a number of

nutritionally and pharmacologically interesting compounds such as polyphenols and

glycoalkaloids, which may be recovered and used as natural antioxidants and

precursors for steroid hormones, respectively. Furthermore, applications of the dietary

fibre fraction have been described. This review summarizes the available literature on

potato peel utilization, focusing on the above of mentioned constituents, and

highlights the potential of an important by-product of the food industry as a source of

valuable compounds (Schieber and Andrea 2007).

Potato Peel

Potato peel wastes contribute the major industrial food waste discarded in the

environment, arising from potato processing and home wastes. Biotechnological

applications of potato peel wastes are interesting not only from the point of view of
low-cost substrate, but also in solving problems related to their disposal. The result of

the proximate chemical analysis of the potato peel used in this study was similar to

that of USDA (2008) that reported that in every 100g of raw potato peel, the

following nutrients can be found; 1.61g ash, 0.1g total fat, 2.57g protein, 2. g total

dietary fiber and 83.29g water (Schieber and Andrea 2007).

Baking Soda

The evidence available in the literature indicates that baking soda–based

dentifrices are effective and safe for stain removal and consequently whitening. A

number of clinical studies have also shown that baking soda–based dentifrices are

more effective in stain removal and whitening than some non–baking soda-containing

dentifrices with a higher abrasivity. So far, research efforts have mainly focused on

stain removal and tooth-whitening efficacy and clinical safety of baking soda

dentifrices used with manual toothbrushes, with only a few studies investigating their

effects using powered toothbrushes, for which further research is encouraged (Yiming

Lidds, MSD, PhD 2017).

Stain Removal

Just like the formation of rust, industrial rust remover acids use chemical

processes to remove rust. Mechanical processes such as scrubbing or sanding/sand

blasting can be used to remove rust, but they are labor intensive, time-consuming

work. In this post, we’ll cover industrial rust removal acids and water-based solutions.

There are many industrial rust removal products that might work for your

metal parts or machinery, and what dissolves rust best will depend on several factors.

The severity or level of rust, the type of metal part, the size and shape of the part, the

quantity of parts and the type of facility you have will all impact what dissolves rust
best. It’s important to consider safety, disposal of the rust removal solution, time and

other factors (armorvci 2020).

Related Studies

According to the the study of Sta. Teresa College Junior High School

Department (2018) thesis entitled “The Feasibility of Lemon and Baking Soda as

Rust Remover” prepared and submitted by Verna Alexa De Leon, Khrizia Monique,

and Louis Yvan states that a lemon and a baking soda eliminates rust from iron and

steel without harmful fumes.

According to this study, Baking Soda is also known as Sodium Bicarbonate. If

baking soda mixes with either an acid or an alkaline substance it has a neutralizing

effect on it. Baking Soda also serves as an alternative cleaning agent in doing

household chores because it can easily wear away dirt and stain. If mixed with

vinegar, it can create carbonic acid which is more than bubbly and better to scrub

with.

The study is related to the current study because the experiment shows that the

ratio of the ingredients to be used depends on the severity of the rust a metal contains.

Removing the rust also depends on how harsh you scrub the rust off the nail. Time

also effects on how the rust will be removed, more time means that the rust will be

strongly weakened.

In the study entitled “The Effectiveness of Dilute Acetic Acid Solutions in

Removing Rust Stains” by Ross Ernest (1964), A preliminary laboratory studies

were done and showed that a 2% solution of acetic acid was effective in removing

rust. On the basis of these studies, an experiment was conducted to further evaluate

this procedure and to determine the effect of the treatment on interior quality, shell

thickness, as well as taste and odor of the treated eggs. Eggs were placed in a plastic-
coated wire basket and dipped into an acetic acid solution contained in a 20 gallon

plastic garbage can. The acetic acid solution was made up to 2% by volume using

reagent grade glacial acetic acid and tap water. The temperature of the acetic acid

solution during the soaking treatment was maintained at approximately 110° F. by the

occasional addition of hot acid solution. The basket containing the eggs was gently

agitated occasionally to insure complete coverage of all the eggs by the solution.

The study is much related to the present study because, it means to apply the

soaking system method to eliminate the rust stains on a nail.

In a study entitled “Potato Peel Extract as an Eco-friendly Corrosion

Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Formation Water”, Carbon steel is commonly used

in many industries such as construction and oil pipelines as it is inexpensive and

readily available. However, corrosion of pipes is one of the biggest issues that occur

in oil production, which causes many economic losses because these pipes are

exposed to the problem of corrosion to a high degree. One of the main drawbacks

with most synthetic-type organic inhibitors is their severe environmental hazard.

Therefore, more steps and efforts have been made to study naturally occurring

inhibitors. Potato is the fourth largest crop grown worldwide after rice, wheat and

maize. Because of its extensive use in various industries, large amounts of peels are

generated. Potato Peels is a valuable source of bioactive compounds, which can be

converted into value-added products. The phenolic compounds adsorb on the CS

surface through the lone pairs of electrons on oxygen and nitrogen atoms from these

compounds forming an isolating layer film (E.M. Attia, Olfat E. Elazabawy, N.S.

Hassan’ A.M. Hyba, 2020).

 The study is related to the current study because this research is conducted to

study the effect of potato peels extract as inhibitor to carbon steel corrosion in

formation water environment.

In a study entitled “Study on Production of Organic Acid as Rust Remover

from Passion Fruit Fermented” by Aspergillus Niger (2019), Shaking flask

fermentation was studied with Passion Fruit, and the rust removal effect of the

product was preliminarily verified. The cultivation factors included Passion Fruit

20%+Sucrose 5%, 35°C, pH 5.0-5.5, shaking table 150 r/min, the fermentation was

completed in 5 days, and the pH in fruit fermentation broth was 2.7. At room

temperature, the derusting effect of 1 time diluted fruit fermentation broth equaled

that of 3% commercial citric acid, the rust removal time prolonged properly at low

temperature. The results had a guiding significance for producing organic rust

remover from Passion Fruit.

The study is related to the present study because the aim of this study is to

remove rust stain by the extract of a potato peel. The study has found out that

fermented passion fruit is an effective rust remover.

 Chapter 3
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research design, locale of the study, data gathering

procedures and instruments used which are useful as the researchers went along with

this study.

Research Design

In this study, the researchers used an Experimental Research. Experimental

research is a study that strictly adheres to a scientific research design. It includes a

hypothesis, a variable that can be manipulated by the researcher, and variables that

can be measured, calculated and compared. Most importantly, experimental research

is completed in a controlled environment. This design will be helpful since it is

something to be done when a tool rusts and still can be used.

Locale of the Study

This study was conducted at RC- Al Khwarizmi International College

Foundation Inc, - Science Laboratory School (AKICFI-SLS), a private institute in

Bangsamoro Autonomous Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) in the street of Basak

Malutlut National Highway, Marawi City, Lanao Del Sur. AKICFI was established in

the year of 2008 under the management of Ranao Council. The school currently caters

students from Kindergarten to College level.

Figure 1. map of the locale of the study

Instrumentation

The researchers followed a simple step to came up helpful and reliable result

on how potato peel brought about when used and its possible effect on the surface it is

applied on.

The researchers used the following in this inventigational study:

Materials Quantity

Potato peel extract 42 mL

Baking soda 20 g

Forcep 1 piece

Petri dish 9 pieces

Stirring rod 1 piece

Rusted nails 60 pieces

Water 20 mL

Table of the Experimental Set-up

Time Control group Experimental Group

Concentrated
Baking Soda Diluted Extract
Extract
20g baking soda 7ml pure extract
10 minutes 7ml pure extract
10ml water 10ml water
20g baking soda 7ml pure extract
20 minutes 7ml pure extract
10ml water 10ml water
20g baking soda 7ml pure extract
30 minutes 7ml pure extract
10ml water 10ml water
1,800 minutes 20g baking soda 7ml pure extract
7ml pure extract
(18 hours) 10ml water 10ml water
Data Gathering Procedures

To accumulate the necessary data and information of the study, the following

procedures were done by the researchers.

Step 1. Preparation of Materials

The researchers prepared all the materials needed to conduct the

experimentation which includes the following; potato peel extract, baking soda, water,

rusted nails, petri dish, forcep, stirring rod, peeler, container, blender, and spoon.

The researchers prepared 9 different petri dishes, 3 petri dishes for the group

of baking soda, 3 petri dishes for the group of pure potato peel extract, and 3 petri

dishes for the group of diluted potato peel extract. And in the petri dishes, the

researchers put the 5 rusted nails in each petri dishes.

Step 2. Extracting of Potato Peel

By peeling the potatoes and processing it in the blender, the researchers

gathered the processed potato peels into a cloth, secure and squeezed hard enough to

be able to extract the potato peels, the researchers were able to get the needed potato

peel extract.

Step 3. Removing the Rust

The researchers put the rusted nails in the petri dish and pour enough potato

peel extract to completely cover them. After the interval times of 10 minutes, 20

minutes, 30 minutes, and 1,800 minutes or 18 hours.

Statistical Tools

The computations for the result were done statistically. The statistical tools

used of data gathered by the researchers are as follows:

 1. Mean

∑𝝁
𝝁=
𝑵

Where:

∑μ = sum of population

N = size of population

2. Standard Deviation

∑(𝒙𝒊 − 𝝁)𝟐
𝝈= √
𝑵

Where:

𝑁 = size of population

𝑥𝑖 = each value from the population

𝜇 = population of mean

3. T-test

Where:

t = student’s t-test

m = mean

μ = theoretical value

s = standard deviation

n = variable set size

 Chapter 4
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF

FINDINGS

This chapter deals with the presentation, interpretation, and analyzes of

findings of the data gathered. It contains the studies that are presumed to have

responded to research problems identified in Chapter 1. Moreover, the succession of

graphical and/or tabular presentations here summarizes the result and outcome of such

cases in terms of the potato peel extract as rust remover. It was then followed by

series of discussion the explained the data collected from the experiment.

Overall Data Gathering

In this section, all gathered details are summarized to show the overall result

of the conducted experiment.

Table 4.1 Overall Data Gathered in the Controlled Group (Baking Soda)

After 1,800
After 10 After 20 After 30
Baking Soda minutes
minutes minutes minutes
(18 hours)
Number of
Nails with 5 5 5 5
Rust
Number of
Nails with 0 1 3 5
Reduced Rust

Table 4.1 shows the tabular presentation of the overall data gathered in the

controlled group in which is the baking soda was used as a rust remover. The numbers

of rusted nails used were 5 pieces and it was soaked in the baking soda for the

intervals of 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes and 1, 800 minutes (18 hours).

According to the result, after 10 minutes there is 0 out of 5 nails reduced rust. After

20 minutes, there is 1 out of 5 nails that has reduced rust. After 30 minutes, there are 3
out of 5 nails that has reduced rust. And after 1,800 minutes (18 hours), 5 out of 5

nails reduced the rust.

Therefore, the longer the rusted nails soaked in the baking soda solution, the

more it is effective to remove rust.

In accordance with the study of Sta. Teresa College Junior High School

Department (2018) thesis entitled “The Feasibility of Lemon and Baking Soda as Rust

Remover” prepared and submitted by Verna Alexa De Leon, Khrizia Monique, and

Louis Yvan states that a lemon and a baking soda eliminates rust from iron and steel

without harmful fumes.

Table 4.2 Overall Data Gathered in the Experimental Group (Pure Extract)

After 1, 800
Pure Potato After 10 After 20 After 30
minutes
Peel Extract minutes minutes minutes
(18 hours)
Number of
5 5 5 5
Nails with Rust
Number of
Nails with 0 2 4 5
Reduced Rust

Table 4.2 shows the tabular presentation of the overall data gathered in the

experimental group in which is the pure potato peel extract was used as a rust

remover. The numbers of rusted nails used were 5 pieces and it was soaked in the

pure potato peel extract for the intervals of 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes and 1,

800 minutes (18 hours). According to the result, after 10 minutes there is 0 out of 5

nails reduced rust. After 20 minutes, there are 2 out of 5 nails that have reduced rust.

After 30 minutes, there are 4 out of 5 nails that have reduced rust. And after 1,800

minutes (18 hours), 5 out of 5 nails reduced the rust.

Therefore, the longer the rusted nails soaked in the pure potato peel extract,

the more it is effective to remove rust.

 Shaking flask fermentation was studied with Passion Fruit, and the rust

removal effect of the product was preliminarily verified. The fermentation was

completed in 5 days, and the pH in fruit fermentation broth was 2.7. At room

temperature, the derusting effect of 1 time diluted fruit fermentation broth equaled

that of 3% commercial citric acid, the rust removal time prolonged properly at low

temperature. The results had a guiding significance for producing organic rust

remover from Passion Fruit. (In a study entitled “Study on Production of Organic

Acid as Rust Remover from Passion Fruit Fermented” by Aspergillus Niger 2019).

Table 4.3 Overall Data Gathered in the Experimental Group (Diluted Extract)

After 1,800
Diluted Potato After 10 After 20 After 30
minutes
Peel Extract minutes minutes minutes
(18 hours)
Number of
Nails with 5 5 5 5
Rust
Number of
Nail with 0 2 3 5
Reduced Rust

Table 4.3 shows the tabular presentation of the overall data gathered in the

experimental group in which is the diluted potato peel extract was used as a rust

remover. The numbers of rusted nails used were 5 pieces and it was soaked in the

diluted potato peel extract for the intervals of 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes and

1, 800 minutes (18 hours). According to the result, after 10 minutes there is 0 out of 5

nails reduced rust. After 20 minutes, there are 2 out of 5 nails that have reduced rust.

After 30 minutes, there are 4 out of 5 nails that have reduced rust. And after 1,800

minutes (18 hours), 5 out of 5 nails reduced the rust.

Therefore, the longer the rusted nails soaked in the diluted potato peel extract,

the more it is effective to remove rust.

 According to the study “The Effectiveness of Dilute Acetic Acid Solutions in

Removing Rust Stains” by Ross Ernest (1964), A preliminary laboratory studies

showed that a 2% solution of acetic acid was effective in removing rust. On the basis

of these studies, an experiment was conducted to further evaluate this procedure and

to determine the effect of the treatment on interior quality, shell thickness, as well as

taste and odor of the treated eggs. Eggs were placed in a plastic-coated wire basket

and dipped into an acetic acid solution contained in a 20 gallon of plastic garbage can.

The acetic acid solution was made up to 2% by volume using reagent grade glacial

acetic acid and tap water. The temperature of the acetic acid solution during the

soaking treatment was maintained at approximately 110° F. by the occasional addition

of hot acid solution. The basket containing the eggs was gently agitated occasionally

to insure complete coverage of all the eggs by the solution.

Table 4.4 Distribution of Mean and Standard Deviation of Potato Peel Extract as
a Rust Remover

Potato Peel Extract as a Rust Remover

Diluted
Pure Potato Peel
Baking Soda Potato Peel
Extract
Extract
10 Minutes 0 0 0
20 Minutes 1 2 2
30 Minutes 3 4 3
18 Hours 5 5 5
Mean 2.25 2.75 2.50
Standard
2.217 2.217 2.082
Deviation
Table 4.4 shows the data gathered in experimental group with the use of potato

peel extract as a rust remover. The mean of the baking soda is 2.25 with a standard

deviation of 2.217, the mean of the pure potato peel extract is 2.75 with a standard

deviation of 2.217, and the mean of the diluted potato peel extract is 2.50 with a

standard deviation of 2.082.

 According to the study made by E.M. Attia, Olfat E. Elazabawy, N.S. Hassan’

A.M. Hyba (2020), Carbon steel is commonly used in many industries such as

construction and oil pipelines as it is inexpensive and readily available. However,

corrosion of pipes is one of the biggest issues that occur in oil production, which

causes many economic losses because these pipes are exposed to the problem of

corrosion to a high degree. One of the main drawbacks with most synthetic-type

organic inhibitors is their severe environmental hazard. Therefore, more steps and

efforts have been made to study naturally occurring inhibitors.

Table 4.5 Distribution of Mean Score and T-value of the Three Groups

Group Mean Score T-value Critical Value Interpretation Action Taken

Baking Soda 2.25
Pure Potato Peel
2.75 0.9593280 p > 0.05 No significant Accept Ho
Extract
Diluted Potato
2.50
Peel Extract

Group Mean Score T-value Critical Value Interpretation Action Taken

Pure Potato
2.75
Peel Extract
0.8748156 p > 0.05 No significant Accept Ho
Diluted Potato
2.50
Peel Extract

Group Mean Score T-value Critical Value Interpretation Action Taken

Baking Soda 2.25
Pure Potato 0.7606147 p > 0.05 No significant Accept Ho
2.75
Peel Extract

The table above shows that we accept the null hypothesis Ho since the

significant value or t-value which is equal to 0.959 is greater than the significance

level α=0.05. Therefore, at 95% confidence interval, we conclude that there is no

significant difference between the effectiveness of potato peel extract with different

concentration.

According to Shifrah Combiths (2021), Potatoes (Solanum Tuberosum)

contain oxalic acid, which turns insoluble iron compounds into a soluble complex ion.

That is why it can be used as an alternative repellent agent of a rust stain

 Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter represents the summary of the findings, conclusions, and

recommendations drawn from the findings of the study.

Summary of the Findings

The focus of this research was to see how efficacious the potato peel extract as

a rust remover. This study ought to answer the question; does using a potato peel

extract as an alternative organic rust remover be effective in terms of time? The

researchers used two groups for the rust removal, the control and the experimental

group. The controlled group was the baking soda that has not been mixed with the

extract of the potato peel while the experimental group was the pure potato peel

extract and the diluted potato peel extract. There were four trials for each three

samples provided for both groups.

Based on the gathered data, the following findings were drawn.

1. In the controlled group, the group that was soaked in a baking soda solution

after 10 minutes 0-5 nails reduced rust, after 20 minutes 1-5 nails reduced rust, after

30 minutes 3-5 reduced rust and 1,800 minutes (18 hours) 5-5 nails reduced rust.

2. In the experimental group, the group that was soaked in potato peel extract

solution after 10 minutes 0-5 nails reduced rust, after 20 minutes 2-5 nails reduced

rust,30 minutes 4-5 reduced rust and after 1,800 minutes (18 hours) 5-5 reduced rust.

3. Among the two groups, the controlled group shows a lesser number of mean

scores. The controlled group has an overall mean of 2.25 while the experimental

group has an overall mean of 2.50 and 2.75. Thus, signifying a big difference in its

effectiveness between the two groups.

 4. The processed data also shows that there is no significant difference

between the effectiveness of potato peel in different concentrations since the

calculated t-value of 0.959 is greater than the significance level α=0.05.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the result of the study shows that a potato peel extract can be

used as a rust remover. Thus, the extract of potato peel could be used as an alternative

repellent agent of a rust stain since the experiment done showed its ability to remove a

rust stain.

Recommendations

Based on the conclusions presented in the study, the following

recommendations are suggested;

Household. The researchers recommend to use the potato peel extract to

remove the rust on different materials that have rust.

Students. The researchers recommend to conduct the same study but use

different vegetable like squash and other vegetables that can be agent of rust removal.

Future Researchers. The researchers recommend the future researchers to

conduct the effectivity of the potato peel extract in different level of concentrations

and/or in different time intervals and they may use a bigger tool so they see the

effectivity of the potato peel extract as a rust remover.

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