REPORTING TOPICS

I Three Basic Types of Software Ismael VII General Devices Jugo L

II Types of Computers Sangcad VIII Central Processing Unit Serencio
III Processing Albano IX Operating System Cortez
IV Types of Databases Gutang X Repetitive Strain Injury Saysip
V Types of Input & Input Device Gerale’s Group XI Correct Posture in Using the Computer Cuaro
VI Data Automation Ijirani

I. THREE BASIC TYPES OF SOFTWARE

SOFTWARE UTILITY SOFTWARE

 Software is the general term  Utility software consists of programs designed to support
 Applied to the instructions that direct the computer’s and optimize the functioning of the computer system itself.
hardware to perform work. These are programs that are used to help maintain the
 3 Basic Types of Software system, clean up unwanted programs, protect the system
o SYSTEM SOFTWARE against virus attacks, access the World Wide Web (WWW),
o UTILITY SOFTWARE and the like.
o APPLICATION SOFTWARE CATEGORIES
 The categories include at least:
SYSTEM SOFTWARE o Security programs
 It “boots up” (starts up and initializes) the computer system; o Disk management utilities
controls input, output, and storage; and controls the o Backup utilities
operations of the application software. o Screen saver
BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT SYSTEM o Archival software
 The first level of system control is handled by the basic o Programming environment support programs
input/output system (BIOS) stored on a ROM chip on the
motherboard. The software on the BIOS chip is the first part APPLICATION SYSTEM
of the computer to function when the system is turned on.  Applications software includes the various programs that
OPERATING SYSTEM users require to perform day-to-day tasks like to do work,
process data, play games, communicate with others, and
 An OS is the overall controller of the work of the computer.
watch videos and multimedia programs on a computer.
The OS is software loaded from the hard drive into RAM as
They are the programs that support the actual work of the
soon as the computer is turned on.
user.
TYPES OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE
 EXAMPLES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE
o For desktop computers, laptops and tablets:  Word Processing Software:
 Microsoft Windows o Google Docs, Microsoft Word, WordPad and Notepad
 MacOS (for Apple devices)  Database Software:
 GNU/Linux o MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access,
o For smartphones: Oracle, IBM DB2 and FoxPro
 Apple’s iOS  Spreadsheet Software:
 Google’s Android o Google Sheets, Apple Numbers and Microsoft Excel
 Windows Phone OS  Multimedia Software:
o Media Player, Winamp, QuickTime and VLC Media
Player
 Presentation Software:
o Google Slides, Microsoft Powerpoint, Keynotes,
Prezzy

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II. TYPES OF COMPUTERS

TYPES OF COMPUTERS MICROCOMPUTERS

 Supercomputers (PERSONAL COMPUTERS OR PCS)
 Mainframes  used for an increasing number of independent applications
 Microcomputers (personal computers or pcs) as well as serving as a desktop link to the programs of the
 Server mainframe.
 portable, laptops, notebook, and handheld computers.
 Workstation
CLASSES OF COMPUTERS o is part of a computer network and generally would be
 Analog Computer expected to have more than a regular desktop PC of
 Digital Computer most everything, like memory, storage space, and
 Hybrid Computer speed.

MAINFRAMES
 is the workhorse of the business world
 is the heart of a network of computers or terminals which
allows hundreds of people to work at the same time on the
same data
SERVER
 refers to a computer's function rather than to a specific kind
of computer. runs a network of computers. handles sharing
of equipment like printers and the communication between
computers on the network.

III. PROCESSING

PROCESSING MAJOR WORD PROCESSOR

 Is the ability of the computer.  Microsoft word
o Calculations  WordPerfect
o Comparisons
 Lotus WordPro
o Decision
DATABASE
 is a collection of data that you want to manage, rearrange,
WORD PROCESSING
and add to later.
 is the application that is used most
 often and most widely.

IV. TYPES OF DATABASES

TYPES OF DATABASES HIERARCHICAL DATABASES

 Relational databases  These databases organize data in a tree-like structure, with
 NoSQL databases each node having one parent and multiple children.
 Object-oriented databases
 Hierarchical databases NETWORK DATABASES
 Network databases  These databases are similar to hierarchical databases, but
 In-memory databases allow each node to have multiple parents.
 Centralized databases
 Distributed databases IN-MEMORY DATABASES
 These databases store data in computer memory instead of
RELATIONAL DATABASE on disk, which allows for faster access times.
 They use a structured query language (SQL) to access and
manipulate data. CENTRALIZED DATABASE
 Store data on a single CPU bound to a single certain
NOSQL DATABASES physical/geographical location.
 They do not use tables and SQL, but instead use different
data models, such as document-based, key-value, or graph DISTRIBUTED DATABASE
databases.  A database that runs and stores data across multiple
computers, as opposed to doing everything on a single
OBJECT-ORIENTED DATABASES machine.
 These databases store data in objects, which are similar to
the objects used in object-oriented programming.

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V. TYPES OF INPUT & INPUT DEVICE
INPUT DEVICE
MOUSE
 A ball underneath rolls as the mouse moves across the
mouse pad. The cursor on the screen follows the motion of
the mouse.
OPTICAL MOUSE
 There are new mice that don't have a ball. They use a laser
to sense the motion of the mouse instead.
 No mouse pad needed
TRACKBALL
 Instead of moving the whole mouse around, the user rolls
the trackball only, which is on the top or side. It does not
need as much desk space as a mouse. It is not as tiring
since less motion is needed. It also requires fine control of
the ball with just one finger or thumb. Repeated motion of
the same muscles is tiring and can cause carpal tunnel
syndrome
GLIDE PAD
 Uses a touch sensitive pad for controlling cursor. The user
slides finger across the pad and the cursor follows the finger
movement. For clicking there are buttons, or you can tap on
the pad with a finger. The glide pad is a popular alternate
pointing device for laptops.
PDA
 Used especially in Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). Pen is
used for Data input.
TOUCH SCREEN
 Make selection by just touching the screen. It's natural to do
reach out and touch something. It's tiring if many choices
must be made It takes a lot of screen space for each choice
since fingers are bigger than cursors.
DIGITIZERS AND GRAPHICS TABLETS
 Converts drawings, photos, etc. to digital signal.
TERMINALS
 A terminal consists of a keyboard and a screen so it can be
considered an Input device, especially some of the
specialized types.
 Some come as single units
o Display
o Video Display Terminal
DUMB TERMINAL
 has no ability to process or store data. It is linked to
minicomputer, mainframe, or super computer. The
keyboard and viewing screen may be a single piece of
equipment.
AN INTELLIGENT, SMART, OR PROGRAMMABLE
TERMINAL
 can process or store on its own, at least to a limited extent.
PCs can be used as smart terminals.
POINT-OF-SALE TERMINAL (POS)
 is an example of a special purpose terminal. These have
replaced the old cash registers in nearly all retail stores.
They can update inventory while calculating the sale. They
often have special purpose keys.
MULTIMEDIA
 Multimedia is a combination of sound and images with text
and graphics. This would include movies, animations,
music, people talking, sound effects like the roar of a crowd
and smashing glass.
SOUND INPUT
 Recording sounds for your computer requires special
equipment. Microphones can capture sounds from the air at
which the sound signal is converted to a computer signal for
easy processing.
SOUND EFFECTS OR VOICES
 For music the best results come from using a musical
instrument that is connect directly to the computer.
Software can combine music recorded at different times.
You could be music group all by yourself -singing and
playing the music you want.
VIDEO INPUT
 For music the best results come from using a musical
instrument that is connect directly to the computer.
Software can combine music recorded at different times.
You could be music group all by yourself -singing and
playing the music you want.
A VIDEO CAMERA OR RECORDER (VCR)
 can record data that can be uploaded to the computer
system.
WEB CAM
 is a tiny video camera designed specially to sit on your
computer, it feeds pictures directly to the computer- no tape
or film to develop. Of course, you are limited by the length
of the cable that connects the camera to the computer.
TYPES OF INPUT
 Data is the raw facts given to the computer. Programs are
the sets of instructions that direct the computer. Commands
are special codes or key words that the user inputs to
perform a task, like run "Accounts. These can be selected
from a menu of commands like "Open” on the File menu.
They may also be chosen by clicking on is command button.

KEYBOARD
 The first input device we will look at is the Keyboard. The
keyboard is used to type information into the computer or
Input information.
KEYBOARD SYMBOLS
 The following chart displays the character symbols, name
and Latin-1 Number on standard keyboard in their
approximate position on the keyboard. Most characters
from any Roman based language can be created on any
computer using the American Standard Code for
Information American National Standards Institute's (ANSI)
formatting standards Interchange or ASCII. Most computers
and software also recognized well.
ALPHABET KEYS
 The letters of the alphabet and some punctuation marks are
in these three rows. The order of the keys is called
QWERTY from the order of the keys on the top row.
ALT
 The Alt key doesn't do anything by itself. But if you hold it
down while pressing another key, the effect of that key may
be different from usual. Exactly what will happen will
depend on what program is running at the time.
ARROW KEYS
 These four keys are used to move the cursor on the screen.
The up and down arrows move the cursor up or down one
line. The left and right arrows move the cursor one
character.
BACKSPACE
 The Backspace key erases the character on the left of the
cursor and moves the cursor that direction, too.
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CAPS LOCK
 When the Caps Lock key is on, pressing any alphabetic key
will result in an upper case (capital) letter. The number and
symbol keys are not affected, however. Watch out - this is
different from typewriters.
CONTROL
 The control key does nothing all by itself. It must be pressed
in combination with other keys. When used in combination,
the control key changes the normal effect of a key. Exactly
what will happen depends on the software in use at the
time.
DELETE
 The delete key is used to erase the character just to the
right of the cursor any text beyond the erased character is
moved to the left.
END
 The End key is a navigation key. It will send the cursor to
the end of the current line.
ENTER
 The Enter key is used in several ways. In word processing,
it acts like the Return key on a typewriter by starting a new
line. It is also used in placed a mouse click with buttons and
drop-down menus.
ESCAPE
 The Escape key is used to cancel actions in progress before
they finish. It also used to close certain dialog boxes.
FUNCTION KEYS
 The Function keys are numbered F1, F2, F3,....F12.
 These are programmable keys. That is, programs can
assign actions to these keys. S the same key might produce
different results in different programs.
HOME
 The home key is navigation key for the cursor. It will move
the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
INSERT
 The insert key is a toggle key that is, repeatedly pressing it
will alternate between two effects.
o Typing overtypes characters already there
o Typing inserts characters in between the characters
that are already there.
NUMERIC KEYPAD
 When the Num Lock key is on, these keys are used to enter
numbers as with an adding machine. When the Num Lock
key is off, the keys act as navigation keys using the
alternate markings on each key.
MINUS
 When Num Lock is on, the Minus key performs subtraction
on the numbers entered. When Num Lock is off, the Minus
key will type a hyphen like this -
NUMBER/SYMBOL KEYS
 On this row of keys, you will see two characters, one at the
top of the key and one at the bottom. The upper character
is a symbol and is accessed by holding the Shift key down
while pressing the key. Numbers can also be typed from the
Numeric Keypad.
NUM LOCK
 When Num Lock is on, the Numeric Keypad responds with
numbers, as an adding machine. When Num lock is off, the
Numeric Keypad responds as navigation keys using the
alternate markings on the keys.
PAGE DOWN
 The Page Down key is navigation key which will drop the
displayed area down the page one screen's worth. It doesn't
necessarily move a whole literal page at a time. That would
depend on the height of a page.
PAGE UP
 The Page Up key is navigation key which will move the
cursor up the displayed area one screen's worth. It does not
usually move a literal page at a time. That would depend on
the height of a page.
PAUSE
 The Pause key is little used under Windows. Under DOS it
is used to halt actions in progress, often so that messages
on the screen can be read before they scroll off the screen.
SPACEBAR
 The Spacebar is used to enter blank spaces in text.
Sometimes it can also be used instead of a mouse click on
buttons.
SLASH
 When Num Lock is on, the Slash key acts as a division sign
on the numbers entered. When Num lock is off, the Slash
key types a /.
SHIFT
 The Shift key is used in combination with the alphabetic
keys to get upper case. With a numeric/symbol key using
the Shift will give the character at the top of the key. The
Shift key can be used in combination with the Alt and
Control keys to change the effects of another key.
SCROLL LOCK
 The Scroll Lock key is more useful under DOS where
pressing it will stop text on the screen from scrolling off the
top of the screen. This gives you time to read or print it
before continuing.
PLUS
 When Num Lock is on, this key performs addition. When
Num Lock is off, this key prints a +.
TAB
 The Tab key is used to move the cursor over to the right to
a pre-set point. This is especially used in word processing
to line up text vertically.
PRINT SCREEN
The Print Screen key is more useful under DOS
than under Windows. Under DOS pressing the Print Screen key
immediately sends the contents of the screen to the printer.
TIMES
 When Num Lock is on, the Times key acts as a
multiplication sign on the numbers entered. When Num
Lock is off, the Times key types a *.
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VI. DATA AUTOMATION

DATA AUTOMATION
 the process of using software to automatically collect,
process, and store data in databases
FIRST GOAL
 to avoid mistakes in data entry by making the initial entering
of the data as automatic as possible. Different situations
require different methods and equipment
 For example, the old-style cash register would add up your
purchase and calculate the tax. The clerk entered the
amounts by hand (the data entry part). Later the numbers
off the store copy of the cash register tapes would have to
be added up manually, or entered into a computer program
(another data entry task). For an up-to- date inventory
someone would have to go count all the things on the
shelves (a third data entry task).

SECOND GOAL Increase operational efficiency and reduce errors in data

processing.
 to avoid having to re-enter data to perform a different task
with it

VII. GENERAL DEVICES

PAGE SCANNER
 The scanner works like a copy machine. It captures a whole STANDARD DISK SIZE AND ITS CORRESPONDING
page and converts it to digital image. The scanned text STORAGE CAPACITY
cannot be edited at this point. DISK SIZE AMOUNT OF STORAGE
5.25 Low density 360 Kb
HAND SCANNER 3.5 Low density 720 Kb
 You move the device across the document or picture. It will 5.25 High density 1.2 mb
capture only a section of page or a large image. 3.5 High density 1.44 mb
CD 650 mb
 Diagram of the Machine Cycle DVD/DVX 4.5 GB
o Fetch
o Decode
o Execute AUXILIARY STORAGE = SECONDARY STORAGE
o Store  Holds what is not currently being processed.
 It is NONVOLATILE, meaning that turning the power off
INPUT/OUTPUT STORAGE does not erase it.
 When you enter new data, the keystrokes must be stored  Auxiliary storage is used for:
until the computer can do something with the new data. o Input - data and programs
o Output - saving the results of processing
MAIN MEMORY= PRIMARY STORAGE
 This is where the computer stores the data and commands AUXILIARY STORAGE
that are currently used. When the computer is turned off, all 1. FLASH MEMORY
data in main memory vanishes. A data storage method of
 also known as flash storage, these are solid-state devices
this type is called VOLATILE since the data evaporate.
that read and write data electrically, instead of magnetically
2. USB DRIVE
PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES
1.COMPACT DISK OR CDS  Type of memory storage device does not yet have a
generally accepted name. All are small about the size of
 Can store large amounts of information. One disk will store your thumb or a large car key.
650mb.
3. REMOVABLE HARD DRIVE
2. DVD DISK
 >A type of disk drive system in which hard disks are
 Can store over 4 gigabytes. DVD recorders allow you to enclosed in plastic or metal cartridges so that they can be
store large files, such as movies, on a single disk. removed like floppy disks.
3. HARD DISK
 Store the majority of information on today’s modern
computer. Standard Hard disk stores 30GB or more.
4. FLOPPY DISK/ DISKETTE
 are used for moving information between computers,
laptops or other devices.

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VIII. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT CPU

 The CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is the part of the  Control Unit
computer where work gets done.  ALU
 Control Unit
o This is the part of the computer that control the MAIN MEMORY
Machine Cycle.
 Arithmetic Logic Unit  Operating System
o is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and  Applications
logical operations on input data or values.  Input/output storage
 Main Memory  Working storage
o This is where the computer stores the data and  Unused storage
commands that are currently being used.
PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES
MACHINE CYCLE  Is referred to as the main memory or internal memory which
is located in the motherboard of the CPU.
o ROM
o RAM
o Flash Memory
o Cache Memory

SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES

 works alongside the computer’s primary storage, RAM, and
cache memory.
o Hard Drive
o Solid State Drive
o Universal Serial Bus
o Optical Secondary Storage

IX. OPERATING SYSTEM

OPERATING SYSTEM
 A computer's operating system is a robust and frequently
large program that maintains and controls the hardware and
other software on the device.
 Operating systems are necessary for every computer and
device that resembles a computer, including your laptop,
tablet, desktop, smartphone, smartwatch, and router.
WORKING STORAGE
 The numbers and characters that are the intermediate
results of computer operations must be stored until the final
values are calculated. These values "in profress" are kept
in temporary locations.
COMPUTER COMMUNICATION
 It is the transmission of data and information over a
communications channel between two computers, which
can be several different things.
BASIC COMMUNICATION TYPES
 Data communication
 Telecommunications
 Teleprocessing
DATA COMMUNICATION
 Data communications (dc) is the process of transferring
data between participating parties or from one location to
another using computing and communication technology.
 Another way to talk about different types of data
communications is to refer to the functionality that is
available for a sender and a receiver to use. For example,
a common example of data communications is a computer
connected to the Internet via a Wi-Fi connection, which
uses a wireless medium to send and receive data from one
or more remote servers.
TELECOMMUNICATION
 Telecommunications, usually referred to as telecom, is the
electronic transfer of information over great distances,
including voice, data, and video.
TELEPROCESSING
 Teleprocessing describes a computer capable of
connecting to another computer or network device.

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X. REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY (RSI)

REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURIES ARE VERY COMMON  Poor posture when sitting or standing.
AND USUALLY AFFECT YOUR:  Working in the cold.
 Finger and Thumb WHO GETS RSI?
 Wrists  Most common people affected include:
 Elbows o Workers with physically demanding jobs.
 Arms o Athletes.
 Shoulders o Musicians.
 Knees o People who sit at a desk or use a computer often
THE SYMPTOMS USUALLY START GRADUALLY HOW TO PREVENT RSI?
AND CAN INCLUDE:  Adjust desk and pc area
 pain  Get up and move around
 stiffness and weakness  Stretch
 tingling, pins-and-needles or numbness HOW ARE REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURIES
 muscle cramps TREATED?
 Swelling  Rest
CAUSES OF REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY (RSI)  Ice
 Working out too hard without warming up and cooling down  Compression
 Sports or other activities that require you to use the same  Elevation
motion repeatedly.

CORRECT POSTURE IN USING THE COMPUTER

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