GED 103 – REVIEWER *Rizal is not from a poor family.

Both of his
parents are highly educated individual.
Republic Act 1425 – known as Rizal Law
Francisco Mercado – Rizal’s father; graduated
Senator Jose P. Laurel - the person who
from Colegio de San Jose. He studied Latin,
sponsored the Rizal Law
Philosophy, and Letters
*Jose Rizal is considered as de facto national
Teodora Alonzo – graduated from a university
hero means there is no law considered Rizal as
in Sta. Rosa, Laguna. She studied Literature,
the national hero
Art, Music, and Filipino culture.
Claro M. Recto – the author of Rizal Law
EARLY EDUCATION OF RIZAL
Senate Bill 438 – the original context is to
*During Spanish colonization, Philippines had
teach the Noli and El Fili in public and private
4R’s (reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion)
colleges.
as their basic education.
Frailocracy – prayle and pinakamataas
*Religion is part of their studies.
*Ang simbahan ay tutol sa Senate Bill 438 dahil
*Instruction was rigid and strict.
ang context ng El Fili at Noli ay against sa
simbahan na maaaring mapalitan ang *Not all Filipinos can’t afford studyi9ng
paniniwala ng mga Pilipino tungkol sa relihiyon
THE HERO’S FIRST TEACHER
Three senators who are against with SB 438:
Dona Teodora Alonzo – his first teacher. She
1. Mariano J. Cuenco also the one who taught Rizal about alphabet,
2. Francisco Rodrigo prayers, reading, and poetry. She also the one
3. Decoroso Rosales who discovered that his son had a talent for
poetry. And lastly, she is the one who
Two historians:
encourage him to write poems.
1. Ambeth Ocampo
THE EARLY RELIGIOUS FORMATION
2. Xiao Chua
*Most of the Filipinos belong to Catholicism
Rizal’s citizenship
*Young Rizal was a religious boy.
1. Filipino
2. Chinese *At the age of 3, he began to take part the
3. Spanish family prayers. When he was 5 yrs old, e was
4. Japanese able to read haltingly the family bible.
5. Malay
*He loved to go to church to pray, to take part
6. Arab
in novenas, and to join the religious
*But the most known Rizal’s citizenships are processions. It is said that he was so seriously
Filipino, Chinese, Spanish, and Japanese devout that he was laughingly called Manong
Jose by the Hermanos and Hermanas
*Paciano was affiliated with the GOMBURZA
Terceras.
that is the reason why did Rizal change his
surname. *One of the men he esteemed and respected in
Calamba during his boyhood was the scholarly
June 19, 1861 – birthdate of Rizal
Father Leoncio Lopez, the town priest.
Calamba, Laguna – place of birth
December 30, 1896 – date when Rizal died
First pilgrimage of Rizal – June 6, 1868 in
Antipolo with his father. Jose’s first trip across
Laguna de Bay.
EARLY RELIGIOUS WRITINGS AND
EXPERIENCES
*Al Niño Jesus and A La Virgen Maria was the
two separate religious poems of Rizal during
his Ateneo days.
*Ode to Jesus was his first poem written in
1875. It has eight verses only and it is based
on Spanish poetry standards. It is considered
as octava real.
EARLY EDUCATION
Three private tutors:
1. Maestro Celestino
2. Maestro Lucas Padua
3. Leon Monroy
*Leon Monroy was a friend of his father and his
father’s classmate in college. He is the one
who taught Rizal about Spanish and Latin. He
did not live long, he died 5 months later.
*Because of Leon Monroy, Rizal was sent to a
private school in Biñan.
*This private school was owned by Justiniano
Aquino Cruz.
*In Binan, he was accompanied by his brother,
Paciano. Paciano was a father figure to Rizal
and had an important role in Rizal’s life.
*His first day in that private school is not that a
good experience because the set up that he
had with Justiniano Aquino Cruz was not like
with his private tutors. They are in an exclusive
class.
*On his first day, Rizal had a fight with Andres
(punong braso)
*He tried to focus not only on his study but also
in arts.
*His early education was in Calamba and
Binan.
THE INSPIRATION OF THE PARABLE OF
THE MOTH
*This parable serves an inspiration regarding
on the life of Rizal because in reality that was
what happened to Rizal.
EARLY EDUCATION IN ATENEO
During Spanish Period, we have two types of
priests:
1. Secular Priests – gives seven
sacraments to the Christian State
Countries already
2. Friars – missionary priests; they
dedicate their lives to outreach people.
*Friars had organizations depend on their
mission:
1. Dominican priests
2. Franciscan priests
3. Jesuits
*The first plan of Rizal’s parents was to send
him in Letran because it is well-known school
and has a good reputation. However, there is a
certain incident happended to their family. So,
instead of going to Letran he was sent to
Ateneo.
*When Rizal went to Ateneo he was not
accepted because he was a late enrollee and
because of his physical features – he had a
frail body.
*However, his family’s affiliation with
GOMBURZA specifically to father Burgos he
was accepted in Ateneo.
*Ateneo was considered as the finest school in
the Philippines because of the rigorous
intellectual standards of the Jesuits.
*When Jesuits came back to Philippines, they
were assigned to manage the Ateneo school.
They are well-known of having a high standard
and have strategies and methods on giving
instructions.
*The Ateneo system was based on Roman
Cartegian Wars.
Each student was divided into two group
according to their origin:
1. Roman Empire – if the student was from
the walls of Intramuros.
2. Carthaginian Empire – if the students
were outside the walls of Intramuros.
*Each empire had a flag. Roman empires had
a red flag while the Carthaginian empire had
blue.
Each group had top students:
1. Emperador (top 1)
2. Tribuna (top 2)
3. Decuna (top 3)
4. Centurion (top 4)
5. Flag bearer (top 5)
*Rizal became the emperador in Carthaginian
empire.
*Each group had only six times to lose.
Sobresaliente – pinakamahusay in Filipino. The
highest grade.
Rizal’s Formative Years in Ateneo and
Scholastic Records
* While at Ateneo, Rizal won a special prize in
poetry for “A La Javentud Filipina,” and he
cultivated the intellectual direction which led to
his nationalistic writings
* he was remembered as an original thinker, a
creative scholar and a natural leader. The
Ateneo years were a coming-out period for
Rizal. He not only became the leader of his
fellow students, but he also took up fencing
and gymnastics
* The most noticeable change in Rizal’s
education was his mastery of Spanish. When
Rizal began school, he was only moderately
successful in speaking and writing Spanish.
But Rizal worked hard, read constantly and
finally Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez
remarked that he was becoming proficient in
the language. At this point, Rizal began writing
in Spanish. Most of his famous works were
written in that language.
Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez –
encourage Rizal to push him to practice this
craft. He was expertise in liberal arts.
Father Jose Villaclara – expertise in sciences
and philosophy. He also encourage Rizal to
pursue science in order for him to express his
nationalistic ideas; conviced rizal to take
scientific attitude of life.
Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria
(Through Education the Fatherland Receives
Glory)
- argues that education is an integral part
of the national character.
- Witten in his Ateneo days
Ateneo Municipal de Manila
- Ateneo’s name during Spanish period
*Ambeth Ocampo said that Rizal was not a
good student. He had records of Rizal from
UST. However, he found out that Rizal was
excellent student in Ateneo.
* One of the problems with Rizal’s education
was the lack of intellectual growth. After
Ateneo, he enrolled at the University of Santo
Tomas.
College Life in Unibersidad de Santo Tomas
*UST was managed by Dominican priests while
the Ateneo was managed by Jesuits.
UST
- Considered as the first university in Asia
- Dominican school
 - It was at the University of Sto Tomas
that Rizal continued to create his vision
of Philippine nationalism
*The Dominican school was an important
change for young Rizal. It was here that Rizal
improved on the academic lessons he learned
in Ateneo and placed them at the boarder
historical perspective.
Why was the University of Sto Tomas so
influential upon Rizal’s intellectual
development?
*Part of the influence can be traced to the
history of the University of Sto Tomas.
*Quietly on his own, Rizal continued to work on
his political ideas.
*He received passing marks but found that the
heavy emphasis on science was not to his
liking. He remained a poet at heart and his
educational goal was toward the liberal arts.
* Rizal, upon entering the university, was not
certain which course of study he wanted to
pursue. The Jesuit priests who had been his
former mentors had advised him to take up
farming, or to join the order and be a man of
the cloth. However, his tastes went towards
law, literature, or medicine.
In the end, he decided to sign up for
Philosophy and Letters during his freshman
year because of the following reasons:
1. It was what his father would have
wanted for him.
2. He had failed to seek the advice of the
rector of the Ateneo, Father Ramon
Pablo
As part of the course, he had to complete units
in the following subjects:
1. Cosmology and Metaphysics
2. Theodicy
3. History of Philosophy
After completing his first year, Rizal decided
to take up medicine as his university
course. This change of heart was due to
two factors:
1. Father Ramon Pablo, rector of the
Ateneo, had advised him to pursue the
course.
2. Rizal's mother had failing eyesight and
he thought he owed it to her to become
a doctor and cure her condition
Rizal's performance at the University of Santo
Tomas was not as excellent as his time at the
Ateneo. His grades after shifting to medicine
had suffered as well:
Unfortunately, Rizal was not happy at UST and
this reflected on his grades (Zaide & Zaide,
1999). There were three main factors that
contributed to his unhappiness at the
university, namely:
1. The Dominican professors were hostile
to him.
2. Filipino students suffered discrimination.
3. The method of instruction at UST was
obsolete and repressive.
Likewise, there were three main reasons for
his struggling academic performance
(Guerrero, 1998):
1. Rizal was not satisfied with the system of
education at the university.
2. Here were plenty of things to distract a
young man in the peak of his youth.
3. Medicine was not Rizal's true vocation.
He would later find out that his real calling
was in the arts, not in medicine.
Rizal made a group during his UST days
called Compañerismo because of
discrimination.
 - Nabasang novel ni Rizal habang nagta-travel
- Rizal’s favorite novel
- Rizal’s inspiration to make his own novel

Well known propagandist

1. Jose Rizal
1884 – pinayagang magtravel abroad ang mga 2. Graciano Lopez Jaena – prinsipe ng
mayayamang Filipino mananalumpating Pilipino
- Author ng Fray Botod (Brother Fatso) which
*Ang main goal ng mga propaganda ay maging equal portaits provincial friars
ang treatment ng mga Filipino at Spanish - Founder of La Solidaridad
May 1882 – Rizal pursue his studies abroad - Unang naglunsad ng kilusang propaganda
3. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Universidad Central de Madrid in Spain 4. Mariano Ponce
- Pagkuha ng license ng medicine
- Itinuloy ang philosophy and letters
Bumalik si Rizal sa Europe upang tapusin ang El
June 1883 – traveled to France Filibusterismo at Sucessos de las Islas Filipinas

REASON WHY DID RIZAL TRAVEL IN ABROAD
Aside from continuing his study, he had a mission given
by his brother, Paciano, to discover the European
culture and apply it in the Philippines
Sucessos de las Islas Filipinas
– history of the Philippine Island
- Edition of Antonio de Morgas’s seventeenth
century work

August 1887 – Rizal returned to Manila from Europe

after 5yrs HOW PROPAGANDA ENDS

Ophthalmology – course 1. Arrest of Rizal

2. Too much internal issues of La Solidaridad
Archbishop of Manila – binan yung possession at 3. Walang budget
pagbabasa ng Noli 4. Namatay si Jaena at Del Pilar

After 6 months, Rizal left Manila for Hongkong 1895 – hindi na nag-imprenta ng La Solidaridad
- Westward ang rutang dinaanan
- Singapore, Yemen, West Canal in Italy, France
and Spain TRAVELS OF RIZAL

When he was in abroad, ang una niyang pinuntahan ay

Barcelona.
French language ang ginagamit sa barko. Hindi
maintindihan ang French ni Rizal kaya gumamit si Rizal Ang capital ay Spain ay Madrid.
ng Spanish and Latin.

PAG-AARAL NG MEDICINE
The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas - It took him a lot of yrs to get his license
After sa Madrid, pumunta siya ng France para tingnan
ang practice ng medesina.
Then sinimulan niya ang Noli Me Tangere
Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) (Huag mo kong
Salingin)
- Published 1887 in Berlin Germany
- 64 chapters originally pero nagging 63 dahil
kulang sa budget
- Sa bible nanggaling ang Noli Me Tangere; book
of John
 Nakipag-usap siya sa gobernor heneral na ito ay
isa lamang novel
 Dahil sag alit ng mga prayle, pinaalis siya sa
bansa at 5,000 pesos lamang ang kanyang dala
at ito ay kita niya nooong siya ay nagdo-doctor.
 Para hindi siya masundan, east-west ang
kanyang ruta (Hongkong, Macau, Japan, USA,
and etc.)
 Iniiwasan niya ang kapwa Pilipino at Kastila
dahil baka ito ay espiya.

February 1888 – nagstay siya sa Victoria Hotel

Nagkaroon ng financial problem si Rizal kaya hindi April 13, 1888 – Rizal boarded a ship Belgic
agad na-publish ang Noli.

 Mayroon siyang diary kung saan niya nilalagay

Dr. Maximo Viola ang landscapes.

- Nagpautang kay Rizal ng 300 pesos para

mailimbag ang Noli
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas – histographical and
anthropological pre-colonial set up of Philippines

 Noong na-publish ang Noli, binigyan niya ng
copy sina Viola, Blumentritt, at kasama niya sa
propaganda.
Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt
 Nakita niya ang isang kopya ng Sucesos de las
Islas Filipinas sa isang british museum.
 Dahil sa pagtitipid, kinopya niya lamang ito.
 Pagkatapos niyang basahin ito, nagkaroon siya
ng annotation.

- Kaibigan ni Rizal
New Calamba – planned Filipino settlement of Rizal
- Nag-translate ng Noli into German
Propaganda Organization – Asociación Hispano Filipino
in Spain
Hindi kayang basahin ng mga Pilipino ang Noli Me
La Solidaridad – tool of propaganda
Tangere

 Del Pilar and Rizal had different perspectives.

Prayle at ilustrado
Del Pilar’s perspective is private entity of
- Unang nakabasa ng Noli propaganda. While Rizal’s perspective is
- Noong nalaman nila ang Noli, pina-ban ang nationalistic goals.
pagbabasa ng Noli  Pinaubaya niya kay Del Pilar ang pagiging leader
ng propaganda dahil naniniwala siya na ang
 May ginawa silang gathering at ita-translate sa laban niya ay nasa Pilipinas at hind isa Spain.
Filipino kaya nalaman ng mga ordinaryong  He tried to stay in Hongkong before siya umuwi
Pilipino. sa Pilipinas.
 Kapag nakitaan ka ng libro at gathering,
authomatic dadamputin ka.
  Doon niya itinatag ang La Liga Fiipina. Ito ay
parang katulad ng propaganda. Ngunit naaresto
siya dahil sa mga accusations sa kanya.
 Walang gusting pumalit sa kanya kaya ang
sumunod na ay revolution.
EL FILIBUSTERISMO (The Reign of Greed) (Ang Paghahari
ng Kasakiman)
March 1891 – natapos niya ang El Filibusterismo sa
France
September 1891 – napublish sa Ghent
 Meron itong 39 chapters
INFORMATION FROM MODULE
JOSE RIZAL'S TRAVELS ABROAD
 The major transportation means were
streamers, horse-power, trains, and foot.
José Rizal and the Propaganda Movement
 The new discipline of anthropology was of
special interest to him; he was committed to
refuting the friars' stereotypes of Filipino racial
inferiority with scientific arguments. His
greatest impact on the development of a
Filipino national consciousness, however, was
his publication of two novels--Noli Me Tangere
(Touch me not) in 1886 and El Filibusterismo
(The reign of greed) in 1891.
 Other important Propagandists included
Graciano Lopez Jaena, a noted orator and
pamphleteer who had left the islands for Spain
in 1880 after the publication of his satirical
short novel, Fray Botod (Brother Fatso), an
unflattering portrait of a provincial friar. In
1889 he established a biweekly newspaper in
Barcelona, La Solidaridad (Solidarity), which
became the principal organ of the Propaganda
Movement, having audiences both in Spain and
in the islands
 Its contributors included Rizal; Dr. Ferdinand
Blumentritt, an Austrian geographer and
ethnologist whom Rizal had met in Germany;
and Marcelo del Pilar, a reformminded lawyer.
Del Pilar was active in the antifriar movement in
the islands until obliged to flee to Spain in 1888,
where he became editor of La Solidaridad and
assumed leadership of the Filipino community
in Spain.
 In 1887 Rizal returned briefly to the islands, but
because of the furor surrounding the
appearance of Noli Me Tangere the previous
year, he was advised by the governor to leave.
He returned to Europe by way of Japan and
North America to complete his second novel
and an edition of Antonio de Morga's
seventeenth-century work, Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas (History of the Philippine Islands). The
latter project stemmed from an ethnological
interest in the cultural connections between the
peoples of the pre-Spanish Philippines and
those of the larger Malay region (including
modern Malaysia and Indonesia) and the closely
related political objective of encouraging
national pride. De Morga provided positive
information about the islands' early inhabitants,
and reliable accounts of pre-Christian religion
and social customs
 After a stay in Europe and Hong Kong, Rizal
returned to the Philippines in June 1892, partly
because the Dominicans had evicted his father
and sisters from the land they leased from the
friars' estate at Calamba, in Laguna Province.
He also was convinced that the struggle for
reform could no longer be conducted effectively
from overseas. In July 3, 1892 he established
the Liga Filipina (Philippine League), designed
to be a truly national, nonviolent organization.
It was dissolved, however, following his arrest
and exile to the remote town of Dapitan in
northwestern Mindanao.
 The Propaganda Movement languished after
Rizal's arrest and the collapse of the Liga
Filipina. La Solidaridad went out of business in
November 1895, and in 1896 both del Pilar and
Lopez Jaena died in Barcelona, worn down by
 poverty and disappointment. An attempt was
made to reestablish the Liga Filipina, but the
national movement had become split between
ilustrado advocates of reform and peaceful
evolution (the compromisarios, or
compromisers) and a plebeian constituency that
wanted revolution and national independence.
Because the Spanish refused to allow genuine
reform, the initiative quickly passed from the
former group to the latter
THE TRAVELS OF RIZAL
 He enrolled in a course in medicine at the
Universidad Central de Madrid in Spain. In
June 1883, he traveled to France to observe
how medicine was being practiced there.
 After his three-month sojourn in France, Rizal
returned to Madrid and thought about
publishing a book that exposed the colonial
relationship of Spain and the Philippines. This
idea was realized in March 1887, with the
publication of the novel Noli Me Tangere in
Germany.
 Rizal returned to Manila in August 1887, after
five years in Europe. However, his homecoming
was met by the friars’ furor over Noli Me
Tangere. The Archbishop of Manila issued an
order banning the possession and reading of the
novel, an order that was later reinforced by the
governor-general. Six months later, pressured
by the Spanish authorities as well as by his
family and friends to leave the country and
avoid further persecution, Rizal left Manila for
Hong Kong.
 Rizal arrived in England in May 1888. In
August, he was admitted to the British
Museum, where he copied Antonio de Morga’s
massive study of the Philippines, Sucesos de
las Islas Filipinas, which Rizal later annotated
for publication “as a gift to the Filipinos.” In the
museum he devoted his time reading all the
sources on Philippine history that he could find.
 In March 1891, Rizal finished writing his second
novel, El Filibusterismo, in France. He planned
to publish the book in Belgium, but was
financially hard up. His brother’s support from
back home was delayed in coming, and he was
scrimping on meals and expenses. Finally, in
September 1890, El Filibusterismo was
published in Ghent using donations from Rizal’s
friends.
 Meanwhile, a rivalry had ensued between Rizal
and del Pilar over the leadership of the
Asociación Hispano Filipino in Spain. Rizal
decided to leave Europe to avoid the worsening
rift between the Rizalistas and Pilaristas, and
to help maintain unity among Filipino
expatriates. After staying for some time in
Hong Kong, where he practiced medicine and
planned to build a “New Calamba” by
relocating landless Filipinos to Borneo, Rizal
came home to the Philippines in June 1892.
Rizal's Novels (Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo)
Noli Me Tangere Definition
 Noli Me Tangere is Latin for "touch me not," an
allusion to the Gospel of St. John where Jesus
says to Mary Magdelene: "Touch me not, for I
am not yet ascended to my Father." Rizal
entitled this novel as such drawing inspiration
from John 20:13-17 of the Bible, the technical
name of a particularly painful type of cancer
(back in his time, it was unknown what the
modern name of said disease was). He
proposed to probe all the cancers of Filipino
society that everyone else felt too.
 Noli Me Tángere, is an 1887 novel by José Rizal
during the colonization of the Philippines by
Spain to describe perceived inequities of the
Spanish Catholic friars and the ruling
government. Originally written in Spanish, the
book is more commonly published and read in
the Philippines in either Tagalog or English.
 Early English translations of the novel used
titles like An Eagle Flight (1900) and The Social
Cancer (1912), disregarding the symbolism of
the title, but the more recent translations were
published using the original Latin title. It has
also been noted by the Austro-Hungarian
writer Ferdinand Blumentritt that "Noli Me
Tángere" was a name used by 43 local Filipinos
for cancer of the eyelids; that as an
ophthalmologist himself Rizal was influenced by
this fact is suggested in the novel's dedication,
"To My fatherland".
BACKGROUND
 José Rizal, a Filipino nationalist and medical
doctor, conceived the idea of writing a novel
that would expose the ills of Philippine society
after reading Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle
Tom's Cabin. He preferred that the prospective
novel express the way Filipino culture was
perceived to be backward, anti-progress, anti-
intellectual, and not conducive to the ideals of
the Age of Enlightenment. He was then a
student of medicine in the Universidad Central
de Madrid.
 In a reunion of Filipinos at the house of his
friend Pedro A. Paterno in Madrid on 2 January
1884, Rizal proposed the writing of a novel
about the Philippines written by a group of
Filipinos.
 Initially, the novel was planned to cover and
describe all phases of Filipino life, but almost
everybody wanted to write about women.
Rizal even saw his companions spend more time
gambling and flirting with Spanish women.
Because of this, he pulled out of the plan of co-
writing with others and decided to draft the
novel alone.
History on Publication
 Rizal finished the novel in February 1887. At
first, according to one of Rizal's biographers,
Rizal feared the novel might not be printed, and
that it would remain unread. He was struggling
with financial constraints at the time and
thought it would be hard to pursue printing the
novel.
 Financial aid came from a friend named
Máximo Viola; this helped him print the book
at Berliner Buchdruckerei-Aktiengesellschaft in
Berlin. Rizal was initially hesitant, but Viola
insisted and ended up lending Rizal ₱300 for
2,000 copies. The printing was finished earlier
than the estimated five months. Viola arrived
in Berlin in December 1886, and by March 21,
1887, Rizal had sent a copy of the novel to his
friend, Blumentritt.
 The book was banned by Spanish authorities in
the Philippines, although copies were smuggled
into the country. The first Philippine edition
(and the second published edition) was finally
printed in 1899 in Manila by Chofre y
Compania in Escolta.
Influence on Filipino Nationalism
 The work was instrumental in creating a
unified Filipino national identity and
consciousness, as many natives previously
identified with their respective regions. It
lampooned, caricatured and exposed various
elements in colonial society. Two characters in
particular have become classics in Filipino
culture: María Clara, who has become a
personification of the ideal Filipino woman,
loving and unwavering in her loyalty to her
spouse; and the priest Father Dámaso, who
reflects the covert fathering of illegitimate
children by members of the Spanish clergy
Major Characters
Crisóstomo Ibarra
- Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin, commonly
referred to in the novel as Ibarra or Crisostomo,
is the novel's protagonist. The mestizo (mixed-
race) son of Filipino businessman Don Rafael
Ibarra, he studied in Europe for seven years.
Ibarra is also María Clara's fiancé.
María Clara
- María Clara de los Santos, commonly referred
to as María Clara, is Ibarra's fiancée and the
most beautiful and widely celebrated girl in San
Diego. She was raised by Kapitán Tiago de los
Santos, and his cousin, Isabel. In the later parts
of the novel, she was revealed to be an
illegitimate daughter of Father Dámaso, the
former curate of the town, and Doña Pía Alba,
Kapitán Tiago's wife, who had died giving birth
to María Clara
- At the novel's end, a heartbroken yet resolved
María Clara entered the Beaterio de Santa
Clara (a nunnery) after learning the truth of her
parentage and mistakenly believing that her
 lover, Crisóstomo, had been killed. In the
epilogue, Rizal stated that it is unknown
whether María Clara is still living within the
walls of the convent or is already dead
- A character of Leonor Rivera who was Rizal’s
longtime love interest
Kapitán Tiago
- Don Santiago de los Santos, known by his
nickname Tiago and political title Kapitán Tiago,
is said to be the richest man in the region of
Binondo and possessed real properties in
Pampanga and Laguna de Baý. He is also said to
be a good Catholic, a friend of the Spanish
government and thus was considered a
Spaniard by the colonial elite. Kapitán Tiago
never attended school, so he became the
domestic helper of a Dominican friar who gave
him an informal education. He later married Pía
Alba from Santa Cruz.
Padre Dámaso
- Dámaso Verdolagas, better known as Padre
Dámaso, is a Franciscan friar and the former
parish curate of San Diego. He is notorious for
speaking with harsh words, highhandedness,
and his cruelty during his ministry in the town.
An enemy of Crisóstomo's father, Don Rafael
Ibarra, Dámaso is revealed to be María Clara's
biological father. Later, he and María Clara had
bitter arguments on whether she would marry
Alfonso Linares de Espadaña (which he
preferred) or enter the nunnery (her desperate
alternative). At the end of the novel, he is again
reassigned to a distant town and later found
dead in his bed.
Elías
- Elías is Ibarra's mysterious friend and ally. Elías
made his first appearance as a pilot during a
picnic of Ibarra and María Clara
Pilósopong Tasyo
- Filósofo Tasio (Tagalog: Pilósopong Tasyo) was
enrolled in a philosophy course and was a
talented student, but his mother was a rich but
superstitious matron. Like many Filipino
Catholics under the sway of the friars, she
believed that too much learning condemned
souls to hell. She then made Tasyo choose
between leaving college or becoming a priest.
Since he was in love, he left college and
married.
Doña Victorina
- Doña Victorina de los Reyes de de Espadaña,
commonly known as Doña Victorina, is an
ambitious Filipina who classifies herself as a
Spaniard and mimics Spanish ladies by putting
on heavy make-up. The novel narrates Doña
Victorina's younger days: she had lots of
admirers, but she spurned them all because
none of them were Spaniards. Later on, she met
and married Don Tiburcio de Espadaña, an
official of the customs bureau ten years her
junior. However, their marriage is childless. Her
husband assumes the title of medical "doctor"
even though he never attended medical
school; using fake documents and certificates,
Tiburcio illegally practices medicine. Tiburcio's
usage of the title Dr. consequently makes
Victorina assume the title Dra. (doctora, female
doctor). Apparently, she uses the whole name
Doña Victorina de los Reyes de de Espadaña,
with double de to emphasize her marriage
surname. She seems to feel that this awkward
titling makes her more "sophisticated".
Sisa, Crispín, and Basilio
- Sisa, Crispín, and Basilio represent a Filipino
family persecuted by the Spanish author
 Narcisa, or Sisa, is the deranged mother of
Basilio and Crispín. Described as beautiful and
young, although she loves her children very
much, she cannot protect them from the
beatings of her husband, Pedro
 Crispín is Sisa's seven-year-old son. An altar
boy, he was unjustly accused of stealing
money from the church. After failing to force
Crispín to return the money he allegedly stole,
Father Salví and the head sacristan killed him.
It is not directly stated that he was killed, but a
dream of Basilio's suggests that Crispín died
 during his encounter with Padre Salví and his
minion.
 Basilio is Sisa's 10-year-old son. An acolyte
tasked to ring the church's bells for the
Angelus, he faced the dread of losing his
younger brother and the descent of his mother
into insanity. At the end of the novel, a dying
Elías requested Basilio to cremate him and Sisa
in the woods in exchange for a chest of gold
located nearby. He later played a major role in
El filibusterismo.
 Due to their tragic but endearing story, these
characters are often parodied in modern
Filipino popular culture.
 Salomé is Elías' sweetheart. She lived in a little
house by the lake, and though Elías would like
to marry her, he tells her that it would do her or
their children no good to be related to a fugitive
like himself. In the original publication of Noli
Me Tángere, the chapter that explores the
identity of Elías and Salomé was omitted,
classifying her as a totally non-existent
character. This chapter, entitled Elías y Salomé,
was probably the 25th chapter of the novel.
However, recent editions and translations of
Noli include this chapter either on the appendix
or as Chapter X (Ex).
EL FILIBUSTERISMO
 El filibusterismo (transl. The filibusterism; The
Subversive or The Subversion, as in the Locsín
English translation, are also possible
translations), also known by its alternative
English title The Reign of Greed, is the second
novel written by Philippine national hero José
Rizal. It is the sequel to Noli Me Tángere and,
like the first book, was written in Spanish. It
was first published in 1891 in Ghent.
 The novel centers on the Noli-El fili duology's
main character Crisóstomo Ibarra, now
returning for vengeance as "Simoun". The
novel's dark theme departs dramatically from
the previous novel's hopeful and romantic
atmosphere, signifying Ibarra's resort to solving
his country's issues through violent means, after
his previous attempt in reforming the country's
system made no effect and seemed impossible
with the corrupt attitude of the Spaniards
toward the Filipino
 The novel, along with its predecessor, was
banned in some parts of the Philippines as a
result of their portrayals of the Spanish
government's abuses and corruption. These
novels, along with Rizal's involvement in
organizations that aimed to address and
reform the Spanish system and its issues, led
to Rizal's exile to Dapitan and eventual
execution. Both the novel and its predecessor,
along with Rizal's last poem, are now
considered Rizal's literary masterpieces.
 The theme and plot of El Filibusterismo was
changed to convey the message that the
present system of government in the
Philippines through corrupt officials, dominated
by the friars can lead to the downfall of Spain.
Major Characters
 Simoun – Crisóstomo Ibarra in disguise,
presumed dead at the end of Noli Me Tángere.
Ibarra has returned as the wealthy jeweler
Simoun. His appearance is described as being
tanned, having a sparse beard, long white hair,
and large blue-tinted glasses. He was
sometimes crude and confrontational. He was
derisively described by Custodio and Ben-Zayb
as an American mulatto or a British Indian.
While presenting as the arrogant elitist on the
outside, he secretly plans a violent revolution in
order to avenge himself for his misfortunes as
Crisóstomo Ibarra, as well as hasten Elias'
reformist goals.
 Basilio – son of Sisa and another character
from Noli Me Tángere. In the events of El fili, he
is an aspiring and so far successful physician on
his last year at university and was waiting for
his license to be released upon his graduation.
After his mother's death in the Noli, he applied
as a servant in Kapitán Tiago's household in
exchange for food, lodging, and being allowed
to study. Eventually he took up medicine, and
with Tiago having retired from society, he also
became the manager of Tiago's vast estate. He
is a quiet, contemplative man who is more
aware of his immediate duties as a servant,
doctor, and member of the student association
than he is of politics or patriotic endeavors. His
 sweetheart is Juli, the daughter of Kabesang
Tales whose family took him in when he was a
young boy fleeing the Guardia Civil and his
deranged mother
 Isagani – Basilio's friend. He is described as a
poet, taller and more robust than Basilio
although younger. He is the nephew of Padre
Florentino, but is also rumored to be
Florentino's son with his old sweetheart before
he was ordained as a priest. During the events
of the novel, Isagani is finishing his studies at
the Ateneo Municipal and is planning to take
medicine. A member of the student association,
Isagani is proud and naive, and tends to put
himself on the spot when his ideals are
affronted. His unrestrained idealism and
poeticism clash with the more practical and
mundane concerns of his girlfriend, Paulita
Gomez. When Isagani allows himself to be
arrested after their association is outlawed,
Paulita leaves him for Juanito Peláez. In his
final mention in the novel, he was bidding
goodbye to his landlords, the Orenda family, to
stay with Florentino permanently
 Father Florentino – Isagani's uncle and a
retired priest. Florentino was the son of a
wealthy and influential Manila family. He
entered the priesthood at the insistence of his
mother. As a result he had to break an affair
with a woman he loved, and in despair devoted
himself instead to his parish. When the 1872
Cavite mutiny broke out, he promptly resigned
from the priesthood, fearful of drawing
unwanted attention. He was an indio and a
secular, or a priest that was unaffiliated with
the orders, and yet his parish drew in a huge
income. He retired to his family's large estate
along the shores of the Pacific. He is described
as white-haired, with a quiet, serene personality
and a strong build. He did not smoke or drink.
He was well respected by his peers, even by
Spanish friars and officials
 Father Fernández – a Dominican who was a
friend of Isagani. Following the incident with
the posters, he invited Isagani to a dialogue, not
so much as a teacher with his student but as 54
a friar with a Filipino. Although they failed to
resolve their differences, they each promised to
approach their colleagues with the opposing
views from the other party – although both
feared that given the animosity that existed
between their sides, their own compatriots may
not believe in the other party's existence.
 Captain-General – the highest-ranking official
in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial
period. The Captain-General in El fili is Simoun's
friend and confidant, and is described as
having an insatiable lust for gold. Simoun met
him when he was still a major during the Ten
Years' War in Cuba. He secured the major's
friendship and promotion to Captain-General
through bribes. When he was posted in the
Philippines, Simoun used him as a pawn in his
own power plays to drive the country into
revolution. The Captain-General was shamed
into not extending his tenure after being
rebuked by a high official in the aftermath of
Basilio's imprisonment. This decision to retire
would later on prove to be a crucial element to
Simoun's schemes.
 Father Bernardo Salví – the former parish
priest of San Diego in Noli Me Tángere, and
now the director and chaplain of the Santa Clara
convent. The epilogue of the Noli implies that
Salví regularly rapes María Clara when he is
present at the convent. In El fili, he is described
as her confessor. In spite of reports of Ibarra's
death, Salví believes that he is still alive and
lives in constant fear
 Father Millon – a Dominican who serves as a
physics professor in the University of Santo
Tomas
 Quiroga – a Chinese businessman who aspired
to be a consul for China in the Philippines.
Simoun coerced Quiroga into hiding weapons
inside the latter's warehouses in preparation for
the revolution.
 Don Custodio – Custodio de Salazar y Sánchez
de Monteredondo, a famous "contractor" who
was tasked by the Captain-General to develop
the students association's proposal for an
academy for the teaching of Spanish, but was
then also under pressure from the priests not to
compromise their prerogatives as monopolizers
of instruction. Some of the novel's most
scathing criticism is reserved for Custodio, who
is portrayed as an opportunist who married his
way into high society, who regularly criticized
 favored ideas that did not come from him, but
was ultimately, laughably incompetent in spite
of his scruples.
 Ben-Zayb – A columnist for the Manila Spanish
newspaper El Grito de la Integridad. Ben-Zayb
is his pen name and is an anagram of Ybanez,
an alternate spelling of his last name Ibañez.
His first name is not mentioned. Ben-Zayb is
said to have the looks of a friar, who believes
that in Manila they think because he thinks. He
is deeply patriotic, sometimes to the point of
jingoism. As a journalist he has no qualms
embellishing a story, conflating and butchering
details, turning phrases over and over, making
a mundane story sound better than it actually
is. Father Camorra derisively calls him an ink-
slinger.
 Father Camorra – the parish priest of Tiani.
Ben-Zayb's regular foil, he is said to look like an
artilleryman in counterpoint to Ben-Zayb's friar
looks. He stops at nothing to mock and
humiliate Ben-Zayb's liberal pretensions. In his
own parish, Camorra has a reputation for
unrestrained lustfulness. He drives Juli into
suicide after attempting to rape her inside the
convent. For his misbehavior he was "detained"
in a luxurious riverside villa just outside Manila.
 Father Írene – Kapitán Tiago's spiritual adviser.
Along with Custodio, Írene is severely criticized
as a representative of priests who allied
themselves with temporal authority for the sake
of power and monetary gain
 Placido Penitente – a student of the University
of Santo Tomas who had a distaste for study
and would have left school if it were not for his
mother's pleas for him to stay. He clashes with
his physics professor, who then accuses him of
being a member of the student association,
whom the friars despise. Following the
confrontation, he meets Simoun at the Quiapo
Fair. Seeing potential in Placido, Simoun takes
him along to survey his preparations for the
upcoming revolution. The following morning
Placido has become one of Simoun's committed
followers. He is later seen with the former
schoolmaster of San Diego, who was now
Simoun's bomb-maker.
 Paulita Gómez – the girlfriend of Isagani and
the niece of Doña Victorina, the old Indio who
passes herself off as a Peninsular, who is the
wife of the quack doctor Tiburcio de Espadaña.
In the end, she and Isagani part ways, Paulita
believing she will have no future if she marries
him. She eventually marries Juanito Peláez
Characters from Barrio Sagpang
 Kabesang Tales – Telesforo Juan de Dios, a
former kabesa of Barrio Sagpang in Tiani.
 Tandang Selo – father of Kabesang Tales and
grandfather of Tano and Juli
 Juli – Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio,
and the youngest daughter of Kabesang Tales.
When Tales was captured by bandits, Juli
petitioned Hermana Penchang to pay for his
ransom. In exchange, she had to work as
Penchang's maid. Basilio ransomed her and
bought a house for her family. When Basilio
was sent to prison, Juli approached Tiani's
curate, Padre Camorra, for help. When
Camorra tried to rape her instead, Juli jumped
to her death from the church's tower.
 Tano – Kabesang Tales's son, second to Lucia
who died in childhood. He was nicknamed
"Carolino" after returning from Guardia Civil
training in the Carolines. His squad was
escorting prisoners through a road that skirted a
mountain when they were ambushed by
bandits. In the ensuing battle, Tano, the squad's
sharpshooter, killed a surrendering bandit from
a distance, not knowing it was his own
grandfather Selo
 Hermana Penchang – the one among the "rich
folks" of Tiani who lent Juli money to ransom
Kabesang Tales from the bandits. In return, Juli
will serve as her maid until the money was paid
off. Penchang is described as a pious woman
who speaks Spanish; however, her piety was
clouded over by the virtues taught by the friars.
While Juli was in her service, she made her work
constantly, refusing to give her time off so she
can take care of her grandfather Selo.
Nevertheless, when the rich folks of Tiani
shunned Juli because to support her family in
any way might earn some form of retribution
from the friars, Penchang was the only one who
took pity upon her.
 Hermana Báli – Juli's mother-figure and
counselor. She accompanied Juli in her efforts
 to secure Kabesang Tales' ransom and later on
Basilio's release. Báli was a panguinguera – a
gambler – who once performed religious
services in a Manila convent. When Tales was
captured by bandits, it was Báli who suggested
to Juli the idea to borrow money from Tiani's
wealthy citizens, payable when Tales' legal
dispute over his farm was won.
Rizal as a Political Philosopher: Rizal would
Criticize Today’s Society
 Max Weber defines government as the rise of
an institution which has a “monopoly of the
legitimate use of physical power.” Weber
complains that government is an institution that
could legally take people’s property by taxing
them, imprisoning them, and even executing
them. As a result of these powers, government
could force people to do things that they
otherwise would resist
 Rizal’s definition of government and politics
focused on the Spanish influences. One of
Rizal’s strongest criticisms of Spaniards
colonialization was the corruption of the
bureaucracy. In describing a typical Spanish
bureaucrat, Rizal wrote: “In order to govern
peoples he does not know or understand, he
ought to possess the talent of a genius and
extraordinary knowledge. Rizal argued that this
was necessary because the Filipinos were
gaining a new political sophistication.
Rizal’s Concept of Government and Politics
 In his letters to the Filipino leaders, Rizal
commented at length about government. In a
letter to Mariano Ponce, Rizal remarked that
one day Filipino political leaders would finish
their “arduous mission which is the formation of
the Filipino Nation.”
Features
Rizal’s Definition of Basic Political Terms
1. Political Culture – is a set of ideas on values
about government and political process
held by a community or nation
Rizal on Political Culture – In his essay “The
Indolence of the Filipinos” Rizal observed
that “without education and liberty…no
reform is impossible.” Rizal explained that,
the political culture not thrive in the
Philippines because of the inability of the
Spanish to 58 recognize local political
values. Only with education could Filipinos
overcome this deficiency.
2. Political Socialization – is one of the main
elements of political science. Also defined
as the process by which people, at various
stages in their lives, acquire views and
orientations about politics.
Rizal on Political Socialization – By
emphasizing the importance of being a
Filipino, Rizal accelerated the process of
local nationalism. His criticism of the friars
and the church helped to change attitudes
toward local nationalism
3. Political Ideology – is a comprehensive and
logically ordered set of beliefs about the
nature of people and about the institutions
and role of government.
Rizal on Political Ideology – In Rizal’s novel
Noli Me tangere, he wrote: ….we are
speaking of the present condition of the
Philippines…yes, we are entering upon a
period of strife…the strife is between the
past, which seizes and strives with curses to
cling to the tottering feudal castles, and the
future, whose some of triumph may be
heard from afar. Bringing the message of
good news from other land.” As a
passionate supporter of a new Philippine
nation, Rizal introduced a fierce brand of
ideology which had made Filipinos among
the most political people in the world.
Filipinos have carefully defined political
4. Nationalism – is a the idea of oneness by a
group of people who possess common
traditions, a shared history, a set of goals,
and a belief in a specific future.
Rizal on Nationalism – Rizal argued that
Filipinos could only foster their own sense
 of nationalism by studying history. Rizal
wrote to Blumentritt: “I would stimulate
these Philippine studies.” and concluded
that history provided “the true concept of
one’s self and drove nations to do great
things.” Foremost is that he is the dominant
national hero who, unlike all other heroes,
had a firm vision of the future of the
Philippines. He glorifies life in the
Philippines. Onofre D. Corpuz concludes
that Rizal’s life suggest he is the “father of
the country”
5. Representative Government – it is the
notion that the people have an inherent
right to sit in a chamber that determines
their future.
Rizal on Representative Government –
Spain had granted Filipinos representation
in the Spanish Cortes from May 1809 until
the privilege was removed by Queen Maria
Cristina in 1836. Rizal believed that the
representation was essential to the
governing process. Rizal contented the
representation removed the spirit of
revolution.
6. Democracy – a government in which all
power is shared by citizens. The word
demos is derived from a Greek word which
means people.
Rizal on Democracy – In Rizal’s view the
best government was a mixture between
representative democracy and responsible
model of democracy. He believed that it
would take some time for Filipinos to
actively participate in local government. The
definition of democracy is found in Rizal’s
mind. He employed such definition in his
writings, his public speeches, and his
advocacy of Philippine democracy
Jose Rizal as an Ilustrado in 19th Century
What does it mean?
- It means the highlighted one, anti-friar
- They were the middle class who were educated in
Spanish liberal and exposed to Spanish liberal and
European Nationalist ideals.
The Liga and the Katipunan “ Reform and Revolution : A
Century
 Rizal was essentially a reformist, Bonifacio was
a revolutionary. But they were one in fighting
for change. They were bound together by a
common vision – the emergence of the Filipino
nation.
 Rizal argued for equality and human dignity
within a peaceful framework. Bonifacio
believed that such deals could be achieved
only force or arms. Bonifacio believed that such
ideals could be achieved
 Rizal's Liga and its patriotic ideals in cooperation
with the nationalistic courage of Bonifacio's
Katipunan were the essential ingredients that
ignited the flame of revolution.
 Rizal and Bonifacio were the main masterminds
of the revolt and it wouldn't have come to be
that way if not for their hardwork and
determination. The reformist spirit of Rizal and
the revolutionary fervor of Bonifacio became
the initial nourishment of the soul of a nation
THE LIGA AND KATIPUNAN
Rizal – reformist
Bonifacio – revolutionary
 Rizal argued for equality and human dignity
within a peaceful framework
 Bonifacio believed that such deals could be
achieved only force or arms
La Liga Filipina
- Progressive organization created by rizal
- Created in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco at
Ilaya ST. Tondo, Manila
- Derived from La Solidaridad
July 6, 1892
- Arrested Rizal in Dapitan
  The organization became inactive though the the Mother Superior (Sor. Teresa de Jesus). On
efforts of Domingo Franco and Andres August 19, 1896, Fr. Mariano Gil discover the
Bonifacio, it was recognized existence of Katipunan.
 Supreme Council of League dissolve the society
THE CRY OF PUGADLAWIN
La Liga Split into two groups:
- Marked the beginning of revolution
1. Cuerpo de Compromisarios
- Pledge to continue supporting La Solidaridad
2. The Katipunan

THE KATIPUNAN

KKK (Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangan Katipunan ng

mga Anak ng Bayan)

July 7, 1892

- The news about the arrest of Rizal was

published
 Patriotic Filipinos met at a house on Azcarraga
St. Manila (Claro M. Recto Ave. now) that
includes Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata,
Valentin Diaz, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano

TRIANGLE SYSTEM

- Three-relationship system of Katipunan

- Recruitment policy of Katipunan

THREE LEVELS OF KATIPUNAN

1. Katipon
- Black
2. Kawal
- Green
3. Bayani
- Red

THREE PRIMARY OBJECTIVES OF KATIPUNAN

1. Civic
2. Political
3. Moral

SUPREMOS

1. Deodato Arellano
2. Roman Basa
3. Andres Bonifacio

THE DISCOVERY OF KATIPUNAN

 Teodoro Patino told his sister (Honoria Patino)

about it. His sister was upset and confessed to