PASSIVE (edilgen) & CAUSITIVE (ettirgen)

PASSIVE:
Simple Present:
am / is /are + V3
They clean the house everyday. = The house is cleaned everyday.
The gate is locked at 7 every morning.
I’m invited to parties very often.
Are hot meals served until 10:30?

Simple Past:
was / were + V3
The house was cleaned yesterday.
A lot of trees were cut down to build a bridge over the river.
The man was found guilty and he was sent to prison.

Present Progressive:
am / is / are + being + V3
the house is being cleaned now.
Are you being served?
The house where the dead man was found is being guarded.

Past Progressive:
was / were + being +V3
When I arrived, the house was being cleaned.
Suddenley I heard footsteps behind me; I was being followed.

Present Perfect:
has / have + been + V3
The robbers hasn’t been caught, yet.
I am not going to the party. I haven’t been invited.

Past Perfect:
had + been + V3
Before I arrived, the house had been cleaned.
I didn’t know anything. Because I hadn’t been informed about the plan.
Had the shop been closed when you arrived there?

Future:
will / be going to + be + V3
The house is going to be cleaned tomorrow. OR The house will be cleaned tomorrow.
He is going to be taken to hospital tomorrow afternoon.

Future Perfect:
will have + been + V3
by the time we arrive, the house will have been cleaned.
By the time we graduate, the school will have been demolished.

Modals:
may / might / can / could / should / must / have to / used to / would rather / etc. + be + V3
this problem can’t be solved easily.
Our manager might be sent to Manchester Branch next week.
This letter must / should be posted to the USA immediately.

Perfect Modals:
may / might / can / could / should / must + have + been + V3
My bike has been lost. It must have been stolen.
The weather was awful. The match should have been cancelled.
The church may have been built in 15th century.

Tarık İnce Dilko 1

 KEY POINTS:
1 – Perfect Tense’lerin progressive yapıları ve Future Progressive Tense hemen hemen hiç passive yapıyla
kullanılmaz.

2 – Geçissiz (intransitive) fiiller passive yapılamaz:

go – come – live – arrive – happen – etc…

3 – işin kimin tarafından yapıldıgı bilgisi gerekmedikçe kullanılmaz.

This bridge was built in 1925.
America was discovered by Colombus in 1492.

*** by + agent
The woman was killed by her husband.

*** with + instrument

The woman was killed with a knife.

4 – Bazen fiillerin passive yapıları active anlam taşır.

I was born in a sunny day in 1981.
My bike has been lost.

5 – Bazen GET + V3 yapısını, BE + V3 yapısının yerine kullanabiliriz.

My house got burgled when I was on holiday. My house was burgled when I was ın holiday.
We usually get paid on the 10th of each month. We are usually paid on the 10th of each month.

6 – Bazı fiillerin iki nesnesi vardır. Böyle durumlarda iki degisik passive yapı kullanılabilinir.
Aralarında anlam farkı yoktur.
Someone gave Jim the money.
Jim = indirect object
the money = direct object.

Jim was given the money.

The money was given to Jim.

7 – say – think – believe – consider– understand– know– report– expect– claim– suppose – allege (iddia etmek)
gibi fiiller çok sık olarak passive yapıyla kullanılırlar ve diger insanların ne düsündügünü, neye inandıgını anlatırlar.
Bu tür durumlarda iki farklı yapı kullanılır:

IT + PASSIVE + THAT CLAUSE

SUBJECT + PASSIVE + TO INFINITIVE

People say that man eats 10 eggs a day:

It is said that that man eats 10 eggs a day.
That man is said to eat 10 eggs a day.

It is claimed that he has stolen 10.000 pounds.

He is claimed to have stolen 10.000 pounds.

It was thought the prisoners had escaped through a tunnel.

The prisoners were thought to have escaped through a tunnel.

It is supposed that the government will lose the election.

It was believed that the thief had gone into the kitchen through the window.

It is believed that the wanted man is staying in Tom’s house.

Tarık İnce Dilko 2

 CÜMLE İÇİNDEKİ GERUND VE INFINITIVE YAPILARIN PASSIVE YAPILISI:

Passive infinitive:
to be + V3
I expect them to invite met o the party. = I expect to be invited to the party.
Everyone wants to be loved.
The house needs to be cleaned.
The woman is believed to have been killed by her husband. (perfect infinitive)

Passive gerund:
being + V3
I hate being waited.
I don’t like being told what to do.
Noone likes being cheated.
I remember having been given a bike form y 10th birthday. (perfect gerund)

Examples:
I don’t like being asked with stupid questions.

She doesn’t go out on her own in the dark. She is afraid of being attacked.

Workers want to be paid beter salaries.

We ecpect to be invited to the discussions with the company.

CAUSITIVE VERBS:

HAVE + SOMEONE + DO (V1) + SOMETHING

She will have the children wash her car.
He had his girlfriend carry his suitcase.
They are going to have the plumber repair the bathroom tap.

HAVE + SOMETHING + DONE (V3)

They are going to have their bathroom tap repaired.
We had the roof mended.
We are having our house painted at the moment.

GET + SOMEONE + TO DO + SOMETHING

She got one of her students to clean the board.
The teacher got the class to write a composition.

GET + SOMETHING + DONE

I will get my boardmarkers filled.
She got her eyes checked.

HAVE + SOMEONE + DO + SOMETHING

I made them take their shoes off.
Parent usually make their children drink a lot of milk.

*** passive cümlelerde ‘make’ten sonra to infinitive kullanılır.

Children are usually make to drink a lot of milk.
I don’t want to do it, but I was made to do it.

LET + SOMEONE + DO + SOMETHING

She doesn’t let me read her letters.
They let their children stay up late on Fridays and Saturdays.

Tarık İnce Dilko 3