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Weightage in JEE Main 2023 (Jan)
Chapter Average Marks Total no. of Questions
(in a given paper) (All 12 papers jan attempt)
Quadratic Equations 4 12
Sequence & Series 7.3 22
Binomial Theorem 7.6 23
Functions 6.6 20
Matrices & Determinants 7.6 23
Vectors 7.6 23
Quadratic Equations
Relation Between Roots and Coefficients
The solution of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0, is
The expression b2 - 4ac = D is called discriminant of quadratic equation. If 𝛼

and 𝛽 are the roots of quadratic equation
For a cubic equation, we have
For a biquadratic equation, we have
Q If ⍺, β are real and ⍺2, β2 are the roots of the
equation a2 x2 − x + 1 − a2 = 0 and
β2 ≠ 1, then β2 =
A a2
C 1 - a2
D 1 + a2
Q If ⍺, β are real and ⍺2, β2 are the roots of the
equation a2 x2 − x + 1 − a2 = 0 and
β2 ≠ 1, then β2 =
A a2
C 1 - a2
D 1 + a2
Solution:
JEE Main 12th Jan 2019, S-1
Q If λ be the ratio of the roots of the quadratic

equation 3m2 x2 + m(m − 4)x + 2 = 0, then the
least value of m for which
D
Q If λ be the ratio of the roots of the quadratic

equation 3m2 x2 + m(m − 4)x + 2 = 0, then the
least value of m for which
D
Solution:
Solution:
Q If roots of the equation
x4 − 12x3 + bx2 + cx + 81 = 0 are positive, given
that b and c are rational then value of b − c is
A 162
B -54
C 54
D -162
Q If roots of the equation
x4 − 12x3 + bx2 + cx + 81 = 0 are positive, given
that b and c are rational then value of b − c is
A 162
B -54
C 54
D -162
Solution:
Newton’s Formula
If ⍺ and β are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0

and Sn = ⍺n ± βn
Then, aSn + bSn − 1 + cSn − 2 = 0
Newton’s Formula
If ⍺ and β are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0

and Sn = ⍺n ± βn
Then, aSn + bSn − 1 + cSn − 2 = 0
If ⍺, β and γ are the roots of ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0

and Sn = ⍺n ± βn ± γn
Then, aSn + bSn − 1 + cSn − 2 + dSn − 3 = 0
JEE Main 2020
Q Let ⍺ and β be the roots of the equation,

5x2 + 6x − 2 = 0. If Sn = ⍺n + βn, n = 1, 2,... then
A 5S6 + 6S5 = 2S4
B 6S6 + 5S5 + 2S4 = 0
C 6S6 + 5S5 = 2S4
D 5S6 + 6S5 + 2S4 = 0

JEE Main 2020
Q Let ⍺ and β be the roots of the equation,

5x2 + 6x − 2 = 0. If Sn = ⍺n + βn, n = 1, 2,... then
A 5S6 + 6S5 = 2S4
B 6S6 + 5S5 + 2S4 = 0
C 6S6 + 5S5 = 2S4
D 5S6 + 6S5 + 2S4 = 0

JEE Main 25th June 2022, S-1
Q For a natural number n, let an = 19n - 12n. Then,
the value of is
Q For a natural number n, let an = 19n - 12n. Then,
the value of is
Answer: 4
Solution:
Transformation of Equation
If roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are α & β then equation having roots:
(a) 2⍺ and 2β is ➝
(b) is ➝
(c) ⍺ + 2 and β + 2 is ➝
Remark
This shortcut works for equation of any degree.

Common Roots
Given two Quadratic Equations, there are two possibilities-

1. They have one root in common
2. Both the roots are common
Condition for one root common in
a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0
a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0
is (c1a2 - c2a1)2 = (b1c2 - b2c1) (a1b2 - a2b1)
Condition for both roots common in

a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0
a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0
is
Condition for one root common in
Determine the values of m for which the
Method-I equations 3x2 + 4 mx + 2 = 0 and
2x2 + 3x - 2 = 0 may have a common root.
When we know both roots of one equation make
them satisfy second equation one by one.
Method-II
Solve two equations to get common root

If the equations ax2 + 2cx + b = 0 and
ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 (b ≠ c) have a common root,
Method-III then write the equation representing the
relation between a, b, and c.
Applying proper condition
a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0
a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0
Condition is: (c1a2 - c2a1)2 = (b1c2 - b2c1) (a1b2 - a2b1)
Q Let a, b ∈ R be such that the equation

ax2 - 2bx + 15 = 0 has a repeated root ⍺. If ⍺ and
β are the roots of the equation x2 - 2bx + 21 = 0,
then ⍺2 + β2 is equal to:
A 37
B 58
C 68
D 92
Q Let a, b ∈ R be such that the equation

ax2 - 2bx + 15 = 0 has a repeated root ⍺. If ⍺ and
β are the roots of the equation x2 - 2bx + 21 = 0,
then ⍺2 + β2 is equal to:
A 37
B 58
C 68
D 92
Solution:
Q The equations ax2 + bx + a = 0 and
x3 − 2x2 + 2x − 1 = 0 have two roots common.
Then find the value of a + b.
Solution:
Observation
1. Range of y = ax2 + bx + c is ➝
2. (i) ax2 + bx + c > 0 ∀ x if ➝
(ii) ax2 + bx + c < 0 ∀ x if ➝

Observation
1. Range of y = ax2 + bx + c is ➝
2. (i) ax2 + bx + c > 0 ∀ x if ➝ X
(ii) ax2 + bx + c < 0 ∀ x if ➝ X

Q
If f : R ➝ R defined as: f(x) = x3 – mx2 + 3x – 11
then find ‘m’ such that f(x) is invertible
Solution:
f(x) = x3 – mx2 + 3x – 11
Since, cubic function has range of all real numbers,
thus f(x) is onto.
For one-one
Location of Roots
Let 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of quadratic equation

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c where a, b, c ∈ R
Let us consider a real number ‘k’
Result
Q Find the value of ‘K’ such that
x2 + 2(K - 1)x + K + 5 = 0 has both roots greater
than 5.
Solution:
Taking common of all solutions, we get No solution

NTA Abhyas
Q Sum of the squares of all integral values of a for

which the inequality x2 + ax + a2 + 6a < 0 is
satisfied for all x ∈ (1, 2) must be equal to
A 90
B 89
C 88
D 91
NTA Abhyas
Q Sum of the squares of all integral values of a for

which the inequality x2 + ax + a2 + 6a < 0 is
satisfied for all x ∈ (1, 2) must be equal to
A 90
B 89
C 88
D 91
Solution:
Sequence and Series
Sequence
AP GP
an = a + (n - 1) d an = arn - 1
OR
NOTE:
1. nth odd number is 2n - 1
2. Sum of first n odd numbers is n2
JEE Adv 2015 Paper-2
Q Suppose that all the terms of an arithmetic

progression (A.P.) are natural numbers. If the
ratio of the sum of the first seven terms to the
sum of the first eleven terms is 6 : 11 and the
seventh term lies in between 130 and 140, then
the common difference of this A.P. is
JEE Adv 2015 Paper-2
Q Suppose that all the terms of an arithmetic

progression (A.P.) are natural numbers. If the
ratio of the sum of the first seven terms to the
sum of the first eleven terms is 6 : 11 and the
seventh term lies in between 130 and 140, then
the common difference of this A.P. is
Ans: 9
Solution:
JEE Main 2014
Q Three positive numbers form an increasing GP. If

the middle term in this GP is doubled, then new
numbers are in AP, then common ratio of GP is:
D
JEE Main 2014
Q Three positive numbers form an increasing GP. If

the middle term in this GP is doubled, then new
numbers are in AP, then common ratio of GP is:
D
Solution:
Q
In a GP we have a1 + a2 + a3 = 13,
a12 + a22 + a32 = 91. Find Sn
Hint:
Solution:
Solution:
JEE Main 01st Feb 2023, S-2
Q The sum of the common terms of the following

three arithmetic progressions.
3, 7, 11, 15, ………………………, 399,
2, 5, 8, 11, ………………………., 359 and
2, 7, 12, 17, …………………….., 197, is equal to_____.
Q The sum of the common terms of the following

three arithmetic progressions.
3, 7, 11, 15, ………………………, 399,
2, 5, 8, 11, ………………………., 359 and
2, 7, 12, 17, …………………….., 197, is equal to_____.
Answer: 321
Solution:
3, 7, 11, 15, ………………………, 399 d1 = 4

2, 5, 8, 11, ………………………., 359 d2 = 3
2, 7, 12, 17, …………………….., 197 d3 = 5
LCM (d1, d2, d3) = 60
Common terms are 47, 107, 167
Sum = 321
Q
If for HP,
then find n.
Q
If for HP,
then find n.
Answer: 80
Solution:
Arithmetic Mean
AM of Numbers AM’s between two numbers
1) ‘A1’ is called one AM between

a & b if a, A1, b ➝ AP
2) A1 & A2 are called two AM’s
between a & b if a, A1, A2, b ➝ AP
Result
Sum of ‘n’ AM’s inserted between a & b is equal to n times AM of a & b.
Q If ‘p’ A.M.’s are inserted between 5 and 41 such
that then find p.
A 10
B 11
C 12
D 13
Q If ‘p’ A.M.’s are inserted between 5 and 41 such
that then find p.
A 10
B 11
C 12
D 13
Solution:
Solution:
Geometric Mean
GM of Numbers (+ve numbers) GM’s between two numbers

1) G1 is called one GM between a & b
if a, G1, b ➝ GP
2) G1, G2 are called two GM’s
between a & b if a, G1, G2, b ➝ GP
Result
Product of ‘n’ Gm’s between a & b is equal to nth power of GM of a & b.
JEE Main 2020
Q If m arithmetic means (A.Ms) and three

geometric means (G.Ms) are inserted between
3 and 243 such that 4th A.M. is equal to 2nd G.M.,
then m is equal to______.
JEE Main 2020
Q If m arithmetic means (A.Ms) and three

geometric means (G.Ms) are inserted between
3 and 243 such that 4th A.M. is equal to 2nd G.M.,
then m is equal to______.
Answer: 39
Solution:
Relation between AM and GM
For any given +ve numbers:

AM = GM; if all the terms are equal.
AM ≥ GM
AM > GM; otherwise
(observe that equality holds if a’s are equal)

NOTE: 3 Hints to use AM ≥ GM
(1) If min value of some expression is asked

(2) Terms involved in expression are +ve.
(3) Product of terms involved in expression is good.
Observation
Q
The minimum value of 25sec2 𝛳 + 16 cosec2 𝛳 is
A 40
B 41
C 80
D 81
Q
The minimum value of 25sec2 𝛳 + 16 cosec2 𝛳 is
A 40
B 41
C 80
D 81
Solution:
Q Let f : R → R be such that for all x ∈ R, (21+x + 21-x),

f(x) and (3x + 3-x) are in A.P., then the minimum
value of f(x) is
A 2
B 0
C 3
D 4
Q Let f : R → R be such that for all x ∈ R, (21+x + 21-x),

f(x) and (3x + 3-x) are in A.P., then the minimum
value of f(x) is
A 2
B 0
C 3
D 4
Solution:
Solution:
Q The minimum value of for positive
real number x, y, z is
D
Q The minimum value of for positive
real number x, y, z is
D
Solution:
Weighted AM and GM
Q If a + b + c = 3 where a, b, c are positive such
that , then p + q - 2r is equal to
A 1
B 2
C -1
D 0
Q If a + b + c = 3 where a, b, c are positive such
that , then p + q - 2r is equal to
A 1
B 2
C -1
D 0
Solution:
Arithmetic - Geometric Progression
Sequence of the following form is called A.G.P.
a , (a + d) r , (a + 2d) r2 , . . . , (a+(n - 1)d) rn-1
Eg:
(a) 1 , 3x , 5x2 , 7x3 , . . .

(b) 1 , 40 , 700 , 10000 , . . .
Q
The sum 1 + 2 ⋅ 3 + 3 ⋅ 32 + … + 10 ⋅ 39 is equal to
C 5 ⋅ 310 - 2
D
Q
The sum 1 + 2 ⋅ 3 + 3 ⋅ 32 + … + 10 ⋅ 39 is equal to
C 5 ⋅ 310 - 2
D
Solution:
Sigma Notation
Properties
NOTE:
Result
JEE Main 2019
Q The sum of the following series
up to 15 terms, is
A 7830
B 7820
C 7520
D 7510
JEE Main 2019
Q The sum of the following series
up to 15 terms, is
A 7830
B 7820
C 7520
D 7510
Solution:
Solution:
JEE Main 29th July 2022, S-2
Q Let be a sequence such that a0 = a1 = 0

and an+2 = 3an+1 - 2an + 1, ∀ n ≥ 0. Then
a25a23 - 2a25a22 - 2a23a24 + 4a22a24 is equal to
A 483
B 528
C 575
D 624
Q Let be a sequence such that a0 = a1 = 0

and an+2 = 3an+1 - 2an + 1, ∀ n ≥ 0. Then
a25a23 - 2a25a22 - 2a23a24 + 4a22a24 is equal to
A 483
B 528
C 575
D 624
Solution:
Method of Difference
It’s a method to find Kth term when difference of consecutive terms is good.
Q
Find the sum of the following series to n terms
5 + 7 + 13 + 31 + 85 + ⋯
Solution:
Solution:
Vn Method
then 34k
is equal to______.
then 34k
is equal to______.
Answer: 286
Solution:
Q
D
Q
D
Solution:
Binomial Theorem
Result
(a) nCr + nCr + 1 = n + 1Cr + 1
(b)
(c) nCx = nCy ⇒ x = y or x + y = n
(d)
General Term of Binomial Expansion
(x + y)n = nC0xn + nC1xn − 1 y +….+ nCn-1xyn − 1 + nCnyn
General term, Tk+1 = nCkxn − k yk
JEE Main 2019
Q If the third term in the binomial expansion of
equals 2560, then a possible
value of x is
D
JEE Main 2019
Q If the third term in the binomial expansion of
equals 2560, then a possible
value of x is
D
Solution:
Q If the coefficient of x15 in the expansion of
is equal to the coefficient of x-15
in the expansion of where a

and b are positive real numbers, then for each
such ordered pair (a, b):
A a=b
B ab = 1
C a = 3b
D ab = 3
Q If the coefficient of x15 in the expansion of
is equal to the coefficient of x-15
in the expansion of where a

and b are positive real numbers, then for each
such ordered pair (a, b):
A a=b
B ab = 1
C a = 3b
D ab = 3
Solution:
Q If n is even, and the middle term in the
expansion of is 924 x6, then n is
equal to
A 10
B 12
C 14
D None of these
Q If n is even, and the middle term in the
expansion of is 924 x6, then n is
equal to
A 10
B 12
C 14
D None of these
Solution:
These two particular expansions are used very frequently.
(a) (1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1x + nC2x2 +....+ nCnxn
(b) (1 − x)n = nC0 − nC1x + nC2x2 − nC3x3 +....+ (−1)n nCnxn
NOTE:
1. (1 + x)n −1 is divisible by x
2. (1 + x)n −1 − nx is divisible by x2
Q
If n be a positive integer, prove that
32n + 2 − 8n − 9 is divisible by 64.
Solution:
Q
Remainder when (3)63 is divided by 26, is
A 3
B 24
C 25
D 1
Q
Remainder when (3)63 is divided by 26, is
A 3
B 24
C 25
D 1
Solution:
Here,
⸫ Required remainder is 1
Q
Find the last two digits of (27)27.
Solution:
Greatest Term in the Expansion of (a + bx)n
Greatest Term in the Expansion of (a + bx)n
To find greatest term in the expansion of (a + bx)n, use the following algorithm
Step 1: Solve
Step 2: If k comes out to be non integer then greatest
term is T[k] + 1 where [.] is GIF, while if k comes out to be an integer then
Tk = Tk + 1 both are greatest terms

Q Find numerically (i.e. in magnitude) greatest
term in expansion of (3 - 5x)15 at

Solution:
Binomial Theorem for any Index
Let ‘n’ be a rational number & ‘x’ be a real number such that |x| < 1, then:
Q Find the coefficient of x2 in the expansion of
Solution:
Some special cases:
(a) (1 + x)−1 = 1 − x + x2 − x3 +...+ (−1)r xr +...
(b) (1 − x)−1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 +...+ xr +...
(c) (1 + x)−2 = 1 − 2x + 3x2 − 4x3 +...
(d) (1 − x)−2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 +...

Multinomial Theorem
where r, s & t are non-negative integers
where r, s & t are non-negative integers
NOTE: Number of terms in expansion of (x + y + z)n is n + 2C2. Basically

it’s the number of non-negative integer solutions of r + s + t = n
Q In the expansion of (x + y +z)17 find
(a) Number of terms
(b) Coefficient of x4y10z3
(c) Coefficient of x3y8z2
Q In the expansion of (x + y +z)17 find
(a) Number of terms
Solution:
Number of terms in expansion of (x + y +z)17 is

= 17 + 2C2 = 19C2
Q
In the expansion of (x + y +z)17 find
(b) Coefficient of x4y10z3
x4y10z3
Solution:
For coefficient of x4y10z3

General term of (x + y +z)17 is given by
Q
In the expansion of (x + y +z)17 find
(c) Coefficient of x3y8z2
Solution:
For coefficient of x3y8z2

Here Since 3 + 8 + 2 = 13 ≠ 17
Thus coefficient of x3y8z2 = 0
Q The constant term in the expansion of

Q The constant term in the expansion of
Ans: 1080
Solution:
Binomial Coefficient Problems
Result
(1) nC0 + nC1 + nC2 +...+ nCn = 2n
(2) nC0 + nC2 + nC4 +... = nC1 + nC3 + nC5 +...
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Q Let K be the sum of the coefficients of the odd

powers of x in the expansion of (1 + x)99 . Let a be
the middle term in the expansion of
If , where m and n are odd

numbers, then the ordered pair (l, n) is equal to
A (50, 101)
B (50, 51)
C (51, 101)
D (51, 99)
Q Let K be the sum of the coefficients of the odd

powers of x in the expansion of (1 + x)99 . Let a be
the middle term in the expansion of
If , where m and n are odd

numbers, then the ordered pair (l, n) is equal to
A (50, 101)
B (50, 51)
C (51, 101)
D (51, 99)
Solution:
term
m and n are coprime, then m + n is equal to_____.

m and n are coprime, then m + n is equal to_____.
Answer: 102
Solution:
Q
Find the value of: 50C10 + 51C10 + 52C10 +...+ 100C10
Solution:
When only ‘n’ changes we normally proceed as follows:

It is the coefficient of x10 in (1 + x)50 + (1 + x)51 + (1 + x)52 +...+ (1 + x)100
coefficient of x10 in
coefficient of x10 in
∴ coefficient of x10 is 101C11 − 50C11
⇒ 50C10 + 51C10 + 52C10 +...+ 100C10 = 101C11 − 50C11
Solution: Alternate Solution
JEE Main 2019
Q
If 20C1 + (22) 20C2 + (32) 20C3 + ….. + (202) 20C20 = A(2β),
then the ordered pair (A, β) is equal to
A (420, 19)
B (380, 19)
C (420, 18)
D (380, 18)
JEE Main 2019
Q
If 20C1 + (22) 20C2 + (32) 20C3 + ….. + (202) 20C20 = A(2β),
then the ordered pair (A, β) is equal to
A (420, 19)
B (380, 19)
C (420, 18)
D (380, 18)
Solution:
Q Find the sum of
10C ⋅ 10C3 + 10C1 ⋅ 10C4 + 10C2 ⋅ 10C5 + … + 10C7⋅ 10C10
0
Solution:
A 30
B 60
C 15
D 10
A 30
B 60
C 15
D 10
Solution:
Q
If (1 − 2x2 + x)6 = a0 + a1x + a2x2 +...+ a12x12 then
find: a0 + a2 + a4 +...+a12
Solution:
Given, (1 - 2x2 + x)6 = a0 + a1x + a2x2 +...+ a12x12

Putting x = 1, we get
a0 + a1 + a2 +...+ a12 = (1 - 2 + 1)6
a0 + a1 + a2 +...+ a12 = 0 ….. (1)
Putting x = –1, we get
Adding (1) and (2), we get

Functions
let’s consider an example of a function and understand the
associated terms.
Also, Here
f
(a) A is called domain of y = f(x)
(b) B is called co-domain of y = f(x)
-1 1
(c) Image of -1 and 1 is 1, while image of 2 is 4
(d) Pre-image of 1 are -1 and 1
1 4
(e) Range of y = f(x) is {1, 4} 2 9
↓
(i.e. collection of all images i.e. values of y for which x is
defined) A B
Rules to find Domain
1
(1) 一 is defined if ≠0
(1) is defined if ≥0
(2) logba is defined if a > 0 and b > 0, b ≠ 1
NOTE: Domain of f (x) + g(x) is intersection of domains of f (x) and g(x) .

Q
Find the domain of
Ex
Solution:
For domain,
− + − + −
−3/2 1 3/2 2
Thus,
Q The domain of
is
A (-1, ∞) - {3}
B R - {-1, 3}
C (2, ∞) - {3}
Ex
D R - {3}
Q The domain of
is
A (-1, ∞) - {3}
B R - {-1, 3}
C (2, ∞) - {3}
Ex
D R - {3}
Solution:
Range of a Function
Collection of all the images is called range of function.

It’s primarily, values of y for which x is defined.
Q
Find range of the following:
Solution:
Q
(a) f : R - {2, 6} → R,
(b)
JEE Main 31st Jan 2023, S-2
Q
(a) f : R - {2, 6} → R,
Solution:
Q
(b)
Solution:
Q Find range of the following:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Q The range of the function
D
Q The range of the function
D
Solution:
Modulus Functions
Modulus Functions
For all a, b > 0, we have
1) | f(x) | = a ⇒ f(x) = ±a
2) | f(x) | ≤ a ⇒ −a ≤ f(x) ≤ a
3) | f(x) | ≥ a ⇒ f(x) ≥ a or f(x) ≤ −a
4) a ≤ | f(x) | ≤ b ⇒ f(x) ∈ [−b, −a] ∪ [a, b]

Q Solve for x:
(a) | 2x − 1 | = 2 (b) | x − 2 | ≤ 3
(c) | 2x − 3 | > 2 (d) 4 ≤ | x − 2 | < 6
Solution:
(a) |2x - 1| = 2 (b) x - 2 ≤ 3

2x - 1 = ± 2 -3 ≤ x - 2 ≤ 3
2x - 1 = 2 or 2x - 1 = -2 -1 ≤ x ≤ 5
2x = 3 or 2x = -1 x ∈ [-1, 5]
x = 3/2 or x = -1/2
(c) |2x - 3 | > 2 (d) 4 ≤ |x - 2 | < 6
2x - 3 < -2 or 2x - 3 > 2 -6 < x - 2 ≤ -4 or 4 ≤ x - 2 < 6
2x < 1 or 2x > 5 -4 < x ≤ -2 or 6 ≤ x - 2 < 8
x < 1/2 or x > 5/2 x ∈ (-4 , -2] U [6, 8]
x ∈ (-∞ , ½) U (5/2, ∞)
Properties of Modulus
(1) | a | ≥ a
(2) | ab | = | a | × | b |
Triangle inequality:
(4) (i) |a + b| ≤ | a | + | b |
(ii) |a − b| ≥ || a | − | b ||
Q
Solve for x:
Solution:
Q
Solve for x : | 2x − 3 | = | x − 1 | + | x − 2 |
Solution:
|(x − 1) + (x − 2)| = | x − 1 | + | x − 2 |
⇒ (x − 1) (x − 2) ≥ 0
∴ x ∈ (−∞, + 1] ∪ [2, ∞)
Q
Solve for x : |2x + 1| + |x - 3| ≤ 5
Solution:
Case - 1 Case-2 Case-3
x ∈ [3, ∞)
In this case eqn becomes In this case eqn becomes In this case eqn becomes
−(2x + 1) − (x − 3) ≤ 5 (2x + 1) − (x − 3) ≤ 5 (2x + 1) + ( x − 3) ≤ 5
−3x + 2 ≤ 5 x+4≤5 3x − 2 ≤ 5
-3x ≤ 3 x≤1 3x ≤ 7
−x ≤ 1 or
x ≥ -1
or
Graph of : y = |x - a| + |x - b|
Greatest Integer Function
The representation of the Greatest Integer Function (GIF) is

f(x) = [x]
For any real number x :
[x] ➝ is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
Result
● [x + k] = [x] + k for k ∈ integer
●
Result
Q Solve for x:
(a) [2x - 1] = 3 (b)

(c) [x + 2] > 3 (d) [x] = x
Solution:
(a) [2x - 1] = 3 (b)

3 ≤ 2x - 1 < 4
4 ≤ 2x < 5
2 ≤ x < 5/2
x ∈ [2, 5/2)
(c) [x + 2] > 3 (d) [x] = x

[x + 2] ≥ 4 X can be only integers
x≥2 x∈z
x ∈ [2, ∞)
Q If the domain of the function
where [x] is greatest integer ≤ x, is [2, 6), then its

range is
D
Q If the domain of the function
where [x] is greatest integer ≤ x, is [2, 6), then its

range is
D
Solution:
Fractional Part Function
y = {x} = x − [x]
NOTE:
(1) fractional part of (✩) = (✩) − greatest integer of (✩)
(2) {x} always lie in [0,1)
Q
Solve for x: [x] = 2{x} + 1
Solution:
Exponential Function
y = ax, a > 0, a ≠ 1
Y
Y
0<a<1
a>1
X’ X X’ X
O O
Y’ Y’
Result
Logarithmic Function
y = logax, a > 0, a ≠ 1, x > 0
Y Y
X’ O X X’ O X
Y’ Y’
y = logₐ x ; 0 < a < 1 y = logₐ x ; a > 1

Result
(a) loga x2 = loga x1 ⇒
(b) loga x2 > loga x1
(c) loga x > p
Remark
While solving equations and inequations involving log,
be careful about domain.
Q
Solve for x: log10(x2 − 5x) < log106
Solution:
Q The domain of the function
A (2, 4)
B (-2, 4)
C [2, 4)
Ex D [-2, 4)
Q The domain of the function
A (2, 4)
B (-2, 4)
C [2, 4)
Ex D [-2, 4)
Solution:
log0.3(x - 1) < 0 for x > 2
Also -x2 + 2x + 8 > 0 If and only if x ∈ (-2, 4),
Hence the domain of the given function is (2, 4)

Q Domain of the function
f(x) = log2(log4(log2(log3(x2 + 4x - 23))) is
A (-8, 4)
B (-∞, -8) ∪ (4, ∞)
C (-4, 8)
D (-∞, -4) ∪ (8, ∞)

Q Domain of the function
f(x) = log2(log4(log2(log3(x2 + 4x - 23))) is
A (-8, 4)
B (-∞, -8) ∪ (4, ∞)
C (-4, 8)
D (-∞, -4) ∪ (8, ∞)

Solution:
The given function is defined when
log2 log3(x2 + 4x - 23) > 1
i.e., when log3(x2 + 4x - 23) > 2
i.e., when x2 + 4x - 23 > 32
i.e., when x2 + 4x - 32 > 0
i.e., when x < -8 or x > 4

Q
Find range of : y = log10 (2 sin x + 12)
Solution:
Signum Function
For example
(1) sgn (x2 + 10) =
(2) sgn ({x} − 2) =

Even and Odd Functions
Even Function
If f(-x) = f(x) ∀ x then f (x) is even function
NOTE:
(1) Graph of even function is symmetric about Y-axis.
Odd Function
If f(-x) = -f(x) ∀ x then f (x) is Odd function
NOTE:
(1) Graph of even function is symmetric about Y-axis.
(2) Graph of an odd function is symmetric about origin.
JEE Main 8th Apr 2019, S-1
Q Let f(x) = ax ( a > 0) be written as f(x) = f1(x) + f2(x),

where f1(x) is an even function and f2(x) is an odd
function. Then f1(x + y) + f1(x - y) equals
A 2 f1(x) f1(y)
B 2 f1(x + y) f1(x - y)
C 2 f2(x) f2(y)
D 2 f2(x + y) f2(x - y)
JEE Main 8th Apr 2019, S-1
Q Let f(x) = ax ( a > 0) be written as f(x) = f1(x) + f2(x),

where f1(x) is an even function and f2(x) is an odd
function. Then f1(x + y) + f1(x - y) equals
A 2 f1(x) f1(y)
B 2 f1(x + y) f1(x - y)
C 2 f2(x) f2(y)
D 2 f2(x + y) f2(x - y)
Solution:
Periodic Functions
Definition
A function f (x) is said to be periodic function if there exists a positive real
number T such that f (x + T) = f (x) ∀ x.
Least such value of T is called Fundamental Period of y = f (x).

Periodic Functions
Definition
A function f (x) is said to be periodic function if there exists a positive real
number T such that f (x + T) = f (x) ∀ x.
Least such value of T is called Fundamental Period of y = f (x).
Graph of a Periodic Function

Graph of periodic function repeats at fixed length of interval.
Some Standard Functions and their Periods
Function Period
sinn x, cosn x, secn x, cosecn x π if n is even, 2π if n is odd
tann x, cotn x 𝜋
|sin x|, |co x|, .….,|cot x| 𝜋
{x} 1
Algebraic Functions Non-periodic
Constant Function Periodic, period undefined

NOTE: (a) If period of f (x) is T, then period of y = kf (ax + b) + c is .
NOTE: (a) If period of f (x) is T, then period of y = kf (ax + b) + c is .
(b) If period of f (x) is T1 and period of g(x) is T2, then LCM (T1, T2) is
period of f (x) + g(x).
[It need not be fundamental period]
Recall
(a) LCM of two rational numbers always exists.
For example, LCM
(b) LCM of a rational & an irrational never exist.
For example, LCM does not exist.
(c) LCM of two irrational exist if one is rational multiple of other.

Q
Find periods of the following:
(a) y = 2 sin(3x + 1) (b) y = 3{3x} + 1
(c) y = sin x + sin 3x (d) y = |sin 3x| + |cos 4x|
(e) y = cos x + {x} (e)

Solution:
Solution:
Q
Find period of :
(a) y = |sin x| + |cos x|
(b) y = sin4 4x + cos4 4x
(c)
NOTE: Whenever we have complementary functions

with mod or same even powers then Fundamental
period is half of the period found by LCM.
Solution:
y = |sin x| + |cos x|
y = sin4 4x + cos4 4x
Graph Transformations
y = f (x)
(1) y = f(x) → y = f(x) + a
Result
To draw y = f(x) ±a, shift the graph of y = f(x) upward or downward
respectively by a units.
(2) y = f(x) → y = f(x ± a)
Result
To draw y = f(x ± a), shift the graph of y = f(x) to the left or right
respectively by a units.
(3) y = f(x) → y = af(x)
Result
(1) To draw y = af (x), inflate or deflate graph of y = f (x) by a units
depending upon whether a > 1 or 0 < a < 1.
(2) To draw y = -f (x), reflect the graph of y = f (x) about X-axis
(4) y = f(x)→ y = f(ax)
Result
(1) To draw the graph of y = f(ax), stretch or compress the graph of
y = f (x) depending upon 0 < a < 1 or a > 1 respectively.
(2) To draw y = f (-x), reflect the graph of y = f (x), about Y-axis.
(5) y = f(x) → y = | f(x) |
Result
To plot y = | f(x) |, keep the graph of y = f(x) as such where f(x) ≥ 0 while
reflecting it about X-axis where f (x) < 0.
(6) y = f(x) → y = f(|x|)
Result
To plot y = f(|x|) , first remove the graph of y = f(x) on negative x axis.
keep the graph of y = f(x) as such where x ≥ 0, also reflect this part about
Y-axis.
Classification of Function
(a) One-one and many-one
(b) Onto and into
NOTE:
One-one → Injective
Onto → Surjective
One-one and onto → Bijective
Q Check whether the following functions are onto or
into.
(a) f : R → [−1, 1] defined as

(b) f : R → [0, 5] defined as f(x) = |3 sinx + 4 cosx|
Q Check whether the following functions are onto or
into.
(a) f : R → [−1, 1] defined as

Solution:
Now x is defined if
Since
Thus f(x) is into.
Q
Check whether the following functions are onto or
into.
(b) f : R → [0, 5] defined as f(x) = |3 sinx + 4 cosx|
Solution:
f : R → [0, 5]
f(x) = |3 sin x + 4 cos x|
We know that
Thus 0 ≤ |3 sin x + 4 cos x| ≤ 5

f(x) ∈ [0, 5]
Thus f(x) is onto.
Q
Let f(x) = [x]2 + [x + 1] − 3, where [x] = the
greatest integer ≤ x. then
f(x) is a many-one and

A into function
B f(x) is a many-one and

onto function
C f(x) is a one-one and

into function
D None of these
Q
Let f(x) = [x]2 + [x + 1] − 3, where [x] = the
greatest integer ≤ x. then
f(x) is a many-one and

A into function
B f(x) is a many-one and

onto function
C f(x) is a one-one and

into function
D None of these
Solution:
Composition of Functions
Composition of f(x) and g(x) is denoted as fog(x) and gof(x) and it
is defined as :
(a) fog(x) = f(g(x))
(b) gof(x) = g(f(x))
Q Let f be a function defined by
x ≠ 3, 2; f k(x) denote the composition of f with

itself taken k times i.e., f 3(x) = f(f(f(x))) then
which one of the following in NOT correct
A f 2009(2009) = 2009
D f 2012(2012) = 2012
Q Let f be a function defined by
x ≠ 3, 2; f k(x) denote the composition of f with

itself taken k times i.e., f 3(x) = f(f(f(x))) then
which one of the following in NOT correct
A f 2009(2009) = 2009
D f 2012(2012) = 2012
Solution:
Q Let f : R → R be a function defined by
If the function g(x) = f(f(f(x)) + f(f(x)), then the

greatest integer less than or equal to g(1) is___
Q Let f : R → R be a function defined by
If the function g(x) = f(f(f(x)) + f(f(x)), then the

greatest integer less than or equal to g(1) is___
Answer: 2
Solution:
Inverse of a Function
Consider a function f : {1, 2, 3} ➝ {3, 6, 9} defined as f(x) = 3x
1 3
2 6
f(1) = 3 3 9
f(2) = 6 A B
f(3) = 9
Algorithm to find inverse of function
Step 1: Write y = f(x) and replace x ↔️ y

Step 2: Find value of y. This is f −1(x)
Q
Find inverse function of following:
Solution:
Q For some a, b, c ∈ N, let f(x) = ax - 3 and
g(x) = xb + c, x ∈ R. If
then (fog)(ac) + (gof)(b) is equal to____

Q For some a, b, c ∈ N, let f(x) = ax - 3 and
g(x) = xb + c, x ∈ R. If
then (fog)(ac) + (gof)(b) is equal to____
Answer: 2039
Solution:
NOTE:
A function is invertible iff it is bijective.
NOTE:
(a) Graph of y = f −1(x) is reflection of graph of y = f(x) about y = x.

(b) Solutions of f(x) = x and f −1(x) = x are same.
Functional Equation
Result
For a non zero function f(x), we have
(a) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = K ln x
(b) f(xy) = f(x) × f(y) ⇒ f(x) = xn
(c) f(x + y) = f(x) × f(y) ⇒ f(x) = ax
(d) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = Kx
(e)
and f(x) is a polynomial then f(x) = ±xn + 1

JEE Main 2020
Q
If f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) and x, y ∈ N,
where N is the set of all natural numbers, then
the value of is
Recall: f(x + y) = f(x) × f(y) ⇒ f(x) = ax

JEE Main 2020
Q
If f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) and x, y ∈ N,
where N is the set of all natural numbers, then
the value of is
D
Solution:
Q If g(x) g(y) = g(x) + g(y) + g(xy) - 2 ∀x, y and
g(2) = 5 then find g(x) if its given to be a
polynomial.
Recall:
and f(x) is a polynomial then f(x) = ±xn + 1

Solution:
Put x = 1, y = 2, we get
g(1) g(1) = g(1) + g(2) + g(2) - 2
5g(1) = g(1) + 5 + 5 - 2
4g(1) = 8
g(1) = 2 But g(2) = 5
Now, put ⸫n=2
g(x) = x2 + 1
Is equal to
A 2011
B 2010
C 1010
D 1011
Is equal to
A 2011
B 2010
C 1010
D 1011
Solution:
Matrices and
Determinants
Properties of Multiplication
1. It’s not commutative.
i.e. AB ≠ BA (in general)
2. Its Associative
i.e. (A × B) × C = A × (B × C)
3. It distributes over addition.

i.e. A × (B + C) = A × B + A × C
or (B + C) × A = B × A + C × A
(A + B)2 =
1.
NOTE:
1. If An is a square matrix of order n & K is a constant then |K × An| = Kn |An|
2. If A × B is null matrix then it is not necessary that either A or B will be null
matrix.
In Square Matrix
(i) aii are called diagonal elements.
(ii) aij & aji are called conjugate elements.
(iii) is called trace of square matrix.

Properties of Transpose
1. (AT)T = A
2. (A + B)T = AT + BT
3. (KA)T = K(AT) ; K is Constant
4. (AB)T = BT AT
Remark
1. (ABC)T = CT BT AT 2. (An)T = (AT)n

JEE Main 2014
Q
If A is a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that
AAT = ATA and B = A-1AT then BBT =
A I+B
B I
C B-1
D (B-1)T
JEE Main 2014
Q
If A is a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that
AAT = ATA and B = A-1AT then BBT =
A I+B
B I
C B-1
D (B-1)T
Solution:
Taking transpose on both sides

BT = (A-1 AT)T
BT = (AT)T (A-1)T
BT = A(A-1)T
Now, B ⋅ BT = (A-1 AT) (A ⋅ (A-1)T)
= A-1(ATA) (A-1)T
= A-1(AAT)(A-1)T
= (A-1A)(AT(A-1)T)
=I⋅I
=I
A 1224
B 1042
C 540
D 539
A 1224
B 1042
C 540
D 539
Solution:
Symmetric & Skew symmetric
Symmetric matrix Skew Symmetric matrix
If AnT = An then square matrix An is called If AnT = -An then square matrix An is called skew
symmetric matrix. symmetric matrix.
i.e. aij = aji ∀ i & j i.e. aij = -aji ∀ i & j
Clearly, aii = 0 ∀ i
Remark
Every square matrix A can be represented as a sum of
symmetric & skew symmetric matrix.
Q Let A, B, C be 3 x 3 matrices such that A is symmetric and

B and C are skew-symmetric. Consider the statements
(S1) : A13 B26 - B26 A13 is symmetric
(S1) : A26 C13 - C13 A26 is symmetric
A Only S2 is true
B Only S1 is true
C Both S1 and S2 are false
D Both S1 and S2 are True

Q Let A, B, C be 3 x 3 matrices such that A is symmetric and

B and C are skew-symmetric. Consider the statements
(S1) : A13 B26 - B26 A13 is symmetric
(S1) : A26 C13 - C13 A26 is symmetric
A Only S2 is true
B Only S1 is true
C Both S1 and S2 are false
D Both S1 and S2 are True

Solution:
AT = A, BT = -B , cT = -C
Let P = A13 B26 - B26 A13
PT = (A13 B26 - B26 A13)T = (A13 B26)T - (B26 A13)T
= (B26)T (A13)T - (A13)T (B26)T = (BT)26 (AT)!3 - (AT)13
(BT)26
= B26 A13 - A13 B26 = - (A13 B26 - B26 A13) = -P
P is skew-symmetric
And Q = A26 C13 - C13 Amatrix
26 ⇒ S1 is false.
QT = (A26 C13 - C13 A26)T = (A26 C13)T - (C13 A26)T

= (C13)T (A26)T - (A26)T (C13)T = (CT)13 (AT)26 - (AT)26 (CT)13
= -C13 A26 + A26 B!3 = (A26 C!3 + C!3 A26) = Q
Q is symmetric matrix ⇒ S2 is True.
Q
then the value of
2|a2 − b1| + 3|a3 − c1| + 4|b3 − c2| is equal to
A 0
B 1
C 2
D 3
Q
then the value of
2|a2 − b1| + 3|a3 − c1| + 4|b3 − c2| is equal to
A 0
B 1
C 2
D 3
Solution:
A a non-identity symmetric
matrix
B a skew-symmetric matrix
C neither symmetric nor

skew-symmetric matrix
D an identity matrix
A a non-identity symmetric
matrix
B a skew-symmetric matrix
C neither symmetric nor

skew-symmetric matrix
D an identity matrix
Solution:
Solution:
Orthogonal Matrix
A square matrix is called orthogonal if AAT = I
Q
A 0
B 1
C -1
D ±1
Q
A 0
B 1
C -1
D ±1
Solution:
Q
Find PT Q2005 P, where
and Q = PAPT
Solution:
∴
Idempotent Matrix
A square matrix is called idempotent if A2 = A.
Clearly, An will also be equal to A ∀ n ≥ 2
Involutory Matrix
A square matrix is called involutory if A2 = I.
Nilpotent Matrix
A square matrix is called nilpotent matrix of order m if:
e.g.
NOTE: There is no way to check whether matrix is nilpotent or not,

other than checking the powers manually.
Properties of Adjoint
For square matrix A & B of order n, we have:
1. |adj A| = |A|n-1 5. adj(KA) = Kn - 1 adj A ; K is constant
6. adj(Am) = (adj A)m ; m ∈ n

2. adj (adj A) = |A|n - 2 A
7. adj(AB) = (adj B) (adj A)

3.
i.e. reversal law holds
4. adj(AT) = (adj A)T
Result
For any square matrix An × n : A × (adj A) = |A|In = (adj A) × A
Q
Let A be a 3 x 3 invertible matrix.
If |adj (24 A)| = |adj(3 adj(2A))|, then |A|2 is equal to:
A 66
B 212
C 26
D 1
Q
Let A be a 3 x 3 invertible matrix.
If |adj (24 A)| = |adj(3 adj(2A))|, then |A|2 is equal to:
A 66
B 212
C 26
D 1
Solution:
Q Let
If B = I - 5C1 (adj A) + 5C2 (adj A)2 - . . . - 5C5 (adj A)5, then

the sum of all elements of the matrix B is:
A -5
B -6
C -7
D -8
Q Let
If B = I - 5C1 (adj A) + 5C2 (adj A)2 - . . . - 5C5 (adj A)5, then

the sum of all elements of the matrix B is:
A -5
B -6
C -7
D -8
Solution:
Inverse of Matrix
D
D
Solution:
Solution:
Properties of Inverse
i.e. reversal law holds.

Q
Let A be a 3 x 3 matrix such that |adj(adj(adjA))| = 124.
Then |A-1 adj A| is equal to
D
Q
Let A be a 3 x 3 matrix such that |adj(adj(adjA))| = 124.
Then |A-1 adj A| is equal to
D
Solution:
Given |adj(adj(adj A))| = 124

Cayley Hamilton Theorem
Every Matrix satisfies its characteristic equation.

Q
If
then find c and d.

Solution:
Solution:
A -10
B -6
C 6
D 10
A -10
B -6
C 6
D 10
Solution:
Properties of Determinants
Property 1 The value of the determinant remains unchanged

if its rows and columns are interchanged.
Property 2 If any two rows (or columns) of a determinants are interchanged,

then sign of determinant changes.
Property 3 If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical

(all corresponding elements are proportional), then value of determinant is
zero.
Property 4 If all the elements of any row (column) be multiplied by a number
‘K’ then value of determinant is multiplied by ‘K’.
Q Let p and p + 2 be prime numbers and let
. Then the sum of the
maximum values of ⍺ and β, such that p⍺ and (p + 2)β

divide Δ, is____.
Q Let p and p + 2 be prime numbers and let
. Then the sum of the
maximum values of ⍺ and β, such that p⍺ and (p + 2)β

divide Δ, is____.
Answer: 4
Solution:
Property 4 If all the elements of any row (column) be multiplied by a number
‘K’ then value of determinant is multiplied by ‘K’.
Property 5 If some or all elements of a row (or a column) of a determinant are

expressed as sum of two (or more) terms, then the determinant can be
expressed as sum of two (or more) determinants of the same order.
i.e.
Observation
Q
then is equal to
A -1
B 1
C 2
D 0
Q
then is equal to
A -1
B 1
C 2
D 0
Solution:
Property 6 The value of determinants is not altered by adding or subtracting
the multiple of any row (column) in other row (column)
Standard Determinants
Q Number of distinct real roots of the equation
A 3
B 2
C 1
D 0
Q Number of distinct real roots of the equation
A 3
B 2
C 1
D 0
Solution:
Q If a, b, c, λ ∈ N, then the least possible value of
Q If a, b, c, λ ∈ N, then the least possible value of
Ans: 4
Solution:
Solution:
Q If a, b and c are distinct positive real numbers such that
A Δ1 = Δ2
B Δ12 + Δ2 = 0
C Δ12 = Δ2
D Δ12 = Δ22
Q If a, b and c are distinct positive real numbers such that
A Δ1 = Δ2
B Δ12 + Δ2 = 0
C Δ12 = Δ2
D Δ12 = Δ22
Solution:
Elements of Δ2 are co-factors of the elements of Δ1

Hence Δ12 = Δ2
Maximum and Minimum Values of
Determinant of order 3
Differentiation of a Determinant
Also,
Q
is an identity then find t + s
A 71
B 82
C 55
D 0
Q
is an identity then find t + s
A 71
B 82
C 55
D 0
Solution:
∴
System of Linear Equations
Number of Solutions
System of Linear Equations
Number of Solutions
D
D≠0 D=0
(Unique solution)
Dx = D y = D z = 0 Dx, Dy, Dz
(Infinitely many are not all zero
solutions or No (no solution)
solution)
Q Number of solutions of following system of
equations: x2 + y2 + z2 = 6, x2 - y2 + z2 = 2 and
3x2 + 2y2 - 4z2 = -5
A 0
B 1
C 2
D 8
Q Number of solutions of following system of
equations: x2 + y2 + z2 = 6, x2 - y2 + z2 = 2 and
3x2 + 2y2 - 4z2 = -5
A 0
B 1
C 2
D 8
Solution:
Solution:
∴
JEE Main 28th Mar 2021, S-2
Q Let the system of linear equations

4x + λy + 2z = 0 ; 2x - y + z = 0, μx + 2y + 3z = 0,
λ, μ ∈ R has a non-trivial solution. Then which of
the following is true ?
A μ = 6, λ ∈ R
B λ = 2, μ ∈ R
C λ = 3, μ ∈ R
D μ = -6, λ ∈ R
JEE Main 28th Mar 2021, S-2
Q Let the system of linear equations

4x + λy + 2z = 0 ; 2x - y + z = 0, μx + 2y + 3z = 0,
λ, μ ∈ R has a non-trivial solution. Then which of
the following is true ?
A μ = 6, λ ∈ R
B λ = 2, μ ∈ R
C λ = 3, μ ∈ R
D μ = -6, λ ∈ R
Solution:
JEE Main 31st Aug 2021, S-2
Q If 𝛂 + 𝜷 + 𝜸 = 2𝝅, then the system of equations

x + (cos 𝜸)y + (cos 𝜷)z = 0
(cos 𝜸)x + y + (cos 𝛂)z = 0
(cos 𝜷)x + (cos 𝛂)y + z = 0, has
A No Solution
infinitely many
B solutions
C Exactly two solutions
D A unique solution
JEE Main 31st Aug 2021, S-2
Q If 𝛂 + 𝜷 + 𝜸 = 2𝝅, then the system of equations

x + (cos 𝜸)y + (cos 𝜷)z = 0
(cos 𝜸)x + y + (cos 𝛂)z = 0
(cos 𝜷)x + (cos 𝛂)y + z = 0, has
A No Solution
infinitely many
B solutions
C Exactly two solutions
D A unique solution
Solution:
Q Let S denote the set of all real values of λ such

that the system of equations λx + y + z = 1,
x + λy + z = 1, x + y + λz = 1 is inconsistent, then
is equal to
A 12
B 2
C 4
D 6
Q Let S denote the set of all real values of λ such

that the system of equations λx + y + z = 1,
x + λy + z = 1, x + y + λz = 1 is inconsistent, then
is equal to
A 12
B 2
C 4
D 6
Solution:
Vectors
Internal Section Formula External Section Formula
m
n
O
NOTE:
A
C
m n B
P
For example, in a ΔABC, if AD is the median to the side BC, then
B D C
NOTE:
A
C
m n B
P
For example, in a ΔABC, if AD is the median to the side BC, then
B D C
Q
Let and .
Find the vector bisecting ∠AOB internally

such that C lies on AB.
Solution:
Q Points D and E divide sides BC and CA of a
triangle ABC in the ratio 2 : 3 and 3 : 2
respectively. The ratio in which, the position
vector of point of intersection of AD and BE
divides AD is
A 15 : 4
B 10 : 9
C 14 : 5
D 13 : 6
Q Points D and E divide sides BC and CA of a
triangle ABC in the ratio 2 : 3 and 3 : 2
respectively. The ratio in which, the position
vector of point of intersection of AD and BE
divides AD is
A 15 : 4
B 10 : 9
C 14 : 5
D 13 : 6
Solution:
P
Solution:
Dot Product of Two Vectors
NOTE:
(a) are perpendicular to each other
(b)
(c)
(d)
Q
Solution:
JEE Main 2020
Q
JEE Main 2020
Answer: 2
Solution:
Geometrical Significance of the Dot Product
Let’s look at the projection of a vector along another vector.

Geometrical Significance of the Dot Product
Let’s look at the projection of a vector along another vector.
NOTE: is called projection vector (or component vector) of

A 6
B 7
C 8
D 9
A 6
B 7
C 8
D 9
Solution:
Thus, we have
Cross Product of two Vectors
Properties of Cross Product
Q Find a vector of magnitude 7 units, which is
perpendicular to the two vectors and
Solution:
D
D
Solution:
Triple Products
There are two kinds of triple products, namely

(1) Scalar triple product
(2) Vector triple product
Scalar Triple Product (Box Product)
Properties of Box Product
NOTE:
Remember
1. [a + b b + c c + a] = 2[a b c]
2. [a × b b × c c × a] = [a b c]2
3. [a b c]2 =
Q
D
Q
D
Solution:
Q
A 9
B 3
C 6
D 12
Q
A 9
B 3
C 6
D 12
Solution:
Geometrical Significance of the Box Product
The magnitude of gives the volume of the
parallelepiped whose coinitial edges are
Remark
The magnitude of gives the volume of the tetrahedron

whose coinitial edges are
Vector Triple Product
For three vectors are

called vector triple products.
Vector Triple Product
For three vectors are

called vector triple products.
Theorem
Geometrical Significance of the Vector Triple product
NOTE: Geometrically, is a vector which is perpendicular to and

lies in the plane of
Q
The unit vector which is orthogonal to
and is coplanar with
and .
D
Q
The unit vector which is orthogonal to
and is coplanar with
and .
D
Solution:
Solution:
A -5
B 5
C 1
D -1
A -5
B 5
C 1
D -1
Solution:
A 140
B 132
C 144
D 136
A 140
B 132
C 144
D 136
Solution:
→
Q Let be non-collinear vectors of which is a
unit vector. Find the angles of a triangle, two of
whose sides are represented by
and .
Solution:
P
Q R
Solution:
Remember the following results :
D
D
Solution:

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