ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS

p0we r
functions f(x)
.
= x"
n n a positive mteger
f (X ) ,:;:; X ' y

-1
n even n odd

. behavior of a polynomial function Asymptotic behavior of a polynomial function

Asyrnptonc ee and positive leading
. ffi ·
coe c1ent of odd degree and positive leading coefficient
of even degr
y y

n even n odd

1
J(x) == x - n = xn
y y

1 y =-X

-1
-1

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

arcsinx =sin-IX =0 arccos x = cos- 1 x = 0 arctanx = tan- 1 x = 0
1t 1t 1t 1t
{:} sin8 = x, -- < 0 < -
2 -
COS 0 = X, tan 0 = x, - - < 0 < -
2 2
- 2
8
8 8

8 = tan- 1 x

--------JH ~ -- - -- x

----1----- - +-- - - - - +- x
-1
 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
~----11111
/ 1oga x = y ¢> aY = x I In x = y ¢> eY = x loga (x y) == loga x + loga y

ln(ex) =x elnx =x loga (;) == loga x - loga y

log0 l =0 log0 a =l lnl=0 lne=l log0 (xr) == r loga x
y
y y

Y= log2x
2
Y=logx
___ Y=log x
5
Y=log10 x
-t-7F--t-i----+--+-- X

-2 -1 2

Jim
X--+00
ax = oo, a > l Jim ax = 0, a > 1 lim loga x == -oo
x--+-oo x --+O+
Jim
X--+00
ax = 0, 0< a < l Jim ax = oo, 0< a < 1 lim loga x == oo
X--+ -00 X--+00

Hyperbolic Functions
ex - e- x 1 y y
sinhx = --- cschx =- -
2 sinhx y = cothx
ex+ e - x 1
coshx = sechx = - - y =coshx --------- ---- ------·~
-~-- -
2 coshx
sinhx coshx y= tanhx
tanhx =- -
coshx
cothx = - -
- -+ - - - --;f--
sinhx ----,f----+x
-2 -I -2 2
-1
y = sinhx -2
-3

sinh(x + y) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x

cosh(x + y) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
y
y = sinh-l X sinhy =X sinh- 1 x = In(x + &"+I)
y = cosh- 1 x cosh y =x and y ::::: 0 cosh- 1 x = ln(x + ~ ) X > I

y = tanh - 1 X tanhy =x tanh - I x= ~2 In ( 11 +- xx) -1 < x < I

- - + - - + -- -1---- -1-----i--X
-2 -1 2

-1
 DIFFERENTIATION
-
21. ~(tan- 1 x) = _l_
·ation Rules dx 1 +x2
oifferent1 1
.!-(c) ""0
22. ~(csc- 1 x) =
dx x~
1, dX
d I
23. -(sec- 1 x) = -- -
d t"" I
z, [x' dx x~
n- 1 (Power Rule) d
.!-(l) ""nx
1
24. -(coC x) = - -1-
3· dX dx 1 +x2

.!-rcJ(x)l;:::: cf' (x) Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

4. dx
d
d ) + g(x))::::: J'(x) + g' (x) 25. -(ex)= ex
_[f(X dx
5• dX
d l;:::: J(x)g'(x) + g(x)J'(x) (Product Rule) d
26. -(ax)= (lna)ax
_[J(x)g(x) dx
6. dx
d
x )] g(x)J' (x) -J(x)g'(x) (Quotient Rule)
27. -lnlxl = -xI
1. dxd [f~
( -- -
[g(x) 1
2 dx
d I
!!.._ J(g(x) ) ;:::: J' (g(x))g' (x) (Chain Rule) 28. -(log x)
dx a
=- -
(lna)x
8· dx
!!.._ J(x)";:::: nJ(x)"- 1J'(x) (General Power Rule) Hyperbolic Functions
9· dx
d .
!!.._f(kx + b) ::::: kJ' (kx + b)
29. -(smhx)
dx
= coshx
10. dx

'(x) =~ where g(x) is the inverse J- (x)

1 30. ~(coshx) = sinhx
dx
11 • g f'(g (x))
d J'(x) 31. ~(tanhx) = sech2 x
12. dx lnf(x) = J(x) dx
d
Trigonometric Functions
32. -(cschx)
dx
= -cschx cothx
d . d
, 13. - sinx = cos x 33. -(sechx) = - sechx tanhx
dx dx

d .
14. - cosx = -smx 34. ~(cothx) = -csch2 x
dx dx

d
15. - tanx
dx
= sec2 x Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
d
16. -d csc x = - csc x col x 35. ~(sinh- 1 x) = ~2
X dx 1 +x
d _1 1
d
17. dx secx = sec.r tan x 36. -(cosh
dx
x) = vr,,--;
x2 - 1

d d 1
= - csc 2 x 37. -(tanh- 1 x) =- -
l8. -d
X
COI X dx 1 -x 2
d _ 1
38. -(csch 1 x) =
Inverse Trigonometric Functions dx lxlJx"f+i
d d -1
19. -(sin-I
dx
·) _
X ----
1 39. -(sech x) =
dx
~ x~
d
= -I-2
d
20. - (cos- I ) _ 1 40. - (coth-l x)
dx x ----- dx 1 -x
J1 - x 2
 INTEGRATION
Substitution Integration by Parts Formula
If an integrand has the form f (u(x))u' (x), then rewrite the entire j u(x)v' (x) dx = u(x)v(x) - ju' (x)v(x) dx
integral in terms of u and its differential du = u' (x) dx:

ff 1
(u(x))u (x) dx =ff (u) du

TABLE OF INTEGRALS
un+I
Basic Forms
un+l
22
• J un lnudu = - - -
(n 2
[(n + l)lnu - l] + C
+ 1)
1.
J undu= n+l +C, n fa -l 23. f- 1
- du= ln llnul + C
ulnu
2. J duu = ln lul + C
Hyperbolic Forms
3. J = +eu du eu C
24. J sinhudu = coshu + C

4. J = ~: +
au du C 25. J coshudu = sinhu + C

5. J = +sinudu -cosu C 26. J tanhudu=lncoshu+C

6. J = +
cosudu sinu C 27. f cothudu=lnlsinhul+C

7. J sec2 u du = tan u + C 28. J sech u du= tan- 1 lsinh ul + C

8. J csc2 udu = -cotu + C

29. J cschudu=lnltanh~ul+c

9. f secutanudu=secu+C
30. J sech2 udu = tanhu + C

10. J = +
cscu cotudu -cscu C 31. J csch2 u du = - coth u + C

ll. J tanudu=lnlsecul+C 32. J sechu tanhu du= -sechu + C

12. J cotudu=lnlsinul+C 33. J cschucothudu = -cschu +c

13. J secudu = lnlsecu +tanul +c

Trigonometric Forms
14. J cscudu = 1n lcscu -cotul + C
34. f 2
sin udu = ~u - i sin2u + C

15.
J = +~
du
va2 _ u2
. -I u
SID -
a
C
35. f 2
cos udu = ~u + i sin2u + C

16. 1+ ~=~tan-I~ +C
a2u2 a a 36. f 2
tan u du = tan u - u + C

Exponential and Logarithmic Forms 37. f cot2 udu = -cotu -u + C

17.
I ueau du = 02l (au - l)eau +C 38. f sin3 udu = -~(2+sin2 u)cosu + C

18.
I uneau du= -;;u
l n eau - -;;
n J un-1 eau d u 39. f cos3 udu = ~(2+cos2 u)sinu +c

19. / eau sin bu du = /:ub2 (a sin bu - b cos bu) + C 40. / tan3 udu= ~tan2 u+lnlcosul+C
0

20. Jeau cos bu du= ~

a 2 +b2
(a cos bu+ bsinbu) + C 41. f cot3 udu = -~ cot2 u - ln lsinul + C

21. / lnudu=ulnu-u+C 42. /sec3 udu = ~ secutanu + ~ lnlsecu +tanul +c

2 2
 -
1
1 cscuco tu + -lnlcs cu -cotu l + C Forms Involving ✓a2 - u2, a >o
43. J. csc311du = -2
1 · n-1 ucosu + -n-
n II du= - - SUI
2
n-11 2
sinn- udu 61. j ✓a2 - u2du = ':..2 ✓a2 - u2 + a22 sin-I':a..+ C
44. J sin
1
n 11 du== - cOs
n
n - I
n- I usinu + -n-
J cosn-2 u d u 68. I u2✓a2 - u2 du== ':..8 (2u2 - a2)✓a2 - u2 + a4 sin-I ':..
8 a
+C
45,
J cos 2
-! /a+ ✓a2-u2 1 + C
46,
J tan u
ndu-
I
-tan
-n-l
n-1 u tann-Z u du
69.
f ✓a2-u2 u du == ✓a 2 - u2 - a In
11

j cor' u du _- n_::.!__ cot"- 1 u -! cotn-Z u du ✓a 2 -u 2 I ~ u

du== --va 2 -u2-s in- 1 a-+c
41,
1
- l

n d ---ta nuse c
n-2 u + n-
2
- - secn-2 u d u J 70.
/ u2
2
u
u ~ 2 a
2
1u
48•
J sec u u- n-1
-l
n du - _ _ cot u csc
n-2 u + -
n- 1
n --2
cscn-2 u d u J 71.
I u du
va2 - u2 2
2
r:,---; ; = --va - u + - sin- -a + C
2

49.
J csc"
.
- n-l n- 1
_ sin(a - b)u _ sin(a + b)u + C
12. f du
u ✓a 2 -u2
=-!1n/a+~/+c
a u
5o. j sin au smbu du - 2(a _ b) 2(a + b)
13, f du = __I_ ✓a2 - u2 + C
sin(a - b)u sin(a + b)u C
u2✓a2 - u2 a2u
cosauc osbudu = Z(a-b ) + 2(a+b ) +
51,
J cos(a - b)u cos(a + b)u 14. f 2 2
(a 2 - u 2 )31 du = _ ':_ (2u -
8
5a 2 )✓a2 - u2 +
304
8
sin- 1 ':.. + C
a
52. j sinaucosbudu= Z(a-b ) - Z(a+b ) +C
15. I 2 du = u +C
53. f II sin u du = sin u - u cos u + C
(a _ u2)3/ 2 0 2 ✓0 2 _ u2

54. f u cos u du = cos u + u sin u + C Forms Involving ✓u 2 - a2 , a > o

55. f u"sinu du=-u "cosu +n f ,,n-lco sudu 16. f ✓u2 - a 2 du = '2:. ✓u2 - a2 -
02
2
In ju+ ✓u2 - a2 j + C

56. fu"cos udu =u"si nu-n f ,,n-lsi nudu 77. / u 2 ✓u 2 -a2du

4 r,--; 2;
u 2 r,--; ; a 2
= -(2u 2 - a )v u2 - a2 - -8 In ju+ v u - a j + C
57. j sin" 111
cos u du 8
f
11

1 11
111
n- I I a
sin• - I II cos + - sinn-Z u cosm u du ✓u2 -a2 r,--;2;
---- + -
=- -
1
n+m
111 1
-
n+m
m-11. _ I
78. - - - du = 'I/ u 2 - a - a cos- -lul + C
u
✓u2 - a2 In ju + vr,--; ;J
__- ___::_u + - -
sin"+ ucos sm" u cos111 2 u du ✓u2 - a2
= ___
n+m n+m I
79. u du= u + u2 - a2 + C

Invers e Trigonometric Forms so./ du

✓u2 - a2
=inju+ ✓u2 -a 2 J+c

58. J sin-I udu = usin-1 u + ~ + C s1. / u2du =':..✓u 2-a2+a21nju+ ✓u2 -a2J +c
✓u2 _ 02 2 2

59. f cos-I udu = ucos-1 u - ~ + C du ✓u 2 -a 2

60. J 1an-l udu = utan-I u - ! ln(l +u2) + C

s2.
I -~= = =
u2 ✓u2-a2 au
z

u
+c

+C

61. /usin- 1 d - zu2 - 1 . -I u✓i-=-;;z

2
83. I du
(u2 - a2)3/2 = a2 ✓u2 - a2
u u - - s m u + -4- -- +c

u✓i-=-;;z
4
Forms Involving Ja 2 + u 2 , a > O
2 2
2 du= ~✓a + u + 2 ln{u + ✓a + u ) + C
62, jucos- 1 ud - zu2 - I s - I U - -
2 2
---+C 2 0
U- - c o
4 4 84. / Ja2 + 11
u
63. / u1an-1 udu - u2 + 1
-~tan
-I
u-2+ c 85. f u2✓a2 + u2 du

n+1
. - 1
64,fu " sin-lud u:: _ I_[u" +l sm u -
f un+ld u]
~ , n f= -I = i(a 2+ 211 2 ) ✓a 2 + u 2 -
a4
8
2
~
1n(u + va +
2
11 ) + C
v 1- u 2

65,fu" cos-l udu: :~[u "+I cos -I u +

n + 1
f u"+'d u]
~ , n t= -I 86.
f
J a2+u2
_ _ _ du
u
= 'I/~
a- + u· - a In la + ~ , + C
11
v 1 - u2
66
· f u• 1an-J I [
udu ==-+ I un+l tan-I u
n
-1 ~J n+I
I+ u2 '
n f= -I 87,
f ..;a·:
~ +
u-
11 2- d
11 = --- --
u
~2) C
Ja2+ 11 2 + ln(11 + va - + 11• +
 'LA IAO I OCcl10 0
·1Co1-':J(o I d
88. ~ J =ln(u+ J a2+u2)+C
1f ~()~ 101. / u" ✓a+budu
a2 + u2
I 2
u du u a ~ 2 = b(2n\ 3) [u"(a + bu)3/2 - na f un-l~du]
89.
J ~ = - Ja2 + u2 - - ln(u + va 2 + u2) + C
a2 + u2 2 2 udu 2

90. J du = - ~ l n \ ~ + a \ +c
102.
f Ja+bu = 3b2 (bu-2a)Ja+bu+c
11 Ja2 + u2 a u" du 2u"Ja + bu

du Ja 2 +u2
11
103
· f --
Ja+bu
=- 2na f
- - - - :-:---
b(2n +l) b(2n+l)
un-1 d11
Ja+bu
91.
J ---
u2Ja2+ 11 2
=- 2
au
+C
104.
f du
-==
uJa+bu
1 1 , ✓a+bu-,la l
= -,la n -:===---'-- +C
Ja+bu+,la '
,·c
a>
o
du u
92.
J ---,--~~
(a2 + u2)3/2
= - --
J
a2 a2 + u2
+C
= Fatan
2 _ 1 ✓a+bu
---=;;--+c, if a< O

Forms Involving a + bu du
105. --==
f u"Ja + bu
= -Ja+bu
--- - - b(2n-3) f
-- du
ud11 I a(n-l)un-l 2a(n-l) un-l ✓a +bu
93.
f
- b- =
a+ u
-b2 (a+bu-aln\a+bu\)+C
106. f Ja+bu du =2Ja+bu+af ~
u2 du I u uva+bu
94. f - b - = - 3 [(a+ bu) 2 -4a(a + bu)+ 2a 2 In \a+ bu\]+ C
a+ u 2b Ja + bu Ja + bu bf du
107. --du=- --+-
= -aI In I- u- I+ C
f u2 u 2 uJa +bu
95.
f -- du -
u(a+bu) a+bu

96 f du __ _!__+l'._lnla+bul+c
Forms Involving J2au - u2 , a >O
· u2(a + bu) -
udu
au a2
a
u
I
108. f J2au - u2 du= u ~ a Jzau - u2 + a: cos- 1 (a: u) +C
97. = + 2b ln \a+ bu\+ C
f (a+ bu) 2 b2 (a+ bu)
109. f uJ2au - u2 du
98. f du
u(a + bu) 2
= I - _!_ In a+ bu
a(a + bu) a2 u
I I+ C
=-
2
2u -au-3a J
---
2
a3
2au-u 2 +-cos _ 1 (a -u )
- +c
6 2 a
2
99.
f u du
= -I ( a+ bu - -a2- - 2a In \a+ bu\ )
(a+bu) 2 b3 a+bu
+C 110./ J2audu- u2 =cos- '(a-u)+c
a
100. f uJa + bu du = -2.__2 (3bu - 2a)(a + bu)3l 2 + C
15b lll. f du
uJ2au -u2
= J2au -u2 +C
au

ESSENTIAL THEOREMS
Intermediate Value Theorem The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part I
If f (x) is continuous on a closed interval [a, b] and f (a) f: f (b), Assume that f(x ) is continuous on [a , b] and let F(x) be an
then for every value M between f (a) and f (b), there exists at least antiderivative of f(x) on [a , b]. Then
one value c E (a , b) such that f (c) = M.

Mean Value Theorem 1b f(x)dx = F(b) - F(a)

If f(x) is continuous on a closed interval [a, b] and differentiable on

(a , b), then there exists at least one value c E (a, b) such that Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part II
!' (c) = f (b) - f (a) Assume that f(x) is a continuous function on [a , b]. Then the area

Extreme Values on a Closed Interval

b-a
function A(x) = 1x f (t) dt is an antiderivative off (x), that is,

If f (x) is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then f(x) attains

both a minimum and a maximum value on [a , b]. Furthermore, if A'(x) = f(x) or equivalently .!!_
dx
r
la
f(t)dt = f(x)
c E [a, b] and / (c) is an extreme value (min or max), then c is either
a critical point or one of the endpoints a orb. Furthermore, A(x) satisfies the initial condition A(a) = 0.

) I X11696 5 ZEGED
t,
~
~