8.

SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

Solving a System of Linear Equations by Matrix Method

CONSISTENT SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS A given system of equations is said to be
consistent if it has one or more solutions.
INCONSISTENT SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS A given system of equations is said to be
inconsistent if it has no solution.
Consider the system of equations
a1 x + b1 y + c1z = d1 ,
a2 x + b2 y + c2z = d 2 ,
a 3 x + b 3 y + c 3z = d 3 .
é a1 b1 c1 ù é x ù é d1 ù
Let A = ê a2 b2 c2 ú , X = ê y ú and B = ê d 2 ú ×
ê ú ê ú ê ú
êë a 3 b 3 c 3 úû êë z úû êë d 3 úû
Then, the given system can be written as
é a1 b1 c1 ù é x ù é d1 ù
ê a ú ê ú ê d ú×
ê 2
b2 c2 ú ê y ú = ê 2 ú
êë a 3 b 3 c 3 úû êë z úû êë d 3 úû
\ AX = B.
CASE 1 When|A| ¹ 0
In this case, A -1 exists.
\ AX = B Þ A -1( AX) = A -1 B
Þ ( A -1 A ) X = A -1 B [by associative law]
Þ I × X = A -1 B [Q A -1 A = I]
Þ X = A -1 B.
-1
Since A is unique, the given system has a unique solution.
Thus, when |A| ¹ 0, then the given system is consistent and it has a
unique solution.
CASE 2 When|A| = 0 and ( adj A) B ¹ O
In this case, the given system has no solution and hence it is
inconsistent.
CASE 3 When|A| = 0 and ( adj A) B = O
In this case, the given system has infinitely many solutions.

298
 System of Linear Equations 299

SUMMARY

Let AX = B be the given system of equations.

(i) If|A| ¹ 0, the system has a unique solution.
(ii) If|A| = 0 and ( adj A) B ¹ O then the given system has no solution.
(iii) If|A| = 0 and ( adj A) B = O then the system has infinitely many solutions.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1 Use matrix method to show that the system of equations

2x + 5 y = 7 ,
6x + 15 y = 13
is inconsistent.
SOLUTION The given equations are
2x + 5 y = 7, … (i)
6x + 15 y = 13. … (ii)
é 2 5 ù é x ù é 7 ù
Let A = ê ú , X = ê y ú and B = ê 13 ú .
ë 6 15 û ë û ë û
Then, the given system in matrix form is AX = B.
½2 5½
Now, |A| = ½ ½ = 0.
½ 6 15 ½
The system will be inconsistent if (adj A) B ¹ O.
The minors of the elements of|A|are
M11 = 15 , M12 = 6;
M21 = 5 , M22 = 2.
So, the cofactors of the elements of|A|are
A11 = 15 , A12 = - 6;
A 21 = - 5 , A 22 = 2.
¢
é 15 - 6 ù é 15 -5 ù
\ adj A = ê ú =ê
ë -5 2û ë -6 2 úû
é 15 -5 ù é 7 ù é 105 - 65 ù é 40 ù
Þ (adj A) B = ê = = ¹ O.
ë- 6 2úû êë13 úû êë - 42 + 26úû êë -16 úû
Thus,|A| = 0 and ( adj A) B ¹ O.
Hence, the given system of equations is inconsistent.
EXAMPLE 2 Use matrix method to show that the following system of equations is
inconsistent:
3 x - y + 2z = 3 ,
2x + y + 3z = 5 ,
x - 2y - z = 1.
300 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12

SOLUTION Let us take

é 3 -1 2ù é x ù é 3 ù
A=ê 2 1 3 ú , X = ê y ú and B = ê 5 ú ×
ê ú ê ú ê ú
êë 1 -2 -1 úû êë z úû êë 1 ûú
The given system in matrix form is AX = B.
½ 3 -1 2½
Now,|A| = ½ 2 1 3½
½ ½
½ 1 -2 -1 ½
= 3( -1 + 6) + 1 × ( -2 - 3) + 2 × ( - 4 - 1)
= (15 - 5 - 10) = 0.
So, the system will be inconsistent if ( adj A) × B ¹ O.
The minors of the elements of|A|are
M11 = 5 , M12 = - 5 , M13 = - 5;
M21 = 5 , M22 = - 5 , M23 = - 5;
M 31 = - 5 , M 32 = 5 , M 33 = 5.
So, the cofactors of the elements of|A|are
A11 = 5 , A12 = 5 , A13 = - 5;
A 21 = - 5 , A 22 = - 5 , A 23 = 5;
A 31 = - 5 , A 32 = - 5 , A 33 = 5.
é 5 5 -5 ù ¢ é 5 -5 -5 ù
\ ê
( adj A) = -5 -5 5 ú =ê 5 -5 -5 ú
ê ú ê ú
êë -5 -5 5 úû êë -5 5 5 úû
é 5 -5 -5 ù é 3 ù
Þ ( adj A) B = ê 5 -5 -5 ú ê 5 ú
ê ú ê ú
êë -5 5 5 úû êë 1 úû
é 5 × 3 + ( -5) × 5 + ( -5) × 1 ù é 15 - 25 - 5 ù
= ê 5 × 3 + ( -5) × 5 + ( -5) × 1 ú = ê 15 - 25 - 5 ú
ê ú ê ú
êë ( -5) × 3 + 5 × 5 + 5 × 1 ûú êë -15 + 25 + 5 úû
é -15 ù
= ê -15 ú ¹ O.
ê ú
êë 15 úû
Thus,|A| = 0 and ( adj A) B ¹ O.
Hence, the given system of equations is inconsistent.

EXAMPLE 3 Show that the following system of equations is consistent and solve it:
2x + 5 y = 1,
3 x + 2y = 7.
 System of Linear Equations 301

SOLUTION The given system of equations is

2x + 5 y = 1, … (i)
3 x + 2y = 7. … (ii)
é 2 5 ù é x ù é 1ù
Let A = ê ú , X = ê y ú and B = ê 7 ú ×
ë 3 2 û ë û ë û
Then, the given system is AX = B.
½ 2 5½
Now,|A| = ½ ½ = ( 4 - 15) = - 11 ¹ 0.
½ 3 2½
Hence, the given system has a unique solution.
The minors of the elements of|A|are
M11 = 2, M12 = 3;
M21 = 5 , M22 = 2.
So, the cofactors of the elements of|A|are
A11 = 2, A12 = - 3;
A 21 = - 5 , A 22 = 2.
é 2 -3 ù¢ é 2 -5 ù
\ ( adj A) = ê ú = ê -3
ë -5 2 û ë 2 úû
é -2 5 ù
1 -1 é 2 -5 ù ê 11 11 ú
Þ A -1 = ( adj A) = × =ê ú
|A| 11 êë -3 2 úû ê 3 -2 ú
ëê 11 11 úû
Þ X = A -1 B
é -2 5 ù é -2 35 ù
é x ù ê 11 11 ú é 1 ù ê 11 + 11 ú é 3 ù
Þ ê y ú=ê 3 ú ê ú=ê ú=ê ú
ë û ê -2 ú ë 7 û ê 3 - 14 ú ë -1 û
êë 11 11 úû êë 11 11 úû
Þ x = 3 and y = - 1.
Hence, x = 3 and y = - 1.

é 1 2 -3 ù
EXAMPLE 4 If A = ê 2 3 2 ú , find A -1 and hence solve the system of linear
ê ú
êë 3 -3 - 4 úû
equations:
x + 2y - 3 z = - 4; 2x + 3 y + 2z = 2; 3 x - 3 y - 4z = 11. [CBSE 2012C]

SOLUTION The given equations are x + 2y - 3z = - 4. … (i)

2x + 3 y + 2z = 2, … (ii)
3 x - 3 y - 4z = 11. … (iii)
302 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12

é 1 2 -3 ù é x ù é -4 ù
Let A = 2ê 3 2 , X = y and B = ê 2 ú .
ú ê ú
ê ú ê ú ê ú
êë 3 -3 -4 úû êë z úû êë 11 úû
So, the given system in matrix form is AX = B.
½1 2 -3½ ½ 1 2 -3 ½
Now, |A| = ½ 2 3 2½ = ½ 0 -1 8½
½ ½ ½ ½
½ 3 -3 - 4½ ½ 0 -9 5½
[R 2 ® R 2 - 2R1 and R 3 ® R 3 - 3 R1]
= 1 × ( -5 + 72) = 67 ¹ 0.
Thus, A is invertible.
So, the system has a unique solution, X = A -1 B.
Now, the cofactors of the elements of|A|are
A11 = - 6, A12 = 14, A13 = - 15 ;
A 21 = 17 , A 22 = 5 , A 23 = 9;
A 31 = 13 , A 32 = - 8, A 33 = - 1.
é - 6 14 -15 ù ¢ é - 6 17 13 ù
\ adj A = ê 17 5 9 ú = ê 14 5 -8 ú .
ê ú ê ú
êë 13 -8 -1 úû êë -15 9 -1 úû
é - 6 17 13 ù
1 ê
× 14 5 -8 ú .
1
So, A -1 = × adj A =
|A| 67 ê ú
êë -15 9 -1 úû
\ X = A -1 B
é x ù é -6 17 13 ù é - 4 ù
or ê y ú = 1 × ê 14 5 -8 ú × ê 2 ú
ê ú 67 ê ú ê ú
êë z úû ëê -15 9 -1 úû êë 11 úû
ù é
é 201 3 ù
1 ê ú=ê
= × -134 -2 ú ×
67 ê ú ê ú
úû êë
êë 67 1 úû
\ x = 3 , y = - 2 and z = 1.
EXAMPLE 5 Using matrices, solve the following system of linear equations:
3 x + 4y + 2z = 8,
2y - 3 z = 3 ,
x - 2y + 6z = -2. [CBSE 2006C]

SOLUTION The given equations are

3 x + 4y + 2z = 8, … (i)
2y - 3 z = 3, … (ii)
x - 2y + 6z = -2. … (iii)
 System of Linear Equations 303

é 3 4 2ù é x ù é 8ù
Let A=ê 0 2 -3 , X = y and B = ê 3 ú ×
ú ê ú
ê ú ê ú ê ú
êë 1 -2 6 úû êë z úû êë -2 úû
So, the given system in matrix form is AX = B.
½3 4 2 ½ ½ 0 10 -16 ½
Now, |A| = ½ 0 2 -3 ½ = ½ 0 2 -3 ½ [R1 ® R1 - 3 R 3]
½ ½ ½ ½
½ 1 -2 6 ½ ½ 1 -2 6½
= 1 × ( -30 + 32) = 2 ¹ 0.
So, A is invertible.
Therefore, the given system has a unique solution, X = A -1 B.
Now, the minors of the elements of|A|are
M11 = 6, M12 = 3 , M13 = - 2;
M21 = 28, M22 = 16, M23 = - 10;
M 31 = - 16, M 32 = - 9, M 33 = 6.
The cofactors of the elements of|A|are
A11 = 6, A12 = - 3 , A13 = -2;
A 21 = -28, A 22 = 16, A 23 = 10;
A 31 = - 16, A 32 = 9, A 33 = 6.
¢
é 6 -3 -2 ù é 6 -28 -16 ù
\ ( adj A) = -28 16 10 = ê -3
ê ú 16 9ú
ê ú ê ú
êë -16 9 6 úû êë -2 10 6 úû
1
Þ A -1 = × ( adj A)
|A|
é ù
3 -14 -8ú
é 6 -28 -16 ù ê
ê -3 9ú
= × ê -3 9ú=ê
1
16 8 ú×
2 ê ú
ê 2 2ú
êë -2 10 6 úû
ê -1 5 3ú
êë úû
é ù
3 -14 -8ú
é x ù ê é 8ù
ê -3 9ú ê
\ X = A -1 B Þ ê y ú = ê 8 ú 3 ú
ê ú 2 2ú ê ú
ê ê -2 úû
ëê z ûú ê ë
-1 5 3ú
êë ûú
é x ù é 24 - 42 + 16 ù é -2 ù
Þ ê y ú = ê -12 + 24 - 9 ú = ê 3 ú
ê ú ê ú ê ú
êë z úû êë - 8 + 15 - 6 úû êë 1 úû
Þ x = -2, y = 3 and z = 1.
Hence, x = -2, y = 3 and z = 1.
304 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12

EXAMPLE 6 Using matrices, solve the following system of equations:

2 3 10
+ + = 4;
x y z
4 6 5
- + = 1;
x y z
6 9 20
+ - = 2. ( x , y , z ¹ 0) [CBSE 2011]
x y z

1 1 1
SOLUTION Putting = u, = v and = w, the given equations become:
x y z
2u + 3 v + 10w = 4, … (i)
4u - 6v + 5 w = 1, … (ii)
6u + 9v - 20w = 2. … (iii)
é 2 3 10 ù é u ù é 4ù
ê
Let A = 4 - 6 5 ú , Y = ê v ú and B = ê 1 ú ×
ê ú ê ú ê ú
êë 6 9 -20 úû êë w úû êë 2 úû
Then, the given system in matrix form is AY = B.
½2 3 10 ½
Now,|A| = ½ 4 - 6 5½
½ ½
½6 9 -20 ½
½2 3 10 ½
=½ 0 -12 -15 ½ [R 2 ® R 2 - 2R1 ; R 3 ® R 3 - 3 R1]
½ ½
½0 0 -50 ½
= ( -50) × ( -24 - 0) = 1200 ¹ 0.
Thus, A is invertible.
So, the given system has a unique solution, Y = A -1 B.
The minors of the elements of|A|are
M11 = 75 , M12 = - 110, M13 = 72;
M21 = -150, M22 = - 100, M23 = 0;
M 31 = 75 , M 32 = - 30, M 33 = - 24.
So, the cofactors of the elements of|A|are
A11 = 75 , A12 = 110, A13 = 72;
A 21 = 150, A 22 = - 100, A 23 = 0;
A 31 = 75 , A 32 = 30, A 33 = - 24.
é 75 110 72 ù ¢ é 75 150 75 ù
\ ê
( adj A) = 150 -100 0 ú = ê 110 -100 30 ú×
ê ú ê ú
êë 75 30 -24 úû êë 72 0 -24 úû
 System of Linear Equations 305

é 75 150 75 ù
1 ê
30 ú ×
-1 1
\ A = × ( adj A) = × 110 -100
|A| 1200 ê ú
êë 72 0 -24 úû
\ Y = A -1 B
é u ù é 75 150 75 ù é 4 ù
Þ ê v ú = 1 × ê 110 -100 30 ú ê 1 ú
ê ú 1200 ê ú ê ú
êë w úû ëê 72 0 -24 úû êë 2 úû
é 300 + 150 + 150 ù é 600 ù
1 ê
× 440 - 100 + 60 ú =
1 ê
= × 400 ú
1200 ê ú 1200 ê ú
êë 288 + 0 - 48 úû êë 240 úû
é 600 ù é 1 ù
ê 1200 ú ê 2 ú
ê ú ê ú
400 ú ê 1 ú
=ê =
ê 1200 ú ê 3 ú
ê 240 ú ê 1 ú
ê ú ê ú
ë 1200 û ë 5 û
1 1 1
Þ u= , v= , w=
2 3 5
1 1 1 1 1 1
Þ = , = and =
x 2 y 3 z 5
Þ x = 2, y = 3 and z = 5.
Hence x = 2, y = 3 and z = 5.

é 1 -1 2 ù é -2 0 1ù
EXAMPLE 7 Use the product ê 0 2 -3 ú ê 9 2 -3 ú to solve the
ê ú ê ú
êë 3 -2 4 úû êë 6 1 -2 úû
following system of equations:
x - y + 2z = 1;
2y - 3 z = 1;
3 x - 2y + 4z = 2.
SOLUTION The given equations are
x - y + 2z = 1, … (i)
2y - 3z = 1, … (ii)
3 x - 2y + 4z = 2. … (iii)
é 1 -1 2ù é x ù é 1 ù
Let A = ê 0 2 -3 ú , X = ê y ú and B = ê 1 ú×
ê ú ê ú ê ú
êë 3 -2 4 úû êë z úû êë 2 úû
Then, the given system in matrix form is AX = B.
306 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12

é 1 -1 2ù é -2 0 1 ù
Now, ê 0 2 -3 ú ê 9 2 -3 ú
ê ú ê ú
êë 3 -2 4 úû êë 6 1 -2 úû
é -2 - 9 + 12 0-2+ 2 1+ 3 -4 ù é 1 0 0ù
= ê 0 + 18 - 18 0 + 4 - 3 0-6+ 6 ú = ê 0 1 0ú
ê ú ê ú
êë -6 - 18 + 24 0 - 4 + 4 3 + 6 - 8 úû êë 0 0 1 úû
é -2 0 1ù
Þ A × ê 9 2 -3 ú = I
ê ú
êë 6 1 -2 úû
é -2 0 1ù
Þ A -1 = ê 9 2 - 3 ú ×
ê ú
êë 6 1 -2 úû
Now, AX = B
Þ X = A -1 B
é x ù é -2 0 1ù é 1ù
Þ ê y ú = ê 9 2 -3 ú ê 1 ú
ê ú ê ú ê ú
êë z úû êë 6 1 -2 úû êë 2 úû
é -2 + 0 + 2 ù é 0 ù
=ê 9+ 2-6 ú =ê 5 ú
ê ú ê ú
êë 6 + 1 - 4 úû êë 3 úû
Þ x = 0, y = 5 and z = 3.
Hence, x = 0, y = 5 and z = 3.
é 1 -1 1ù é -4 4 4ù
EXAMPLE 8 Given A = ê 1 -2 -2 ú and B = ê -7 1 3 ú , find AB and
ê ú ê ú
êë 2 1 3 úû êë 5 -3 -1 úû
use this result in solving the following system of equations:
x - y + z = 4;
x - 2y - 2z = 9;
2x + y + 3z = 1. [CBSE 2006C, ‘10C, ‘12C]

SOLUTION The given equations are

x - y + z = 4, … (i)
x - 2y - 2z = 9, … (ii)
2x + y + 3 z = 1. … (iii)
é 1 -1 1ù é x ù é 4 ù
Let A = 1 -2 -2 , X = y and C = ê 9
ê ú ê ú ú×
ê ú ê ú ê ú
êë 2 1 3 úû êë z úû ëê 1 úû
Then, the given system of equations is AX = C.
 System of Linear Equations 307

é 1 -1 1 ù é -4 4 4ù
Now, AB = ê 1 -2 -2 ú ê -7 1 3 ú
ê ú ê ú
êë 2 1 3 úû êë 5 -3 -1 úû
é -4 + 7 + 5 4 -1 - 3 4 - 3 -1 ù é 8 0 0ù
= -4 + 14 - 10 4 - 2 + 6 4 - 6 + 2 ú = ê 0 8
ê 0ú
ê ú ê ú
êë -8 - 7 + 15 8 + 1 - 9 8 + 3 - 3 úû êë 0 0 8 úû
= 8I
æ1 ö
Þ A × ç B÷ = I
è8 ø
é -4 4 4ù
B = × ê -7 3 ú×
1 1
Þ A -1 = 1
8 8 ê ú
êë 5 -3 -1 úû
Now, AX = C
Þ X = A -1C
é x ù é -4 4 4ù é 4ù
Þ ê y ú = 1 × ê -7 1 3 ú ê 9ú
ê ú 8 ê ú ê ú
êë z úû ëê 5 -3 -1 úû êë 1 úû
é -16 + 36 + 4 ù é 24 ù é 3 ù
1 ê ú = 1 × ê -16 ú = ê -2 ú
= × -28 + 9 + 3
8 ê ú 8 ê ú ê ú
êë 20 - 27 - 1 úû ëê -8 úû êë -1 úû
Þ x = 3 , y = -2 and z = - 1.
Hence, x = 3 , y = -2 and z = - 1.

EXAMPLE 9 The sum of three numbers is 6. Twice the third number when added to
the first number gives 7. On adding the sum of the second and third
numbers to thrice the first number, we get 12 . Find the numbers, using
method.

SOLUTION Let the first, second and third numbers be x , y , z respectively.

Then,
x + y + z = 6, … (i)
x + 2z = 7, … (ii)
3 x + y + z = 12. … (iii)
é 1 1 1ù é x ù é 6 ù
Let A = ê 1 0 2 ú , X = ê y ú and B = ê 7 ú×
ê ú ê ú ê ú
êë 3 1 1 úû êë z úû ëê 12 úû
Then, the given system in matrix form is AX = B.
308 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12

½1 1 1½ ½ 1 1 1½
é R 2 ® R 2 - R1 ; ù
Now,|A| = ½ 1 0 2 ½ =½ 0 -1 1½ ê R ® R - 3R ú
½ ½ ½ ½ ë 3 3 1û
½3 1 1½ ½ 0 -2 -2 ½
= 1 × ( 2 + 2) = 4 ¹ 0.
\ A is invertible.
So, the given system has a unique solution, X = A -1 B.
The minors of the elements of|A|are
M11 = - 2, M12 = - 5 , M13 = 1;
M21 = 0, M22 = - 2, M23 = - 2;
M 31 = 2, M 32 = 1, M 33 = - 1.
The cofactors of the elements of|A|are
A11 = - 2, A12 = 5 , A13 = 1;
A 21 = 0, A 22 = - 2, A 23 = 2;
A 31 = 2, A 32 = - 1, A 33 = - 1.
é -2 5 1 ù ¢ é -2 0 2ù
\ ( adj A) = ê 0 -2 2ú =ê 5 -2 -1 ú
ê ú ê ú
êë 2 -1 -1 úû êë 1 2 -1 úû
é -2 0 2ù
× ( adj A) = × ê 5 -2 ú
1 1
Þ A -1 = -1
|A| 4 ê ú
êë 1 2 -1úû
Þ X = A -1 B
é x ù é -2 0 2ù é 6ù
Þ ê y ú = 1 × ê 5 -2 -1 ú ê 7 ú
ê ú 4 ê ú ê ú
êë z úû êë 1 2 -1 úû êë 12 úû
é -12 + 0 + 24 ù é 12 ù é 3 ù
= × ê 30 - 14 - 12 ú
1 ê
× 4ú=ê 1 ú
1
=
4 ê ú 4 ê ú ê ú
êë 6 + 14 - 12 úû êë 8 úû êë 2 úû
Þ x = 3 , y = 1, z = 2.
Hence, the required numbers are 3, 1, 2.

EXAMPLE 10 A school wants to award its students for the value of Honesty, Regularity
and Hardwork with a total cash award of ` 6000. Three times the award
money for Hardwork added to that given for Honesty amounts to
`11000. The award money given for Honesty and Hardwork together is
double the one given for Regularity. Represent the above situation
algebraically and find the award money for each value, using matrix
method. Apart from the given three values, suggest one more value which
the school must include for awards. [CBSE 2013]
 System of Linear Equations 309

SOLUTION Let the amount of award for Honesty, Regularity and Hardwork
be ` x, ` y and `z respectively. Then,
x + y + z = 6000, … (i)
x + 0y + 3z = 11000 … (ii)
and x + z = 2y Þ x - 2y + z = 0. … (iii)
é1 1 1ù é x ù é 6000 ù
Let A = ê 1 0 3 ú , X = ê y ú and B = ê 11000 ú ×
ê ú ê ú ê ú
êë 1 -2 1 úû êë z úû êë 0 úû

Then, the matrix equation is AX = B.

\ X = A -1 B.
½1 1 1 ½ ½1 0 0½
Now,|A| = ½ 1 0 3 ½ =½ 1 -1 2½
½ ½ ½ ½
½1 -2 1 ½ ½1 -3 0½

{C 2 ® (C 2 - C1) and C 3 ® (C 3 - C1)}

½ -1 2 ½
=1× ½ ½ = ( 0 + 6) = 6 ¹ 0.
½ -3 0 ½

\ A -1 exists.
Now, the cofactors of the elements of|A|are given by
½ 0 3½ ½ = 6, C12 = - ½
1 3½ ½1 0 ½
C11 = ½ ½ ½ = 2, C13 =½ ½ = -2;
½ - 2 1 ½ ½1 1 ½ ½ 1 -2 ½
½ 1 1½ ½1 1 ½½ = 0, C 23 = - ½
1 1½
C 21 = - ½ ½ = -3 , C 22 =½ ½ ½ = 3;
½ -2 1 ½ ½ 1 1 ½ ½ 1 -2 ½
½1 1½
½ = 3 , C 32 = - ½
1 1½ ½1 1 ½
C 31 = ½ ½ ½ = -2, C 33 =½ ½ = -1.
½0 3½ ½1 3 ½ ½1 0 ½
t
é 6 2 -2 ù é 6 -3 3 ù
\ ( adj A) = ê -3 0 3 ú =ê 2 0 -2 ú
ê ú ê ú
êë 3 -2 -1 úû êë -2 3 -1 úû

é 6 -3 3 ù
× ( adj A) = × ê 2 -2 ú
1 1
Þ A -1 = 0
|A| 6 ê ú
êë -2 3 -1 úû

é 6 -3 3 ù é 6000 ù
1 ê
Þ X = A -1 B = × 2 0 -2 ú ê 11000 ú
6 ê úê ú
êë -2 3 -1 úû êë 0 úû
310 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12

é 36000 - 33000 + 0 ù é 3000 ù

1 ê ú = 1 ê 12000 ú
Þ X = × 12000 + 0 + 0
6 ê ú 6ê ú
êë -12000 + 33000 - 0 úû êë 21000 úû

é x ù é 500 ù
Þ ê y ú = ê 2000 ú
ê ú ê ú
êë z úû êë 3500 úû
Þ x = 500, y = 2000 and z = 3500.
Hence, the award money for Honesty, Regularity and Hardwork
is ` 500, ` 2000 and ` 3500 respectively.
Apart from honesty, regularity and hardwork, the school must
include an award for a student to be well-behaved.

EXERCISE 8A

Show that each one of the following systems of equations is inconsistent.

1. x + 2y = 9; 2. 2x + 3 y = 5 ;
2x + 4y = 7. 6x + 9y = 10.

3. 4x - 2y = 3 ; 4. 6x + 4y = 5 ;
6x - 3 y = 5. 9x + 6y = 8.

5. x + y - 2z = 5; 6. 2x - y + 3z = 1;
x - 2y + z = - 2; 3 x - 2y + 5z = - 4;
-2x + y + z = 4. 5 x - 4y + 9z = 14.

7. x + 2y + 4z = 12; 8. 3 x - y - 2z = 2;
y + 2z = - 1; 2y - z = - 1;
3 x + 2y + 4z = 4. 3 x - 5 y = 3.
Solve each of the following systems of equations using matrix method.
9. 5 x + 2y = 4; 10. 3 x + 4y - 5 = 0;
7 x + 3 y = 5. x - y + 3 = 0.

11. x + 2y = 1; 12. 5 x + 7 y + 2 = 0;
3 x + y = 4. 4x + 6y + 3 = 0.

13. 2x - 3 y + 1 = 0; 14. 4x - 3 y = 3 ;
x + 4y + 3 = 0. 3 x - 5 y = 7.

15. 2x + 8y + 5z = 5 ; 16. x - y + z = 1;
x + y + z = - 2; 2x + y - z = 2;
x + 2y - z = 2. [CBSE 2009C] x - 2y - z = 4. [CBSE 2006C]
 System of Linear Equations
17. 3 x + 4y + 7z = 4;
2x - y + 3z = - 3 ;
x + 2y - 3z = 8. [CBSE 2012]
19. 2x - 3 y + 5z = 16;
3 x + 2y - 4z = - 4;
x + y - 2z = - 3. [CBSE 2005C]
21. 2x - 3 y + 5z = 11;
3 x + 2y - 4z = - 5 ;
x + y - 2z = - 3. [CBSE 2009]
23. x + y + z = 6;
x + 2z = 7;
3 x + y + z = 12. [CBSE 2009]
25. 4x - 5 y - 11z = 12;
x - 3 y + z = 1;
2x + 3 y - 7z = 2. [CBSE 2007]
27. 6x - 9y - 20z = - 4;
4x - 15 y + 10z = - 1;
2x - 3 y - 5z = - 1.
29. x + y - z = 1;
3 x + y - 2z = 3 ;
x - y - z = - 1. [CBSE 2004]
31. x + 2y + z = 4;
- x + y + z = 0;
x - 3 y + z = 4. [CBSE 2012C]
33. 5 x - y = - 7 ;
2x + 3 z = 1;
3 y - z = 5.
35. x - y = 3;
2x + 3 y + 4z = 17 ;
y + 2z = 7. [CBSE 2003C, ‘07C]
é 2 -3 5 ù
37. If A = ê 3 2 - 4 ú , find A -1 . [CBSE 2007C, ‘08C]
ê ú
êë 1 1 -2 úû
Using A -1 , solve the following system of equations:
2x - 3 y + 5 z = 11;
3 x + 2y - 4z = - 5 ;
x + y - 2z = - 3.
é 2 1 1ù
38. If A = ê 1 -2 -1 ú , find A -1 .
ê ú
êë 0 3 -5 úû
311
18. x + 2y + z = 7;
x + 3z = 11;
2x - 3 y = 1. [CBSE 2005, ‘08, ‘11]
20. x + y + z = 4;
2x - y + z = - 1;
2x + y - 3z = - 9. [CBSE 2005]
22. x + y + z = 1;
x - 2y + 3z = 2;
5 x - 3 y + z = 3. [CBSE 2004, ‘09C]
24. 2x + 3 y + 3z = 5 ;
x - 2y + z = - 4;
3 x - y - 2z = 3. [CBSE 2008C, ‘12]
26. x - y + 2z = 7;
3 x + 4y - 5 z = - 5 ;
2x - y + 3 z = 12. [CBSE 2012]
28. 3 x - 4y + 2z = - 1;
2x + 3 y + 5 z = 7 ;
x + z = 2. [CBSE 2011C]
30. 2x + y - z = 1;
x - y + z = 2;
3 x + y - 2z = - 1. [CBSE 2004C]
32. x - y - 2z = 3;
x + y = 1;
x + z = - 6.
34. x - 2y + z = 0;
y - z = 2;
2x - 3 z = 10.
36. 4x + 3 y + 2z = 60;
x + 2y + 3 z = 45;
6x + 2y + 3 z = 70. [CBSE 2011]
312 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12

Using A -1 , solve the following system of linear equations:

2x + y + z = 1;
3
x - 2y - z = ;
2
3 y - 5z = 9.
é2 1 1ù éxù é 1 ù
ê ú ê ú ê ú
HINT: Here A = ê 1 -2 -1 ú , X = ê y ú and B = ê 3 2 ú ×
êë 0 3 -5 úû êë z úû êë 9 úû

é 1 -2 0 ù é 7 2 -6 ù
39. If A = ê 2 1 3 ú and B = ê -2 1 -3 ú , find AB.
ê ú ê ú
êë 0 -2 1 úû êë -4 2 5 ûú
Hence, solve the system of equations:
x - 2y = 10, 2x + y + 3z = 8 and -2y + z = 7. [CBSE 2011]

æ 1 ö æ 1ö
HINT: AB = ( 11) I Þ A ç B ÷ = I Þ A -1 = ç ÷ B.
è 11 ø è 11 ø
Using matrices, solve the following system of equations.
2 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 2
40. - + = 10, + + = 10, - + = 13 [CBSE 2007C]
x y z x y z x y z
1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1
41. - + = 4; + - = 0; + + = 2. ( x , y , z ¹ 0)
x y z x y z x y z

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

42. The sum of three numbers is 2. If twice the second number is added to the
sum of first and third, we get 1. On adding the sum of second and third
numbers to five times the first, we get 6. Find the three numbers by using
matrices.
43. The cost of 4 kg potato, 3 kg wheat and 2 kg rice is ` 60. The cost of 1 kg
potato, 2 kg wheat and 3 kg rice is ` 45. The cost of 6 kg potato, 2 kg wheat
and 3 kg rice is ` 70. Find the cost of each item per kg by matrix method.
44. An amount of ` 5000 is put into three investments at 6%, 7% and 8% per
annum respectively. The total annual income from these investments is
` 358. If the total annual income from first two investments is ` 70 more
than the income from the third, find the amount of each investment by the
matrix method.
HINT: Let these investments be ` x, ` y and ` z respectively.
Then, x + y + z = 5000, … (i)
6x 7y 8z
+ + = 358 Þ 6 x + 7 y + 8z = 35800 … (ii)
100 100 100
6x 7y 8z
and, + = + 70 Þ 6 x + 7 y - 8 z = 7000. … (iii)
100 100 100
 System of Linear Equations 313

45. Two schools A and B want to award their selected students on the values
of sincerity, truthfulness and helpfulness. The school A wants to award ` x
each, ` y each and ` z each for the three respective values to 3, 2 and 1
students respectively with a total award money of ` 1,600. School B wants
to spend ` 2,300 to award its 4, 1 and 3 students on the respective values
(by giving the same award money to the three values as before). If the total
amount of award for one prize on each value is ` 900, using matrices, find
the award money for each value. Apart from these three values, suggest
one more value which should be considered for award. [CBSE 2014]

HINT: By the given data, we have

3 x + 2 y + z = 1600 ü
ï
4 x + y + 3z = 2300 ý
x + y + z = 900 ïþ

ANSWERS (EXERCISE 8A)

7 -1
9. x = 2, y = - 3 10. x = - 1, y = 2 11. x = , y=
5 5
9 -7 -13 -5 -6 -19
12. x = , y= 13. x = , y= 14. x = , y=
2 2 11 11 11 11
15. x = -3 , y = 2, z = -1 16. x = 1, y = -1, z = -1 17. x = 1, y = 2, z = -1
18. x = 2, y = 1, z = 3 19. x = 2, y = 1, z = 3 20. x = 2, y = 1, z = 3
1 1
21. x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 22. x = , y = 0, z = 23. x = 3 , y = 1, z = 2
2 2
24. x = 1, y = 2, z = -1 25. x = -1, y = -1, z = -1 26. x = 1, y = 2, z = 5
1 1 1
27. x = , y = , z = 28. x = 3 , y = 2, z = - 1 29. x = 2, y = 1, z = 2
2 3 5
30. x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 31. x = 2, y = 0, z = 2 32. x = - 2, y = 3 , z = -4
33. x = -1, y = 2, z = 1 34. x = 2, y = 0, z = -2 35. x = 2, y = -1, z = 4
1 -3
36. x = 5 , y = 8, z = 8 37. x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 38. x = 1, y = , z =
2 2
1 1 1 1
39. x = 4, y = -3 , z = 1 40. x = , y = ,z= 41. x = , y = - 1, z = 1
2 3 5 2
42. 1, –1, 2 43. ` 5, ` 8, ` 8 44. ` 1000, ` 2200, ` 1800
45. ` 200 for sincerity, ` 300 for truthfulness and ` 400 for helpfulness.
One more value may be like honesty, kindness, etc.
314 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Mark (3) against the correct answer in each of the following:

1. If A and B are 2-rowed square matrices such that
é 4 -3 ù é -2 -1ù
( A + B) = ê ú and( A - B) = ê then AB = ?
ë1 6û ë 5 2úû

é -7 5ù é 7 -5 ù é7 -1ù é 7 -1ù
(a) ê (b) ê (c) ê (d) ê
ë 1 - 5 úû ë 1 5û
ú
ë5 -5 úû ë -5 5 úû

é 3 -2ù é 5 6ù
2. If ê ú + 2A = ê -7 10ú then A = ?
ë 5 6û ë û
é 1 3ù é -1 5 ù é 1 4ù
(a) ê (b) ê (c) ê (d) none of these
ë -5 4úû ë -3 4û
ú ú
ë -6 2û
é 2 0ù é 4 -3 ù
3. If A = ê ú and B = ê -6 are such that 4A + 3X = 5 B then X = ?
ë - 3 1û ë 2úû

é 4 -5 ù é 4 5ù é -4 5 ù
(a) ê (b) ê (c) ê (d) none of these
ë -6 2úû ú
ë -6 -2û ë 6 -2û
ú

é 1 -2ù é -2 2ù
4. If ( A - 2B) = ê ú and ( 2A - 3 B) = ê 3 -3 ú then B = ?
ë 3 0û ë û
é 6 -4ù é -4 6ù é 4 -6ù
(a) ê ú (b) ê ú (c) ê ú (d) none of these
ë -3 3 û ë -3 -3 û ë 3 -3 û

é 6 -6 0ù é 3 2 5ù
5. If ( 2A - B) = ê ú and ( 2B + A) = ê ú then A = ?
ë -4 2 1û ë -2 1 -7 û
é -3 2 1ù é3 2 -1ù
(a) ê ú (b) ê
ë 2 1 -1û ë 2 - 1 1úû
é 3 -2 1ù
(c) ê ú (d) none of these
ë -2 1 -1û
é3 4ù é 1 y ù é 7 0ù
6. If 2 ê + = then
ë5 x úû êë 0 1úû êë10 5 úû
(a) ( x = -2, y = 8) (b) ( x = 2, y = -8)
(c) ( x = 3 , y = -6) (d) ( x = -3 , y = 6)
é x - y 2x - y ù é -1 0ù
7. If ê ú=ê ú then
ë 2x + z 3z + wû ë 5 13 û
(a) z = 3 , w = 4 (b) z = 4, w = 3
(c) z = 1, w = 2 (d) z = 2, w = - 1
 System of Linear Equations 315

é x yù é 1ù é 3 ù
8. If ê
x úû ê 2ú = ê 5 ú then
ë 3y ë û ë û
(a) x = 1, y = 2 (b) x = 2, y = 1 (c) x = 1, y = 1 (d) none of these
é 3 - 2x x + 1ù
9. If the matrix A = ê is singular then x = ?
ë 2 4 úû
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) -2
é cos a sin a ù
10. If A a = ê then ( A a ) 2 = ?
ë - sin a cos a úû
é cos2 a sin 2 a ù é cos 2a sin 2a ù
(a) ê ú (b) ê
êë - sin 2 a cos2 a úû ë - sin 2a cos 2a úû

é 2 cos a 2 sin a ù
(c) ê ú (d) none of these
ë - sin a 2 cos a û
é cos a sin a ù
11. If A = ê be such that A + A ¢ = I , then a = ?
ë - sin a cos a úû
p 2p
(a) p (b) (c) p (d)
3 3
é1 k 3ù
12. If A = 3 k -2ú is singular then k = ?
ê
ê ú
êë 2 3 -4úû
16 34 33
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
3 5 2
é a b ù
13. If A = ê ú then adj A = ?
ë c dû
é d - cù é -d bù é d -bù é -d -bù
(a) ê ú (b) ê ú (c) ê (d) ê
ë - b a û ë c - a û ë -c a úû ë c a úû
é 2x 0ù é 1 0ù
14. If A = ê and A -1 = ê ú then x = ?
ëx x úû ë -1 2û
1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d) -2
2
15. If A and B are square matrices of the same order then ( A + B)( A - B) = ?
(a) ( A 2 - B 2) (b) A 2 + AB - BA - B 2
(c) A 2 - AB + BA - B 2 (d) none of these
16. If A and B are square matrices of the same order then ( A + B) 2 = ?
(a) A 2 + 2AB + B 2 (b) A 2 + AB + BA + B 2
(c) A 2 + 2BA + B 2 (d) none of these
316 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12

17. If A and B are square matrices of the same order then ( A - B) 2 = ?

(a) A 2 - 2AB + B 2 (b) A 2 - AB - BA + B 2
(c) A 2 - 2BA + B 2 (d) none of these
18. If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order then ( AB - BA)
is always
(a) a symmetric matrix (b) a skew-symmetric matrix
(c) a zero matrix (d) an identity matrix
19. Matrices A and B are inverses of each other only when
(a) AB = BA (b) AB = BA = O (c) AB = O , BA = I (d) AB = BA = I
20. For square matrices A and B of the same order, we have adj ( AB) = ?
(a) (adj A)(adj B) (b) (adj B)(adj A)
(c)|AB| (d) none of these
21. If A is a 3-rowed square matrix and|A| = 4 then adj (adj A) = ?
(a) 4A (b) 16A (c) 64A (d) none of these
22. If A is a 3-rowed square matrix and|A| = 5 then|adj A| = ?
(a) 5 (b) 25 (c) 125 (d) none of these
23. For any two matrices Aand B,
(a) AB = BA is always true
(b) AB = BA is never true
(c) sometimes AB = BA and sometimes AB ¹ BA
(d) whenever AB exists, then BA exists
é3 2ù é 4 1ù
24. If A × ê ú=ê ú then A = ?
ë 1 -1û ë 2 3 û
é1 -1ù é 1 1ù é1 1ù
(a) ê ú (b) ê ú (c) ê ú (d) none of these
ë1 1û ë -1 1û ë1 -1û
25. If A is an invertible square matrix then|A -1| = ?
1
(a)|A| (b) (c) 1 (d) 0
|A|
26. If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order then ( AB) -1 = ?
(a) ( A -1 ´ B -1) (b) ( A ´ B -1) (c) ( A -1 ´ B) (d) ( B -1 ´ A -1)
27. If A and B are two nonzero square matrices of the same order such that
AB = 0 then
(a)|A| = 0 or|B| = 0 (b)|A| = 0 and|B| = 0
(c)|A| ¹ 0 and|B| ¹ 0 (d) none of these
28. If A is a square matrix such that|A| ¹ 0 and A 2 - A + 2I = O then A -1 = ?
1 1
(a) ( I - A) (b) ( I + A) (c) ( I - A) (d) ( I + A)
2 2
 System of Linear Equations 317

é 1 l 2ù
29. If A = ê 1 2 5 ú is not invertible then l = ?
ê ú
êë 2 1 1 úû
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) 0
é cos q - sin q ù
30. If A = ê then A -1 = ?
ë sin q cos qúû
(a) A (b) -A (c) adj A (d) -adj A
é ab b2 ù
31. The matrix A = ê 2 ú is
ë - a - ab û
(a) idempotent (b) orthogonal
(c) nilpotent (d) none of these
é 2 -2 -4ù
32. The matrix A = ê -1 3 4ú is
ê ú
êë 1 -2 -3 úû
(a) nonsingular (b) idempotent
(c) nilpotent (d) orthogonal
33. If A is singular then A( adj A) = ?
(a) a unit matrix (b) a null matrix
(c) a symmetric matrix (d) none of these
é 8 0ù
34. For any 2-rowed square matrix A , if A × ( adj A) = ê ú then the value of
ë 0 8û
|A|is
(a) 0 (b) 8 (c) 64 (d) 4
é -2 3 ù -1
35. If A = ê ú then|A | = ?
ë 1 1û
-1 1
(a) -5 (b) (c) (d) 25
5 25
é 3 1ù 2
36. If A = ê ú and A + xI = yA then the values of x and y are
ë 7 5 û
(a) x = 6, y = 6 (b) x = 8, y = 8 (c) x = 5 , y = 8 (d) x = 6, y = 8
37. If matrices A and B anticommute then
(a) AB = BA (b) AB = - BA (c) ( AB) = ( BA) -1 (d) none of these
é2 5 ù
38. If A = ê ú then adj A = ?
ë1 3û
é 3 -5 ù é 3 -1ù é -1 2ù
(a) ê ú (b) ê (c) ê (d) none of these
ë -1 2û ë -5 2úû ú
ë 3 -5 û
318 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12

é 3 -4ù
39. If A = ê ú and B is a square matrix of order 2 such that AB = I then
ë -1 2û
B =?
é 1ù é 1 2ù
é 1 2ù ê 1 2ú ê ú
(a) ê ú (b) ê ú (c) ê 1 3ú (d) none of these
ë 2 3 û 3
ê2 ú ê 2 2ú
ë 2û ë û
40. If A and B are invertible square matrices of the same order then ( AB) -1 = ?
(a) AB -1 (b) A -1 B (c) A -1 B -1 (d) B -1 A -1
é 2 -1ù -1
41. If A = ê ú , then A = ?
ë 1 3û
é3 -1 ù é 3 1ù é1 1ù
ê 7 ú ê ú ê 7ú
(a) ê 7 ú (b) ê 7 7 ú (c) ê 3 ú (d) none of these
ê1 2ú ê -1 2 ú ê1 2ú
êë 7 7 úû êë 7 7 úû êë 7 7 úû
é 3 -1ù
42. If|A| = 3 and A -1 = ê -5 2 ú then adj A = ?
ê ú
ë 3 3û
é 9 3ù é 9 -3 ù
(a) ê ú (b) ê
ë -5 -2û ë -5 2úû
é -9 3 ù é 9 -3 ù
(c) ê ú (d) ê ú
ë 5 -2û ë5 -2û
é 3 4ù
43. If A is an invertible matrix and A -1 = ê ú then A = ?
ë 5 6û
é1 1ù
é -3 2ù
é 6 -4ù ê 4ú
(a) ê ú (b) ê 3 ú (c) ê 5 -3 ú (d) none of these
ë -5 3 û ê ú
ê1 1ú
êë 2 2 úû
êë 5 6 úû
é1 2ù 2
44. If A = ê ú and f ( x) = 2x - 4x + 5 then f ( A) = ?
ë 4 - 3 û
é 19 -32ù é 19 -16ù
(a) ê ú (b) ê ú
ë -16 51û ë -32 51û
é 19 -11ù
(c) ê (d) none of these
ë -27 51úû
é 1 4ù 2
45. If A = ê ú then A - 4A = ?
ë 2 3û
(a) I (b) 5I (c) 3I (d) 0
 System of Linear Equations 319

46. If A is a 2-rowed square matrix and|A| = 6 then A × adj A = ?

é 6 0ù é 3 0ù
(a) ê ú (b) ê ú
ë 0 6û ë 0 3û
é 1 0ù
(c) ê 6 1 ú (d) none of these
ê ú
ë 0 6û
47. If A is an invertible square matrix and k is a non-negative real number
then ( kA) -1 = ?
1
(a) k × A -1 (b) × A -1 (c) - k × A -1 (d) none of these
k
é 3 4 1ù
48. If A = ê 1 0 -2ú then A -1 = ?
ê ú
êë -2 -1 2úû
é 2 9 -8ù é -2 9 -8ù
(a) ê -2 8 7 ú ê
(b) 2 8 7ú
ê ú ê ú
êë -1 5 -4úû êë -1 -5 4úû
é -2 -9 -8ù
(c) ê 2 8 7ú (d) none of these
ê ú
êë -1 -5 -4úû
49. If A is a square matrix then ( A + A ¢) is
(a) a null matrix (b) an identity matrix
(c) a symmetric matrix (d) a skew-symmetric matrix
50. If A is a square matrix then ( A - A ¢) is
(a) a null matrix (b) an identity matrix
(c) a symmetric matrix (d) a skew-symmetric matrix
51. If A is a 3-rowed square matrix and|3A| = k|A|then k = ?
(a) 3 (b) 9 (c) 27 (d) 1
52. Which one of the following is a scalar matrix?
é1 1ù é 6 0ù
(a) ê ú (b) ê ú
ë 1 1û ë 0 3û
é -8 0ù
(c) ê ú (d) none of these
ë 0 -8û
é 1 -1ù éa 1ù 2 2 2
53. If A = ê ú and B = ê b -1ú and ( A + B) = ( A + B ) then
ë 2 - 1û ë û
(a) a = 2, b = - 3 (b) a = - 2, b = 3
(c) a = 1, b = 4 (d) none of these
320 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12

ANSWERS (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8 (c) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (d)
41. (b) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (b) 45. (b) 46. (a) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (d)
51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (c)

HINTS TO SOME SELECTED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. 2A = ( A + B) + ( A - B) and 2B = ( A + B) - ( A - B).
é 5 6 ù é 3 -2 ù é 2 8 ù
2. 2 A = ê ú-ê ú=ê ú×
ë -7 10 û ë 5 6 û ë -12 4 û
1
3. 4 A + 3X = 5 B Þ 3X = (5 B - 4 A ) Þ X = (5 B - 4 A ).
3
4. B = ( 2 A - 3 B) - 2( A - 2 B).
1
5. 5 A = 2( 2 A - B) + ( 2 B + A ). Then, A = (5 A ).
5
6. [2 x + 1 = 5 Þ x = 2] and [8 + y = 0 Þ y = - 8].
7. ( x - y = -1 and 2 x - y = 0 ) Þ ( x = 1, y = 2 )
( 2 x + z = 5 Þ z = 3 ) and ( 3z + w = 13 Þ w = 4 ).
8. Solve x + 2 y = 3 and 3 y + 2 x = 5.
9. A is singular Û |A| = 0.
12. A is singular Û |A| = 0.
14. Use AA -1 = I.
15. Using distributive law, we have
( A + B) × ( A - B) = A( A - B) + B( A - B) = ( A 2 - AB + BA - B 2 ).
16. ( A + B) 2 = ( A + B) × ( A + B) = A( A + B) + B( A + B) = ( A 2 + AB + BA + B 2 ).
17. ( A - B) 2 = ( A - B) × ( A - B) = A( A - B) - B( A - B) = ( A 2 - AB - BA + B 2 ).
18. Given A ¢ = A and B¢ = B.
\ ( AB - BA )¢ = ( AB)¢ - ( BA )¢ = ( B¢ A ¢ - A ¢ B¢ ) = ( BA - AB ) = - ( AB - BA )
\ ( AB - BA ) is skew symmetric.
19. A and B are inverses of each other only when AB = BA = I.
20. adj ( AB) = ( adj B)( adj A ).
21. adj ( adj A ) =|A|(n - 2 ) =|A|(3 - 2 ) × A =|A|× A = 4 A.
22. |adj A| =|A|(n - 1 ) =|A|2 = 5 2 = 25.
é a b ù é 3 2ù é 4 1ù
24. Let ê úê ú=ê ú × Find a, b , c and d.
ë c d û ë 1 -1û ë 2 3 û
 System of Linear Equations 321

25. AA -1 = I Þ |AA -1| =|I| = 1

1
Þ |A|×|A -1| = 1 Þ |A -1| = ×
|A|
26. ( AB) -1 = B -1 A -1 .
27. [AB = 0 and A ¹ 0 , B ¹ 0] Þ |A| = 0 and| B| = 0.
28. 2 I = ( A - A 2 ) Þ 2 A -1 = A -1 A - A -1 AA = I - IA = ( I - A )
1
\ Þ A -1 = ( I - A ).
2
29. A is not invertible Û |A| = 0.
1
30. |A| = 1 Þ A -1 = adj A = ( adj A ).
|A|
31. A 2 = O Þ A is nilpotent.
32. A 2 = A Þ A is idempotent.
33. Given|A| = 0. So, A( adj A ) =|A|× I = 0 × I = 0.
\ A( adj A ) is a null matrix.
é 1 0ù
34. A × adj A =|A|× I = 8 ´ ê ú = 8 I ® |A| = 8.
ë 0 1û
1
35. AA -1 = I Þ |AA -1| =|I| Þ |A|×|A -1| = 1 Þ |A -1| = ×
|A|
½ -2 3½
½ = ( -2 - 3 ) = ( -5 ) Þ |A -1| =
-1
|A | =½ ×
½ 1 1½ 5
é 3 1ù é 3 1ù é 1 0ù é 3 1ù
36. ê ú ê7 5 ú + x ê 0 1ú = y ê7 5 ú
ë 7 5 ûë û ë û ë û
é 16 8 ù é x 0 ù é 3 y y ù é 16 + x 8 ù é 3y yù
Þ ê 56 32 ú + ê 0 x ú = ê 7 y 5 y ú Þ ê 56 =
32 + x úû êë 7 y 5 y úû
.
ë û ë û ë û ë
\ y = 8 and ( 16 + x = 3 y = 3 ´ 8 = 24 ) Þ x = 8.
37. A and B anticommute Û AB = - BA.
39. AB = I Þ B = A -1 .
40. ( AB) -1 = B -1 A -1 .
½ 2 -1½
41. |A| =½ ½ = ( 6 + 1) = 7 ¹ 0
½ 1 3½
M11 = 3 , M12 = 1, M 21 = - 1 and M 22 = 2
\ C 11 = 3 , C 12 = - 1, C 21 = 1 and C 22 = 2
¢
é 3 -1ù é 3 1ù
Þ Adj A = ê ú =ê ú
ë 1 2 û ë -1 2 û
é 3 1ù
-1 1 1 é 3 1ù ê 7 7 ú
Þ A = ( adj A ) = ê ú=ê ú×
|A| 7 ë -1 2 û ê 1 2 ú
-
êë 7 7 úû
322 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12

1 é 9 -3 ù
42. A -1 = × adj A ® adj A =|A|× A -1 = 3 A -1 = ê ú×
|A| ë -5 2 û
43. A = ( A -1 ) -1 . So, find the inverse of A -1 .
44. f ( A ) = 2 A 2 - 4 A + 5 I.
é 1 4 ù é 1 4 ù é 4 16 ù é 9 16 ù é 4 16 ù é5 0 ù
45. A 2 - 4 A = ê úê ú-ê ú=ê ú-ê ú=ê ú = 5I.
ë 2 3 û ë 2 3 û ë 8 12 û ë 8 17 û ë 8 12 û ë 0 5 û
é 1 0ù é 6 0ù
46. A × ( adj A ) =|A|× I = 6 × ê ú=ê ú×
ë 0 1û ë 0 6 û
1
47. ( kA ) -1 = × A -1 is true.
k
1
48. A -1 = × adj A.
|A|
49. A is a square matrix Þ ( A + A ¢ ) is symmetric.
50. A is a square matrix Þ ( A - A ¢ ) is skew-symmetric.
51. | 3 A| = ( 3 ´ 3 ´ 3 )|A| = 27 ×|A|.
52. A scalar matrix is a square matrix each of whose non-diagonal elements is 0 and all
diagonal elements are equal.
53. ( A + B) 2 = ( A 2 + B 2 ) Û A 2 + B 2 + AB + BA = ( A 2 + B 2 ) Û AB = - BA.
é a - b 2 ù é - a - 2 a + 1ù
AB = - BA Û ê ú=ê ú
ë 2 a - b 3 û ë - b + 2 b - 1û
Now, ( a + 1 = 2 and b - 1 = 3 ) Þ ( a = 1 and b = 4).