Reading on Related Studies
reference list.
A literature review is the process of collecting and synthesizing information
from multiple sources.
Literature sources can be categorized into two types: primary sources and
secondary sources.
 Primary sources are references that contain information, which were
observed or witnessed first-hand by the author.
Example: journal articles, audio and video recordings, survey data,
and statistical data.
 Secondary sources are references that contain information based on
primary sources. Secondary sources maybe the interpretation,
review, or analysis of information found in primary sources.
Example: scientific review articles, news or magazine articles, and
textbooks.
In identifying a possible source of your RRL, refer to the following
characteristics below:
1. The sources that you should use must be updated and reliable.
2. It must be as fair and objective as possible.
3. It must be relevant to your topic.
4. It must provide accurately and enough information on your topic.
Main reasons why researchers must cite sources accordingly:
 To give credit to other writers and researchers
 To support evidence in the researcher’s argument
 To easily locate sources about a certain topic.
Citation Style Guides
There are different style guides in citing literature sources, and each has its
own set of rules and guidelines. The most common style guides are the
following:
1. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
(APA)
2. The Modern Language Association Style (MLA)
3. The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS)
4. Parts of Citations
There are two parts in doing citations, namely, the in-text citation and the
 The in-text citation appears within the body of the researcher’s text.
Each in-text citation should be referenced properly at the end of the
paper.
 The reference list found at the end of paper includes all the literature
sources used by the researcher.
In the in-text- citation of related literature, three guidelines should be
considered, namely: a) by author or writer, b) by topic and c) chronological
means of citation.
 APA 7th Edition Basic Rules
It follows the author and year of publishing format of in-text citation.
Including the page number is also encouraged but not required.
 MLA Handbook 8th Edition Basic Rules
MLA follows the author-page format of in-text citation. The author’s last
name and the page number(s) from which the statement is taken must be
included in the citation.
 Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition Basic Rules
Chicago has two systems: notes and bibliography, and author-date.
Summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting are often mistaken as the same
concepts. These are similar yet distinct skills that are commonly used in
academic writing, most especially in research.
The following are some ways on how you can write a good summary:
1. Read the original work carefully before writing the summary.
2. List down the key ideas of the text using your own words.
3. Eliminate all information that is unnecessary and irrelevant.
4. Compare the summary and the original work. 5. Start the summary using
signal phrases to introduce the material.