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Alfred Adler: Individual Psychology

VIEW OF HUMAN KEY CONCEPTS OF COMPARE/CONTRAST CRITICISMS OF THE

NATURE INDIVIDUAL W/ PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
PSYCHOLOGY THEORY
Adler abandoned The creative self Individual psychology, A major criticism of
Freud’s basic theories Superiority complex, Adler’s theory is about
because he believed Inferiority complex etc. the role of the
Freud was excessively counselor. From the
narrow in his stress Individual Psychology
on biological perspective, the
instinctual counselor exerts some
determination. influence on the
patient about their
behavioral change. This
criticism arises from
the fact that Adlerian
therapists aim to guide
the client to modify
his/her views and goals
(Engler, 2008).
Adler holds that the Behavior as goal Psychoanalysis, The counselor helps
individual begins to directed and purposeful including the theories of the client to identify
form an approach to id, ego and super-ego, counterproductive
life somewhere in Oedipus complex etc. lifestyles and thought.
their first six months. The client is then
assisted to change
these behaviors and
take up ones that are
more productive.
Critics argue that the
counselor’s job is to
assist the client in
attaining a healthy
mental frame and not
to influence them
directly to change
behavior.
Focuses on how the Social interest Striving for Success or Adler’s theory is also
person’s perception Superiority criticized due to its
of the past and his or The Final Goal – people tendency to
her interpretation of strive toward oversimplify the cause
each events has a a final goal of either of human problems.
continuing influence. personal According to Adler,
superiority or the goal inferiority feelings are
of success for the trigger for humans
all humankind. to take action. These
feelings are often the
result of mistaken
appraisals of self-worth
(Engler, 2008). In
addition to this, Adler
views the lack of
courage and
confidence by patients
as the cause of their
mental problems.
According to Adler, Striving for significance The Unconscious - is the Critics argue that such
humans are as a motivational force center of our mental life a simplistic outlook
motivated primarily which represses high cannot be used to
by social relatedness levels of anxiety created explain severe mental
rather than by sexual from our early illnesses that afflict
urges. childhood experiences patients. Adler’s theory
that is also criticized for
affects our words, suggesting that people
feelings and can overcome all the
actions. psychological problems
they face by modifying
their behavior.
Behavior is purposeful Understanding the The Striving Force as
and goal-oriented. family constellation Compensation –
People strive for
superiority or
success as a mean of
compensation
for feelings of inferiority
and
weakness.
Consciousness; more Unity and self- The Preconscious –
than consistency personality contains all those
unconsciousness, elements not are not
which is the focus of conscious but
therapy. can become conscious
either quite
readily or with some
difficulty.
Lifestyle is molded by Striving for superiority Striving for personality
people’s creative superiority –
power. Some people strive for
superiority
 with little or no concern
with for
others.
The one dynamic The Conscious – which
force behind people’s plays a
behavior is the relatively minor role in
striving for success psychoanalytic
and superiority. theory, can defined as
those mental
elements in awareness
at any given
point in time.
Personality is unified
and self-consistent.
Each person must be
viewed as an
individual from a
holistic perspective.

Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology

VIEW OF HUMAN KEY CONCEPTS OF COMPARE/CONTRAST CRITICISMS OF THE

 NATURE ANALYTICAL W/ PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
PSYCHOLOGY THEORY
Consciousness Is “I Amplification – Both Jung and Freud’s One important Jungian
Am” Elaboration and theory are concerned archetype is the
clarification of a dream- with the conscious and "shadow," a term he
image by means of unconscious mind of a borrowed from the
directed association and human. famous philosopher
of parallels from the Nietzsche and a
humane science reference to the
(symbology, mythology, deepest and darkest
mysticism, folklore, part of a person's
history of religion, personal unconscious.
ethnology, etc.). Jung decided that once
an individual
recognized the
presence of an evil side
within, impulse control
would become easier.
However,
contemporary critics
see mysticism and
occultism as irrational
and too much at work
in this part of Jung's
theory. Critics point
out that Jung seems to
have protected his
theory from scrutiny by
never settling on any
specific explanations
for evil.
Personality Isn’t Anima and Animus – Jung used to believe in Jung’s ideas have not
Permanent—It’s Personification of the religion, spiritual and been as popular as
Always Changing feminine nature of a cultural ideas. On the Freud’s. This might be
man’s unconscious and other hand, Freud used because he did not
masculine nature of a to be that psychology is write from the layman
woman’s. This an empirical science. and as such his ideas
psychological were not a greatly
bisexuality is a disseminated as
reflection of the Freud’s. It may also be
biological fact that it is because his ideas were
the larger number of a little more mystical
male (or female) genes and obscure, and less
which is the decisive clearly explained.
factor in the
determination of sex.
The Only Real Danger Association – The Jung has a positive On the whole modern
that Exists Is Man linking of ideas, impact on religion. His psychology has not
Himself perceptions, etc. theories tell that viewed Jung’s theory of
according to similarity, religion plays a key role archetypes kindly.
coexistence, opposition, in individual Ernest Jones (Freud’s
and causal dependence. development. On the biographer) tells that
Free association in other hand, Freud Jung “descended into a
Freudian dream rejected the idea of pseudo-philosophy out
interpretation: religion and spirituality. of which he never
spontaneous ideas He believes religion emerged” and to many
occurring to the should be separate his ideas look more like
dreamer, which need from the research and New Age mystical
not necessarily refer to the psychological. speculation than a
the dream situation. scientific contribution
to psychology.
Belief Follows Complex-indicators – Jung used to practice Jung’s research into
Evidence Prolonged reaction twice a week. On the ancient myths and
time, faults, or the other hand, Freud used legends, his interest in
idiosyncratic quality of to practice regularly. He astrology and
the answers when the sees his patient six fascination with
stimulus words touch sessions in a week. Eastern religion can be
on complexes which the seen in that light, it is
subject wishes to hide also worth
or is not conscious of. remembering that the
images he was writing
about have, as a matter
of historical fact,
exerted an enduring
hold on the human
mind.
Man Cannot Stand A Extraversion – Attitude- Jung used to believe in Jung himself argues
Meaningless Life type characterised by having the face to face that the constant
concentration of contact with the recurrence of symbols
interest on the external patient. On the other from mythology in
object. hand, Freud believes personal therapy and
that patients will be in the fantasies of
more comfortable psychotics support the
sharing emotions if they idea of an innate
are facing away from collective cultural
the psychologist and residue. In line with
lying comfortably. evolutionary theory it
may be that Jung’s
archetypes reflect
predispositions that
once had survival
value.
Conscious vs. God-image – A term Jung used to believe Jung’s work has also
unconscious derived from the that dreams can reflect contributed to
Church Fathers, many different aspects mainstream
 according to whom the
imago Dei (image of
God) is imprinted on the
human soul. When such
an image is
spontaneously
produced in dreams,
fantasies, visions, etc. it
is, from the
psychological point of
view, a symbol of the
self, of psychic
wholeness.
Determinism vs. free Mandala – Sanskrit for
will circle. Symbol of the
centre goal, or of the
self as psychic totality;
self-representation of a
psychic process of
centering; production of
a new centre of
personality. This is
symbolically
represented by the
circle, the square, or the
quaternity, by
symmetrical
arrangements of the
number four and its
multiples.
of human life. On the psychology in at least
other hand, Freud one significant respect.
believed that dreams He was the first to
could be a distinguish the two
manifestation of an major attitudes or
innermost human orientations of
desire. personality –
extroversion and
introversion. He also
identified four basic
functions (thinking,
feeling, sensing, and
intuiting) which in a
cross-classification
yield eight pure
personality types.
Jung believes that the Psychologists like Hans
conscious mind Eysenck and Raymond
constructively works on Cattell have
our emotions. On the subsequently built
other hand, Freud upon this. As well as
believes that the being a cultural icon for
conscious mind actively generations of
crushes our emotions. psychology
undergraduates Jung,
therefore, put forward
ideas which were
important to the
development of
modern personality
theory.