Reading and Writing

Skills
Quarter 3
Module 5: Types of Claim in a Written
Text
Reading and Writing - Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 5: Types Of Claims In A Written Text

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer/s: Mary Grace T. Ramos, LPT

Lito L. Valesco, LPT

Editor: John Philip M. Eijansantos, LPT

Reviewers: Florenda H. Quinte, P.D.

Valeria Fides G. Corteza, Ph. D.
EPS- English

Layout Artist: John Philip M. Eijansantos, LPT

Management Team:
Roy C. Tuballa, EMD.JD.CESO VI
Jay S. Montealto, CESO VI
Norma T. Francisco, DM
Mildred D. Dayao, Ed.D.
Valeria Fides G. Corteza, Ph. D.
Aida Coyme, Ed. D.

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What I need to Know
In this lesson, we're going to discuss the types of claims in a written text.
In this module, you are expected to;

Identify claims explicitly or implicitly made in a written text.

a. Claim of Fact
b. Claim of Policy
c. Claim of Value

Objectives:
1. Identify the types of claims in a written text.
2. Differentiate between and among the types of claim

What I Know
Directions: Identity which type of claim the statement is making. (FACT, VALUE, POLICY)

____1. Excessive consumption of alcohol can lead to many illnesses.

____2. Honesty is the best policy.
____3. Television newscasting influences the way Americans think about social and
political issues.
____4. The Bates GRE Study Guide is an excellent tutorial for students preparing to
take the GRE
____5. To attract more nontraditional students, this college must review and revise its
course offerings.
____6. The existence of nuclear weapons has prevented the outbreak of World War
III.
____7. An improved sewer system would solve these flood drainage problems.
____8. America should protect its domestic industries with tariffs and quotas.
____9. Obesity can cause heart disease.
____10. 20% of Americans believe that the U.S. has never landed on the moon.
a. Obvious and apparent
b. Not expressed clearly
c. true in some cases
d. maybe incorrect

1. Read the passage and answer the question. Maria was getting ready to walk to
church. She put on her sandals and grabbed her sling bag. As she was leaving, her
mother said, "Good luck. Be careful." Which of the following is explicitly stated in the
paragraph?
A. Maria is going to have her first communion
B. Maria is going to see her friend
C. Maria put on her sandals and grabbed her sling bag.
D. Maria is always punctual in church services.

2. Read the passage and answer the question. Maria was getting ready to walk to
church.

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 "She put on her sandals and grabbed her sling bag. As she was leaving, her mother
said, Good luck. Be careful." Which of the following is implicitly stated in the
paragraph?
A. Maria is going to have her first communion
B. Maria is going to see her friend
C. Maria put on her sandals and grabbed her sling bag.
D. Maria is a churchgoer.

3. What is the meaning of the term "implicit"?

A.Obvious and apparent

B. may be incorrect
C. true in some cases
D. Not expressed clearly

4. Identify explicit information. Maryjane ran down the stairs in her school building.
She waited for a tricycle around the corner, and after a few minutes, she held up her
arm to stop the approaching tricycle. When she hopped in, she said, "Please take me to
Doctor's hospital."
A. Maryjane's car was broken
B. Maryjane has not enough money to pay for a taxi.
C. Maryjane was visiting her sick mother.
D. Maryjane waited for a tricycle around the corner

5. Identify the implicit information. Maryjane ran down the stairs in her school building.
She waited for a tricycle around the corner, and after a few minutes, she held up her
arm to stop the approaching tricycle. When she hopped in, she said, "Please take me to
Doctor's hospital."
A. Maryjane was visiting a sick relative.
B. Maryjane has not enough money to pay for a taxi.
C. Maryjane's car was broken
D. Maryjane waited for a tricycle around the corner.

6. What is the meaning of the word "claim"? A. To acquire

B. To assert something
C. To reject
D. To possess
7. Identify explicit information. Marissa held her grandmother's hand as she crossed
the busy parking lot. They walked into a grocery store. Marissa assisted her in
selecting the grocery items to be bought. "Here," said grandma, "You can hold my
shopping list."
A. Marissa and her grandma went to the grocery store.
B. Marissa was given a choice to pick any items she liked.
C. Grandma often shops in that grocery store.

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 D. Marissa went to the store.

8. Identify the implicit information. Marissa held her grandmother's hand as she
crossed the busy parking lot. They walked into a grocery store. Marissa assisted her
in selecting the grocery items to be bought. "Here," said grandma, "You can hold my
shopping list."
A. Marissa and her grandma went to the grocery store.
B. Marissa was given a choice to pick any items she liked.
C. Grandma needed the assistance of Marissa.
D. Grandma had lots of grocery items to buy.

9. Which among the statements does not express an explicit message

A. Please leave clear directions for the housekeeper, so she knows what needs to be done.
B. Gay marriage is still unacceptable in our culture.
C. You should not support the death penalty as capital punishment.
D. All children, except one, grow up.

What's In

You have learned the "EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT CLAIMS IN A TEXT"

text in the previous lesson. You were supposed to understand that being a writer, you
must have the first critical reading scheme.

• Critical reading is necessary for judging the text's reliability through the study of
implicit and explicit information. This information may lead to various claims, such
as rooted in history or science (claims of fact). Some claims demand action because
certain policies' present conditions are no longer effective (claims of the policy). Also,
claims assert an idea's morality based on certain standards or preferences (claims of
value).

• Explicit information is any idea that is stated or found in the text.

With explicit information, you see the text's clear or obvious meaning—no need to
explain.

• If something is implied (or implicit), the text is being suggested through the text's
details, which serves as a clue to get the right meaning of the text.

The idea is not clear. It needs analysis or deep thinking; thus, one needs to read between
the lines.

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 Types of Claims

1. Claims of Fact. (existence of something/definition or classification/facts -- inferences

about past present or future)

Types of factual claims (generally "objective")

1. Factual / historical
2. Relational - causal connections
3. Predictive
proof requires:

4. sufficient and appropriate grounds

1. reliable authority
2. recent data
3. accurate, typical data
4. clearly defined terms -no loaded language
5. a clear distinction between fact and inference.

2. Claims of Value (taste & morals / good-bad) [make value judgments/ resolve
conflict between values/ quasi policy (rightness of it; relative merit)] proof requires:

1. Establishing standards of evaluation (i.e. a warrant that defines what constitutes

instances of the relevant value)
2. note the priority of the value in this instance.
3. Establish the advantage (practical or moral) of your standards. 4. Use examples
to clarify abstract values
5. Use credible authorities for support.

3. Claims of Policy (action / should or ought) - usually involves sub-claims of fact and
value proof requires:

1. Making proposed action clear

2. need (justification)
3. plan, (must be workable)
4. benefit (advantages)
5. consider opposition / counter arguments

Claims of Fact:

 Did it happen?
 Does it exist?
 Is it true?
 Is it a fact?

Example:

When you insist a paper was turned in on time even if the professor cannot find it, or that you
were not exceeding the speed limit when a police officer claims that you were, you are
making claims of fact.

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 Claims of Value:

 Is it good or bad?
 How bad?
 How good?
 Of what worth is it?
 Is it moral or immoral?
 Who thinks so?
 What do those people value?
 What values or criteria should I use to determine its goodness or badness?

Example:

When you claim that sororities and fraternities are the best extracurricular organizations for
college students to join, you are making a claim of value.

Claims of value, as their name implies, aim at establishing whether the item being discussed is
either good or bad, valuable or not valuable, desirable or not desirable.

Claims of Policy:

 What should we do about it?

 How should we act?
 What should our future policy be?
 How can we solve this problem?
 What concrete course of action should we pursue to solve the problem?

Example:

When you claim that all new students should attend orientation or that all students who graduate
should participate in graduation ceremonies, you are making claims of policy.

A claim of policy often describes a problem and then suggests ways to solve it.

What's New

Students are expected to be able to read and evaluate arguments or opinions in a text but,
not all students are given an equal opportunity to be taught in depth on how to do it. Hence,
many learners develop low self-esteem in engaging reading meaningfully.

The problem is no longer with the students; it is a problem of lack on training and
practice in our current educational system. In fact, everyone can learn to read and evaluate an
argument if resources are readily made available. Analyzing a text in a formal argument
presented by an author should be seen beyond than a mere of something one does for a class. It
is a basic life skill that everyone must practice to be able to make reading engagement fruitful
and helpful in our life. Readers must be made aware that the goal of an author is to convey and
persuade, by providing arguments supported with evidences thus, expect them to change their
attitude, belief, or behavior. This poses a challenge to readers. It will now test the ability of the
readers to analyze a text, react, verify issues, affirming one's value, and make a stance that would
lead to yield right decisions for the betterment of oneself, community and industries. On same

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note, readers should also be made fully aware that an opinion, idea, assertion, and arguments
cover certain claims. And there are three types of claim: Fact, Value, and Policy Claim.

What is a Claim?

A claim is an arguable statement – an idea that a speaker or writer expects an audience to

accept. A claim is an opinion, idea, or assertion. Here are some examples: "I think we should
protest the Anti-Terror Bill." "I believe that the present administration has no concrete plans to
fight COVID-19". "We need Modernization." These three claims might all be valid, but it
should be supported with evidence to reach an audience's agreement.

The word claim comes from the Latin word clamare, which means "to cry out, shout."
Hence, with the definition of a claim, this can then be argued, verified, or disproved. A claim
deals with the searching for agreement from the audience to agree with the statement or
discourse. It also involves anticipation from the audience's agreement and anxiousness that they
might disagree with. A claim must pose two sides of a coin. It is a question of whether the
audience will agree or not. Because a claim with a certain answer, whether to agree or not to
agree, is not a claim.

Three (3) types of claim in a Written Text

1. The claim of fact. A claim asserts some empirical truth. It is an assertion of:
• A condition that has existed exists or will exist.
• The truth of an assertion to be ascertained by an event. The speaker will give information
and offer an explanation that characterized the events.
• An argument with strong evidence presented as a reason for the arguer's belief in the
claim.
Examples:
1. Action research is conducted to respond to the needs of the students.
2. Illegal mining has already become an issue in the Philippines.
3. School is the most important part of education.

2. A claim of value. A claim asserts judgment. It is an

assertion of:
• Look for keywords that are a matter of judgment rather than fact, such as: good, well,
kind, useful, desirable, etc.
• Authors offer reasons for their judgment, with the ultimate goal of getting the reader's
agreement with the reasons rather than comparing to the fact that establishes assent to
the claim.
• A claim is based on things we like or dislike. Hence, it deals with the goal of what value
us most.
• The authors' argument is based on judgment or value and does not necessarily carry out
facts. Disagreements overvalue importance for us to determine how one presented his or
her point over certain belief.
• An argument usually gets the other person's approval because the claim's underlying
value proves to be acceptable as a public good.
Examples:
1. Living in a city is more productive than living in the countryside.
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 2. Saying "OPO" is the highest form of respect.
3. Staying with a family with limited resources is more valuable than working abroad.
3. A claim of Policy. A claim asserts that an action should be taken.
• Be careful to call that some actions be taken.
• Take note of the keywords "should," "ought," or "must. These words may not be present
all the time, but the author's purpose is usually to call for an action to be taken if they
are.
• The most difficult thing in an argument is to decide whether we should take action or
not in any of the claims.
• An argument usually turns on whether the reasons for taking action compensates for the
possible costs of taking action.
Examples:
1. Deforestation should be eradicated in the Philippines.
2. The government should pursue scholarship programs, especially to those identified
marginalized sectors affected by COVID-19.
3. Child Protection Policy should be implemented in the school system.

What I Have Learned

A Claim is an arguable statement – an idea that a speaker or writer expects an audience
to accept. A claim is an opinion, idea, or assertion. Here are some examples: "I think we should
protest the Anti-Terror Bill." "I believe that the present administration has no concrete plans to
fight COVID-19". "We need Modernization." These three claims might all be valid, but it should
be supported with evidence to get the agreement of an audience.

Three (3) types of claim in a Written Text

Characteristics Claim of Fact Claim of Value Claim of Policy

Assertion A claim asserts some A claim that asserts A claim asserts that an
empirical truth judgment. action should be taken
Meaning A condition that has Author's argument is Argument usually
existed, exists, or will based on judgement or turns on whether the
exists. value and does not reasons for taking the
necessarily carried out action compensates the
Argument with strong facts. Disagreements possible costs of taking
evidence presented as over values is the action.
reason for arguer's important for us to
belief in the claim. determine how oneself Take note of the key
presented his or her words "should,"
point over certain "ought" or "must.
belief. These words may not
be present all the time,
An argument usually but the author's
gets the other person's purpose is usually to
approval because the call for an action to be
underlying value of the taken if they are.
claim is accepted as a
public good.

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Assessment
Directions: Directions Read each item carefully and answer the following questions. Write the letter
of the correct answer in your paper.
____1. Living with parents after marriage is
being practical.
a. Claim of Fact c. Claim of Policy
b. Claim of Value d. Claim
____2.Students should wear their
identification card inside the school campus.
a. Claim of Fact c. Claim of Policy
b. Claim of Value d. Argument
____3. Advocates should heighten their call
for gender equality in the workplace.
a. Claim c. Claim of Policy
b. Claim of Value d. Claim of Fact
____ 4. Good Moral and Right Conduct
(GMRC) integration should be made of the ___9. The School Principal of Baliwasan
Curriculum.
a. Claim of Fact c. Claim of Policy
b. Claim of Value d. Argument
____ 5. It's more fun in the Philippines
a. Claim of Fact c. Claim
b. Claim of Value d. Claim of Policy __10. A claim that asserts judgment for the
____ 6. The following are Policy claim,
except.
a. There should be a recommendation to
stop the opening of classes in August.
b. Mass Testing for COVID-19 should be
implemented immediately.
c. We need to wear face mask all the time.
d. The City Councilors of Zamboanga
must declare the City as COVID free.
______7. Which of the following statements
is TRUE about Claim?
a. Is an opinion, idea, or assertion that
need to be backed up with evidence and
reasoning.
b. It is not just something doing in a class
but useful skill.
c. Certain that the audience will agree.
d. Does not attempt to search for an
agreement
___8. Which of the following types of claim
Asserts matter of judgment than a fact?
a. Claim c. Claim of Fact
b. Claim of Policy d. Claim of Value
Senior High School-Stand Alone asserts for
an action to be taken on Child Protection
Policy. What type of claim is that?
a. Claim of Fact c. Claim of Policy
b. Claim of Value d. Argument
good of many people.
a. Claim c. Claim of Fact
b. Claim of Policy d. Claim of Value