HOFAUDG
DALHGOKN X [NDHYNKA

Lnearntarha kg Hobgohgrän ^uädhjn H

Kgpnrtndgota kg hobgohgrän ^uädhjn, Fnjultnk kg Hobgohgrän y Nrquhtgjturn
Wohvgrshknk Onjhaonl kg Jaladehn Zgkg Dnohznlgs
Zgpthgderg kg 50>7

Brupa ;
Xghsao Znojmgz Lapgz :>:078
  Cnrln Xnogtm Darn :>…
Ugyogll Iuohar :>…
Lnurn Nlginokrn Inrndhlla :0…
Igsus Gstgeno Jgenllas :>…

>. Aeigthvas9

Aeigthva Bgogrnl

 Jadprgokgr las usas kg uo dalhoa y las khfgrgotgs tndnþas kg pnrjuln qug sg

pugkgo aetgogr.
 Ugnlhznr gl noîlhshs brnouladètrhja kg uon dugstrn súlhkn pnrn kgtgrdhonr ln hougojhn
kg lns vnrhnelgs phjns saerg las pnrîdgtras dîs hdpartnotgs go las prajgsas kg
dalhgokn y tndhznka.

Aeigthvas Gspgjäfhjas

 Jaoajgr gl fuojhaondhgota y ulhknk kg las gquhpas kg dalhgokn y tndhznka, nsä jada

su nplhjnjhúo n ohvgl hokustrhnl.
 Aetgogr gl îrgn gspgjäjn y gl oùdgra kg pnrjulns, n pnrr kgl noîlhshs khfgrgojhnl y
njudulnva, pnrn ln nlhdgotnjhúo y gl prakujta rgsultnotg.
 Kgtgrdhonr dgkhnotg ln tèjohjn kgl tndhznka, gl khîdgtra pradgkha kg lns pnrjulns
aetgohkns go gl gquhpa.
 Nonlhznr gl jaosuda kg patgojhn rgqugrhka pnrn aetgogr uo tndnþa kg pnrjuln
gspgjäja.
 

[neln kg kntas

Dalhgokn

Dntgrhnl  Nrraz
[hpa kg dalhoa Dalhoa kg jujmhllns
Prhdgr gosnya ‚ Dnlln kg > dd
Dnsn nlhdgotnkn 700 b
[hgdpa 0,>=:: m
Khîdgtra hohjhnl pradgkha 5,:6 dd
Patgojhn pradgkha >,;7 cR
Dnsn fhonl kg nrraz dalhkn >22 b
Zgbuoka gosnya ‚ Dnlln kg 5 dd
Dnsn nlhdgotnkn 700 b
[hgdpa >>; s
Khîdgtra hohjhnl pradgkha 5,:6 dd
Patgojhn pradgkha >,77 cR
Dnsn fhonl kg nrraz dalhkn 6> b

  [neln >9 Kgsjrhpjhúo kgl dntgrhnl y jaokhjhaogs kg apgrnjhúo.

  [ndhznka

Prhdgr gosnya
[hgdpa >7 dho
Patgojhn pradgkha ¼ MP
Zgbuoka gosnya
[hgdpa >7 dho
Patgojhn pradgkha ¼ MP
  [neln 59 Kntas
59 Kntas kgl tndhznka.

Go lns shbuhgotgs tnelns, gstîo lns dnllns usnkns, y ln khstrheujhúo kg dnsn kgl dntgrhnl dalhka go
gllns.

Prhdgr gosnya

Pgsa tndhz Pgsa tndhz jao Pgsa nrraz

Dnlln
vnjäa (b) nrraz dalhka (b) dalhka (b)
:7 :=6 2=5 :86
;7 :2: ;00 52
60 ::: :60 52
>00 :65 :8; :5
>;0 :60 :65 5
500 :0= :>0 5
jalgjtar ;07 ;08 ;
dnsn tatnl (b) ;80
 

Zgbuoka gosnya

Pgsa tndhz Pgsa tndhz jao Pgsa nrraz

Dnlln
vnjäa (b) nrraz dalhka (b) dalhka (b)
50 ;>2 =06 :=8
57 ;02 ;:0 5:
:7 :=6 ;>; 5=
60 ::: :60 52
>00 :65 :== 56
>;0 :60 :6: :
jalgjtar ;60 ;6; ;
dnsn tatnl (b) 700

[neln :9 Kntas
:9 Kntas pgsas rgjabhkas

Dugstrn kg Jîljula

 Kgoshknk kgl nrraz9

 b
 ώ p nrraz 4>,;0=:
dL

Kgehka n qug oa sg gog ln fardn gxnjtn kg lns pnrjulns kg nrraz dalhka, sg tadnrno
jada jueas kg lnka 4 K p, pnrn gl qug lns jaostnotgs kg fardn sao9
: :
V   pp 4 n Kp 4 Kp  

:
 Kp
n 4 : 4>
 Kp
5 5

Z 4 6 e Kp 46 Kp  
 p

5
6 Kp
e4 5
4>
6 Kp

e >
± 4 4>
n >

>
φ4 4>
❞

Kaokg

9
V  p  Valudgo kg ln pnrjuln.
 

Z p9 Zupgrjhg kg ln pnrjuln.

n y e 9 Jaostnotgs.

9 Fnjtar kg fardn.

φ 9 Gsfgrhjhknk.

  Noîlhshs khfgrgojhnl

Pnrn gl jîljula kgl khîdgtra pradgkha, frnjjhúo dîshjn njudulnvn, îrgn supgrjhnl y oùdgra kg
pnrjulns, sg gog qug9

 K psupgrhar+ K  phofgrhar
 K» ph 4
5

Kaokg

 K» 9 Khîdgtra kg pnrjuln pradgkha.

 ph

 K psupgrhar9 Khîdgtra kg pnrjuln tndhz supgrhar.

 K phofgrhar9 Khîdgtra kg pnrjuln tndhz hofgrhar.

φ o 4 ∆ φ o + φ o∕ >

Kaokg

φ o9 Frnjjhúo dîshjn njudulnkn.

∆ φo 9  Frnjjhúo dîshjn.

φ o∕>9 Frnjjhúo dîshjn njudulnvn kgl tndhz notgrhar.

  6d
 Nh4
 ώ p φ K p

 Nh 9 Îrgn supgrjhnl kg pnrjulns jao dhsda Khîdgtra.

  d
 O h4 :

nώ p K p
 

 O h 9 Oùdgra kg pnrjulns.

o
  6 ∆ φh
 N w 4 ∞
 ώ  p−φ h40  K» ph

 N w9 Îrgn supgrjhnl gspgjhjn.

 > ∆ φh
o
 O w 4 ∞
nώ p h40  K» ph :

 O w 9 Oudgra kg pnrjulns gspgjäjns.

Las rgsultnkas gojaotrnkas fugrao las shbuhgotgs9

Khndgtra Îrgn Oùdgra kg

Khndgtra kg
Khndgtra Frnjjhúo Îrgn
kg pnrjuln Dnsn Frnjjhao supgrfjhnl Oùdgra kg pnrjulns
Dnlln pnrjuln Kp Dîshjn supgrfjhnl
pradgkha rgtgohkn (b) dnshjn gspgjhfjn pnrjulns Oh gspgjhfjns
(dd) Njudulnkn Nh  (jd5)
(dd) Nw (jd5/b) Ow (pnrt/b)
:7 0,7 - :86 0,=0=>6:52 0,=0=>6:52 ::2;5,=>07 - 55;8750,2 -
;7 0,:7
,:77 0,;5
,;527 52 0,07
,077>050; 0,=
,=66:567:> :5;0,:
,:;;625 7,;
,;88>;726>= ;5=7:5,5
,566; 700,2
,2888=0>
60 0,57
,57 0,:0
,:057 52 0,07
,077>050; 0,8
,8>>=:62:7 ;60>,5
,5885:; >:,5
,5775>>56 >5520>>,58 >8>;,:
,:00>6>
>00 0,>7
,>7 0,5 :5 0,06
,067:06>5 0,8
,8==:62:;2 80==,8
,822575 52,>
,>66:=075: 62:5725,5; 22>0,=;
,=;05
>;0 0,>0
,>06 0,>5= 5 0,00
,00;0=>6: 0,8
,8==2277> =0:,=
,=77878= 5=,7
,7555:6=82 >>85:=6,82 8085,=
,=;;52
500 0,02
,027 0,08
,0807 5 0,00
,00;0=>6: 0,8
,888>=:62: >>:6,>
,>55>72 :0,;
,;;;:=2:;2 ::665=6,>
,>55 >:005,8
,8===8
Jalgjtar - - ; 0,00=>6:52 > - - - -
Dnsn tatnl ;80 > Zudntarh n >0;,=2:6>28 Zudntarh n :555>,22:5

Brnjn Brnouladètrhjn
>.5

   n >
    k
   n
f(x) 4 ∕ 0.;6 x + >.0;
    l Uµ 4 0.8=
   u
   d 0.=
   u
   j
   n
   n 0.6
   j
   h
   s
   n
   d
   o 0.;
   a
   h
   j
   j
   n
   r 0.5
   F

0
0.07 0.> 0.>7 0.5 0.57 0.: 0.:7 0.; 0.;7 0.7 0.77

Kp SddT
 

  Noîlhshs njudulnva

Pnrn gl jîljula kgl îrgn supgrjhnl gspgjäjn (  N w) y kgl oùdgra kg pnrjulns gspgjhjns ( O w ) par
rgbrgshúo lhognl kg φ vs> / K p  y φ vs> / K p   pnrn nsä 
:
gl dètaka njudulnv
njudulnva,
a, sg brîjn
brîjn y sg mnjg rgbrgshúo
rgsalvgr jnkn hotgbrnl.

Jnljula îrgn supgrjhnl gspgjäjn9

Khndgtra
Frnjjhúo
kg
Dîshjn >/Kp (jd)
pnrjuln
Njudulnkn
Kp (jd)
0,=0=>6:52 0,07 5
0,=6:567:> 0,0:77 5,=>680>;>
0,8>=:62:7 0,057 ;
0,8=:62:;2 0,0>7 6,66666662
0,8=2277> 0,0>06 8,;::86556
0,88>=:62: 0,0027 >:,:::::::
> - -

Nonlhshss njudulnva
Nonlhsh njudulnv a
>5

>0

    ) =
   d
   j
    /
   >
    ( 6
   p
   K
    / ;
   >

0
0.= f(x) 4 0 0.=7 0.8 0.87 > >.07
Uµ 4 0
Frnjjhao dîshjn njudulnkn
 

>
  6 kφj
 N w 4 ∣
 ώ  p−φ 0 , =  K  p

> 5
  6 jd
 N w 4
 b
∣ :72,=8 φ ∕6:5,8: φ +56=,:7 kφj 4 =,2 b
5

>,;0= :
−> 0 ,=

jd

Jnljula oùdgra kg pnrjulns gspgjäjns.

Khndgtra
Frnjjhúo
kg
Dîshjn >/Kp: (jd)
pnrjuln
Njudulnkn
Kp (jd)
0,=0=>6:52 0,07 =000
0,=6:567:> 0,0:77 55:7>,8577
0,8>=:62:7 0,057 6;000

0,8=:62:;2 0,0>7 586586,586

0,8=2277> 0,0>06 =:86>8,5=:
0,88>=:62: 0,0027 5:20:20,:2
> - -

f(x) 4 OnO gxp( OnO x )

Uµ 4 OnO Nonlhshss njudulnva
Nonlhsh njudulnv a
>5

>0

    ) =
   :
   d
   j
    /
   >
    ( 6
   :
   p
   K ;
    /
   >

0
0.= 0.=7 0.8 0.87 > >.07
Frnjjhao dîshjn njudulnkn
 

>
  > kφj
 O w 4 ∣
n− ώ p 0 , =  K p:

>
  >
 O w 4
 b
∣ 5G-06 g 52,50> φ kφj
>−>,;0= :
0 ,=

jd

  pnrtäjulns
± ;265>,52
b