Outline

• Principal stresses
• Mohr’s circle in 3D
• Strain tensor
• Principal strains

Prof. Ramesh Singh

 Principal Stresses in 3D
• 3-D Stresses can be represented by in usual
notation
és x t xy t xz ù
ê ú
t
ê xy s y t yz ú
êt xz t yz s z ú
ë û
We will use a concept from continuum mechanics
" ! Traction vector
s ×n = T Force/area

Stress Tensor
Unit normal vector

Prof. Ramesh Singh

Principal Stresses

Prof. Ramesh Singh

 Principal Stresses in 3D
nˆ = liˆ + mˆj + nkˆ
és x t xy t xz ù é l ù éT x ù
ê úê ú ê ú
êt xy s y t yz ú êmú = êT y ú
êt xz t yz s z úû êë n úû êëT z úû
ë
és x t xy t xz ù é l ù é l ù és 0 0 ù é l ù
ê úê ú ê ú ê ú ê ú
êt xy s y t yz ú êmú = s êmú = ê 0 s 0 ú êmú
êt xz t yz s z úû êë n úû êë n úû êë 0 0 s úû êë n úû
ë
Prof. Ramesh Singh
 Principal Stresses in 3D
és x - s t xy t xz ù é l ù é0ù
ê úê ú ê ú
ê t xy s y -s t yz ú êmú = ê0ú
ê t xz t yz s z - s úû êë n úû êë0úû
ë
s x -s t xy t xz
t xy s y -s t yz = 0
t xz t yz s z -s

Prof. Ramesh Singh

 3D Stress – Principal Stresses
The three principal stresses are obtained as the
three real roots of the following equation:

s 3 - I1s 2 + I 2s - I 3 = 0
where

I1 = s x + s y + s z
I 2 = s xs y + s xs z + s ys z - t xy2 - t xz2 - t yz2
I 3 = s xs ys z + 2t xyt xzt yz - s t - s t - s t
2
x yz
2
y xz
2
z xy

I1, I2, and I3 are known as stress invariants as

they do not change in value when the axes are
rotated to new positions.
Prof. Ramesh Singh
 Principal Stress
é 0 - 240 0 ù
ê- 240 200 0 ú
ê ú
êë 0 0 - 280úû

In[3]:= Eigensystem[{{0, -240, 0}, {-240, 200, 0}, {0, 0, -280}}]

Out[3]= {{360, -280, -160}, {{-2, 3, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, {3, 2, 0}}}

Prof. Ramesh Singh

Principal Stresses in 3-D

Prof. Ramesh Singh

 Linear Strains
Du

Dx

Linear strain formulation:

Du
ex =
Dx
Taking limits it can be represented as,
¶u ¶v ¶w
ex = ;e y = ;e z =
¶x ¶y ¶z

Prof. Ramesh Singh

 Shear Strain
Du

Dy

Dv

Dx
p
g xy = -y = q1 + q 2
2
Dv
tan q1 » q1 »
Dx
Du
tan q 2 » q 2 »
Dy
1
e xy = g xy =
1
(q1 + q 2 ) = 1 æçç Du + Dv ö÷÷ = 1 æçç ¶u + ¶v ö÷÷
2 2 2 è Dy Dx ø 2 è ¶y ¶x ø
Prof. Ramesh Singh
 Strain Tensor

é ¶u 1 æ ¶u ¶v ö 1 æ ¶u ¶w öù
ê çç + ÷÷ ç + ÷ú
¶x 2 è ¶y ¶x ø 2 è ¶z ¶x øú
éex e xy e xz ù ê
ê ú ê 1 æ ¶u ¶v ö ¶v 1 æ ¶v ¶w ö ú
e i, j = êe xy ey e yz ú = ê çç + ÷÷ çç + ÷÷ ú
ê 2 è ¶y ¶x ø ¶y 2 è ¶z ¶y ø ú
êe xz e yz ez û ú
ë ê 1 æ ¶u ¶w ö 1 æ ¶u ¶w ö ¶w ú
ê 2 çè ¶z + ¶x ÷ø ç + ÷
2 è ¶z ¶x ø ¶z ú
ë û

Prof. Ramesh Singh

 Strain Transformation

1
e xy = g xy
2

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Prof. Ramesh Singh

Mohr’s Circle for Strain

1
e xy = g xy
2
Prof. Ramesh Singh
 Principal Strains

where,
1
e xy = g xy
2

Prof. Ramesh Singh