Rolling Element Bearing

ME 423: Machine Design

Instructor: Ramesh Singh
1
 Outline
• Bearing type
• Bearing life
• Bearing reliability

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Instructor: Ramesh Singh
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 Leonardo’s Bearings

Roller and ball bearings for cone-tipped Pressure-resistant ball bearing

vertical axles
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 Some Basic Bearings
Types of Bearings
plain
Ball
thrust
needle Roller
thrust
Ball

Spherical
roller
Self-aligning
Tapered
Roller
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Shigley s Mechanical Engineering Design
Types of Ball Bearing
Types of Ball Bearings

Fig. 11 2 Shigley s Mechanical Engineering Design

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 Types
Types of Roller
of Roller Bearing
Bearings

Straight Cylindrical Spherical Roller, thrust Tapered roller, thrust

Needle Tapered roller Steep-angle tapered roller

Fig. 11 3
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 Bearing Life Definitions
• Bearing Failure: Spalling or pitting of an area of 0.01 in2
• Life: Number of revolutions (or hours @ given speed) required
Bearing Life Definitions
for failure
Bearing Failure: Spalling or pitting of an area
– For one bearing
Life: Number of revolutions (or hours @ given
• Rating Life: Life required for 10% of sample to fail.
failure.
– For a group of bearings Rating Life: Life required for 10% of sample to
◦ For a group of bearings
– Also called Minimum Life or L10 Life
◦ Also called Minimum Life or L10 Life
• Median Life: Average life required for 50%
Median of sample
Life: Average to50%
life for fail.of sample t
– For many groups of bearings ◦ For many groups of bearings
– Also called Average Life or Average◦ Median LifeAverage Life or Average Median
Also called
◦ Median
– Median Life is typically 4 or 5 times the L10 Life
Life is typically 4 or 5 times the L10 L

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 Load Ratings
• Catalog Load Rating, C10: Constant radial load that causes 10%
of a group of bearings to fail at the bearing manufacturer’s
rating life
– Depends on type, geometry, accuracy of fabrication, and material of
bearing
– Also called Basic Dynamic Load Rating, and Basic Dynamic Capacity
• Basic Load Rating, C: A catalog load rating based on a rating
life of 106 revolutions of the inner ring.
– The radial load that would be necessary to cause failure at such a low
life is unrealistically high.
– The Basic Load Rating is a reference value, not an actual load.

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 Load Ratings
• Static Load Rating, Co:
Static radial load which corresponds to a permanent
deformation of rolling element and race at the most heavily
stressed contact of 0.0001d.
– d = diameter of roller
– Used to check for permanent deformation
– Used in combining radial and thrust loads into an equivalent radial
load
• Equivalent Radial Load, Fe:
Constant stationary load applied to bearing with rotating
inner ring which gives the same life as actual load and
rotation conditions.

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Instructor: Ramesh Singh
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 Load-Life Relationship
• Nominally identical groups of Load-Life Relationship
bearings are tested to the life-failure
Nominally identical groups of bearings are tested to the life-failure
criterion at different
criterion atloads.
different loads.
• A plot of loadA vs.
plotlife on log-log
of load vs. life onscale
log-log scale is approximately linear.
is approximately
Usinglinear.
a regression equation
to represent
• Using a regression the line,
equation
#
!" = &'()*+(* (11-1, Shigley)
$

– a = 3 for ball◦ bearings

a = 3 for ball bearings
– a = 10/3 for◦roller bearings
a = 10/3 (cylindrical
for roller bearings
and tapered roller)
(cylindrical and tapered
roller)

ME 423: Machine Design

Instructor: Ramesh Singh
Shigley s Mechanical Engineering Design
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 where the subscripts 1 and 2 can refer to any set of load and life conditions. Letting
F1 and L1 correlate with the catalog load rating and rating life, and F2 and L2 corre-
Applying
late withEq. (11–1)
desired load to
andtwo load-life
life for conditions,
the application, we can express Eq. (11–2) as
1/a 1/a
F R L R = FD L D (a)

where the units of LR and LD are revolutions, and the subscripts R and D stand for
Denoting condition 1 with R for catalog rating conditions, and
Rated and Desired.
condition 2 with D convenient
It is sometimes for the desired design
to express the lifeconditions,
in hours at a given speed. Accord-
ingly, any life L in revolutions can be expressed as
L = 60 !n (b)
The units of L are revolutions. If life is given in hours at a
given speed
where ! is innhours,
in rev/min, applying
n is in rev/min, a conversion
and 60 of 60 min/h,
min/h is the appropriate conversion factor.
Incorporating Eq. (b) into Eq. (a),

FR (!R n R 60)1/a = FD (!D n D 60)1/a (c)

catalog rating, lbf or kN desired speed, rev/min

rating life in hours desired life, hours
rating speed, rev/min desired radial load, lbf or kN
ME 423: Machine Design
Solving Eq. (c) for FR, and notingInstructor:
that itRamesh
is simply
an alternate notation for the cat-
Singh
11
alog load rating C10, we obtain an expression for a catalog load rating as a function
 rating C10, we obtain an expression for a catalog load rating as a
sired load, desired Load-Life Relationship
life, and catalog rating life.
! "1/a ! "1/a
LD !D n D 60
C10 = FR = FD = FD
LR !R n R 60

metimes convenient
• The to define
desired design load FDxand L DLD/L
D =life R as
come a dimensionless
from the problem m
e. statement.
• The rated life LR will be stated by the specific bearing
manufacturer. Many catalogs rate at LR = 106 revolutions.
• The catalog load rating C10 is typically used to find a suitable
bearing in the catalog.
SKF, which
– a = 3 rates
for ballits bearings for 1 million revolutions. If you de
bearings
h at 1725
– arev/min
= 10/3 forwith a load (cylindrical
roller bearings of 400 lbf andwith a roller)
tapered reliability of 90 pe
talog rating would you search in an SKF catalog?
ME 423: Machine Design
Instructor: Ramesh Singh
g life is L 10 = L R = !R n R 60 = 106 revolutions. From Eq. (11–3)
12
 LD !D n D 60
C10 = FR = FD = FD (11–3)
LR !R n R 60

Example Problem
It is sometimes convenient to define x D = L D /L R as a dimensionless multiple of
rating life.

EXAMPLE 11–1 Consider SKF, which rates its bearings for 1 million revolutions. If you desire a life
of 5000 h at 1725 rev/min with a load of 400 lbf with a reliability of 90 percent, for
which catalog rating would you search in an SKF catalog?

Solution The rating life is L 10 = L R = !R n R 60 = 106 revolutions. From Eq. (11–3),

! "1/a # $
!D n D 60 5000(1725)60 1/3
Answer C10 = FD = 400 = 3211 lbf = 14.3 kN
!R n R 60 106

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Instructor: Ramesh Singh
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Example Problem
Example 11–7

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Example 11–7

Fig. 11–12
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 Example 11–7

1
𝐶10 464.4 393.2 3402. 𝑙𝑏𝑓 For ball bearing @ C

𝐶10 316 393.2 10 1897. 𝑙𝑏𝑓 For roller bearing @ D

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Mechanical Engineering Design Reliability Vs. Life
• 11–4 Bearing
At constant load,Survival:
the life measure Reliability versus
distribution Life skewed.
is right
At constant load, the life measure distribution is right skewed. Candidates for a
• The Weibull distribution
distributional is a good
curve fit include candidate.
lognormal and Weibull. The Weibull is by far the most
popular, largely because of its ability to adjust to varying amounts of skewness. If the
• Defininglifethe life ismeasure
measure expressed inindimensionless
dimensionlessform as xform
= L/Las x = L/L10, the reliability
10 , then the reliability can
is expressed withasa[see
be expressed Weibull distribution
Eq. (20–24), p. 990] as
! " #b $
x − x0
R = exp − (11–4)
θ − x0

where R = reliability
x = life measure dimensionless variate, L/L 10
x0 = guaranteed, or “minimum,’’ value of the variate
θ = characteristic parameter corresponding to the 63.2121 percentile
value of the variate
b = shape parameter that controls the skewness

Because there are three distributional parameters, x0 , θ , and b, the Weibull has a robust
ability to conform to a data string. Also, in Eq. (11–4) an explicit expression for the
cumulative distribution function is possible:
! " # $
x − x0 b
F = 1 − R = 1 − exp − (11–5)
θ − x0
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 Weibull Distribution
• R=1-p, where p is the probability of a value of x occurring
between –q and x, and is, the integral of the probability
distribution, f(x)=-dR/dx:

/
$ " − "' ()* ,),-
)
! " = + .),- " ≥ "' ≥ 0
% − "' % − "'

! " =0 " < "'

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Instructor: Ramesh Singh
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 Weibull Distribution
The mean and standard deviations are given by,
1
!" = $% + (( − $% )Γ 1 +
-
2 0
1
." = (( − $% ) Γ 1 + − Γ 1 +
- -
Where Γ is gamma function
4
1 5
$ = $% + (( − $% ) 12
3

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Instructor: Ramesh Singh 19
Example
ExampleProblem
11–2

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Example Problem
Example 11–2

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Instructor: Ramesh Singh
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