MODULE 1 -translates one statement at a time and if the source program

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION – WHAT IS A contains an error, it will be free executes until at the end of the
COMPUTER? execution of the program.
COMPUTER
-derived from the word compute. Compute means to Three types of Programming languages:
calculate. The computer was originally defined as a super-fast a. Machine Languages
calculator. -in terms of binary codes
-also referred as data processors. -machine independent
-referred as the first-generation languages
DATA b. Assembly Languages
-the information provided by the user to the computer. -It uses mnemonic codes rather than numeric codes
-machine dependent
INPUT DATA or INFORMATION c. High-level Languages
-the information in one form which is presented to the -These are referred to as problem-oriented
computer -third-generation languages

COMPUTER PROGRAM 3. Utility Programs

-the set of instructions given to the computer to perform -pre-written programs supplied by the manufacturer for
various operations maintaining the day-to-day activities of a computer system

DATA PROCESSING 4. Application Programs

-the process of converting the input data into the required -user-written programs to do a specific job that can be
output form with the help of the computer program. changed to meet individual needs.

HARDWARE 5. General Purpose Packages

-is the machinery itself.
-is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a
computer system.
-refers to the physical parts or components of a computer
SOFTWARE
-mainly consists of these computer programs, procedures, and
other documentation used in the operation of a computer
system.
-is a collection of programs that utilize and enhance the
capability of the hardware.
FIVE CATEGORIES OF SOFTWARE:
1. Operating System
-the software that manages the resources of a computer system
and schedules its operation.
-acts as an interface between the hardware and the user
programs and facilitates the execution of programs.
-acts as an interface between the user and the Hardware of the
computer. i.e. It is a bridge between the user and the
Hardware.
2. Translators
-translates the instructions of different. Languages are known
as translators.
-Two types of translators:
a. Compilers
-checks the entire user-written program (known as the
source program) and if it is Error-free, produces a complete
program in machine language (known as object program).
b. Interpreters
-suit the needs of research workers /scientists in different
fields.
TOPIC 2: EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
THE FIRST GENERATION:
-the computers are very bulky and emitted a large amount of
heat which required air conditioning.
-abacus was the first computer which allows users to make
computations using a system of sliding beads arranged on a
rack.
-pascaline is used to perform addition and subtraction on
whole numbers and was invented by Blaise Pascal who was a
French mathematician.
-arithmometer was invented by Charles Babbage (father of
the modern digital computer), which is also known as the
first analytical engine.
Different Engine
1. Mark I
-the first fully automatic calculating machine
-designed by Howard Aiken
-it was an electronic relay computer
2. Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
-developed by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry
-first general-purpose electronic digital computer
-made use of vacuum tubes
3. ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator)
-first all-electronic computer
-the speed was about a thousand times faster than Mark I

4. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer)
-store both program and data
-first machine that used the stored program concept
-it had five distinct units (arithmetic, central control, memory,
input, and output)
5. UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)
-designed by Remington Rand
-specifically, for business data processing applications
-the first general-purpose commercially available computer
THE SECOND GENERATION:
-the generation of transistorized computers.
-stored program concept implied that the instructions to run
a computer for a specific task were held inside the computer’s
memory and could quickly be modified or replaced by a
different set of instructions for a different function.
THE THIRD GENERATION:
-invention of Integrated Circuits (IC’s) that had 10-20
components on each chip, this was Small Scale Integration
(SSI)
THE FOURTH GENERATION:
-invention of microcomputers
-introduction of personal computers
-networking
THE FIFTH GENERATION:
-many CPU’s work as one and advance in superconductor
technology which allows the flow of electricity with little or
no resistance, greatly improving the speed of information
flow.
THE SIXTH GENERATION:
-use of nanotechnology
-price decreases as technology improves.
THE SEVENTH GENERATION PROCESSORS:
-the IC range enables applications to function as never before.
EIGHT – GENERATION (64-BIT REGISTER
PROCESSORS)
-revised editions of the seventh generation Kaby Lake models.
-chips are a proper step forward moving to the 14++ nm node,
known as Coffee Lake.
NINTH GENERATION A NEW LEVEL OF
PERFORMANCE
-the most powerful generation of Intel® Core™ desktop
processors.
INTEL’S TENTH GENERATION NANOMETER ICE
LAKE CPU
-project Athena aims to deliver on what intel is calling the
“key experience indicators” that people are looking for with
personal computing.
TOPIC 3: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER
ANALOG COMPUTERS
-data is recognized as a continuous
measurement of physical property like voltage, speed,
pressure, etc.
DIGITAL COMPUTER
-high-speed electronic device
-programmable
-process data by way of mathematical calculations,
comparison, sorting, etc.
-accept input and produce output as discrete signals
representing high (on) or low (off) voltage state of electricity.
-Classifications of Digital Computers:
a. Notebook and Laptop Computers
-these are portable and are battery operated.
-smaller in physical size than laptop computers.
b. Hand-Held Computers
-mainly used in applications like the collection of field data.
-they are even smaller than notebook computers.
HYBRID COMPUTERS
-combination of Analog (speed) and Digital (accuracy)
computers.
-Classifications of Hybrid Computers:
a. Special Purpose Computers
-developed with a specific purpose
b. General Purpose Computers
-developed to meet the requirements of several areas such as
simulation, solving mathematical equations, payroll, and
personal database.
-classification of General-Purpose Computers
a. Super Computers
-have extremely large storage capacities and computing speed
which are at least 10 times faster than other computers.
-used for large scale numerical problems in scientific and
engineering disciplines such as electronics, weather
forecasting, etc.
b. Mainframe Computers
-have relatively lower than the storage and high computing
speed of the supercomputers.
-used in applications like weather forecasting, space
applications, etc.
c. Mini Computers
-medium-sized computer with moderate cost, available
indigenously, and used for large volume applications
-can serve multi-users simultaneously
d. Micro Computers
-the smallest general-purpose processing system
-also referred to as personal computers II (PC)
TOPIC 4: APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS  Data and Information Violation
 Scientific, Engineering, and Research  Limitations of Computers
 Business
 Medicine
 Information TOPIC 6: SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
 Education COMPUTER AND HUMAN
 Games and Entertainment SIMILARITIES
Human Computer
TOPIC 5: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF We have brain where we The computer brain is known as
COMPUTER can store and analyze the CPU which analyzes
ADVATAGES information information.
Speed Has ears, nose eyes, etc. Have input devices such as the
-measured in terms of the number of instructions that it can keyboard, scanner, touch screen,
perform or execute in second. mouse, etc. to get information
Accuracy We remember things Stores information
-they are capable of executing hundreds of instructions We recollect certain Retrieves information when
without any errors information as required. times
Efficiency We express ourselves by Expresses through a screen,
-the computers can perform repetitive tasks with the same speech, writing, etc. printouts, etc. which we call as
efficiency any number of times without exhausting their output
selves. We watch, hear, learn Can analyze information and
Storage certain things, and analyze. draw conclusions with the help
-computers are capable of storing large amounts of data in of the software.
their storage device.
-it includes floppy disks, tapes, hard disks, CDs, etc. DIFFERENCES
Versatility  Human have emotions while computers does not
-computers are not capable only in performing complex understand it.
mathematical tasks of science and engineering, but also other  Computers can not read between the lines like
non-numerical operations fielding air-line reservations, human.
electricity bills, database management, etc.  Computers can learn everything only knowingly
Automation while human learn many things unknowingly.
-computers can be instructed to perform complex task  Human can learn many things on our own, but the
automatically. computer has to be taught to do everything
Diligence
-computers can perform the same task repeatedly and with the
same accuracy without getting tired. TOPIC 7: COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
Versatility SYSTEM
-computers are flexible to perform both simple and complex -made up of more than one element or part, where each
tasks. element performs a specific function and where all the
Cost-effectiveness elements are logically related and are controlled in such a way
-computers reduce the amount of paperwork and human effort, that the goal of the system is achieved.
thereby reducing costs.
BASIC PARST OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM:
CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTER 1. Input Unit/System
 It can process data faster than any digital machine -connects the external environment with the computer system
 It can perform instructions millions of times
 It can communicate with other computers 2. The Central Processing Unit
 It can be used to access information from all over -carries out the instructions of a computer program.
the globe -known as the brain of the computer.
 It is capable of storing and recalling information -consists of:
a. The Control Unit
DISADVATAGES -controls the operations of the entire computer system.
 Spread of Pornography -manages and coordinates the entire computer system
 Virus and Hacking Attacks b. The Arithmetic Logic Unit
 Crashed Network -executes the instructions and performs all the calculations and
 The Spread of Violence and Hatred decisions.
c. The Primary Storage Unit -used to control and manipulate cursor movement on the
-also called as Main Memory. monitor.
-has three or four buttons on it and a rollerball which signals
3. Output Unit the movements made by the mouse on a flat surface.
-give the results of the process and computations to the outside -VARIOUS TYPES:
world. a. Mechanical mouse
-accept the results produced by the computer, convert them b. Optical mouse
into human-readable form, and supply them to the users.
LIGHT PEN
-is a picking device
MODULE 2 -contains a photocell placed in a small tube.
TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION -especially useful in Computer-Aided (CAD) applications
PERIPHERAL DEVICES
-means of communication between the computer and the JOY STICK
outside world. -controls the movement of the cursor on the screen.
-2 TYPES OF PERIPHERAL DEVICES -mainly used in video game applications
a. Input Devices
-the peripheral devices that supplies information such as data TRACK BALL
and program from the outside world to the computer. -uses a hard-sphere to control cursor movement.
b. Output Devices
-the peripheral devices that give information from the TOUCH SCREEN
computer to the user or store them in secondary storage like -a transparent plate which is fitted over the CRT.
floppy disks or tapes. -TWO TYPES :
a. Optical touch panels
INPUT/OUTPUT INTERFACES b. Electric touch panels
-the processors which are required to convert the input data
into the machine readable form and to convert the output DIGITIZER
generated by the computer into human-readable form. -converts graphical or pictorial data into digital form which
-TWO CONCEPTS: can be directly entered and stored on a computer.
1. Online Data Input -also called as a graphics tablet
-data is directly transferred to the computer -TWO TYPES:
2. Off-line Data Input a. Image scan digitizer - the entire image is scanned and
-data is not immediately transferred to the computer reproduced automatically.
b. Flatbed digitizer - mainly used in simple drawings, graphs,
etc. whereas image scan digitizers are used for photographs
TOPIC 2: INPUT DEVICES and pictures.
PUNCH CARDS
-data is recorded here using a standard codes, like the SCANNER
Hollerith code. -can directly enter text and images into the computer memory.
-used to transcribe the data onto the card -TWO TYPES:
-they are cheaper and reliable a. Optical scanners
-require large storage space since they cannot be folded -uses a light source and sensor for reading the
information on the paper.
KEYBOARD -COMMON TYPES:
-one of the most commonly used input devices 1. The optical mark reader (OMR)
-similar to a typewriter keyboard. -capable of reading pre-specified marks made by
-made up of letters, numbers, symbols, and special function pencils or pens with the help of light
keys -normally used where the data is preprinted for
-display screen or monitor (Cathode Ray Tube) is used to applications.
display the data entered by the operator with the keyboard. 2. Optical character reader
-shift is a special key to select the other option shown normal -can read alphabets, characters, and numbers printed
character on the same key on paper.
-num lock activates the keypad on the right side of the -reads each character as a collection of pixels.
keyboard. -exepsive and are mainly used in processing where
the data volumes are large
MOUSE 3. Bar code
-pointing device -is a device that reads barcoded data
 -normally used in applications like labeling of
products in retail shops, supermarkets, etc.
-Universal Product Code (UPC) is the most
commonly used bar code.
b. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition Devices
-special type of input device, this mainly finds
application in banking areas.
-used to encode the characters to be read.
-speed up data entry
VOICE RECOGNITION SYSTEMS
-allows the user to talk with the computer
-consists of a microphone or telephone into which the operator
speaks
TOPIC 3: OUTPUT DEVICES
-it allows the computer to communicate with the outside world
by accepting data from the computer and transforming it into a
user-readable form.
THE VARIOUS TYPES OF OUTPUT DEVICES:
1. Printers
-produces the output from the computer on the paper.
-most commonly used output device
-CLASSIFIED AS:
a. Impact printer
-similar to typewriters
-TYPES:
1. Dot matrix printers
-prints each character as a pattern of dots
-low in cost and print at speeds of 50-500 characters
per second.
2. Daisy wheel printer
-also called as letter-quality printers
-have a daisy wheel with several petals.
3. Line printer
-are very fast printers that print at speed of 200-2500
lines per minute
-Two types:
1. Drum printers
-consists of a metallic cylinder.
-one line is printed in each revolution of the printer.
2. Chain printers
-tere is one print hammer for each print position on a
line.
b. Non-impact printer
-they use thermal, chemical, electrostatic, and inkjet
technologies for printing as against the hammer
mechanism of impact printers.
-Inkjet Printer- a non-impact printer and it prints
characters by spraying ink from tiny nozzles onto the
paper. The ouput is superior quality.
-Laser Printers- are used where a very superior
quality output is desired. The image is created on a
photosensitive drum; with a laser beam. No
mechanical movement is involved, therefore they are
noiseless in operation.
2. Plotter
-is an output device used in applications where
printouts of graphs and drawings are required
-TWO TYPES:
a. Flatbed i.e. X-Y plotter:
-fixed on a rectangular flatbed table
b. Drum plotter:
-the paper on which the output is to be obtained is
placed over a drum.
3. Video Display Terminal
-CRT:
-an electron beam is moved across a
phosphor-coated screen to produce the image.
-can be monochrome or colored.
-Flat Panel Display:
-most common type is the Liquid Crystal
Display (LCD)
-does not have a picture tube
-other type is the gas plasma screen
-The Video Display Terminal:
*Display Terminal
-the most popular output device indirect access
processing.
-terminal is the term used in monitor and keyboard.
TYPES OF TERMINALS:
1. Dumb terminal
-the combination of a keyboard and monitor which
can send or receive data but cannot process the data.
2. Smart terminal
-has an inbuilt microprocessor
-can perform arithmetic, logic, and control functions.
-control the cursor movement
3. Intelligent terminal
-has an inbuilt microprocessor which can be
programmed by the user.
-have limited processing capability
-can communicate with other terminals and
processors
4. Computer Output Microfilm
-used to record the computer output as microscopic
filmed images.
-normally used in applications where there are large
volumes of data
-much faster than normal printers.
-COM systems are highly sophisticated, they are
relatively expensive and are mainly used where there
are high volumes data.