TEST 2

PART A
Part 1. Listen to an interview in which two trendspotters talk about their work.
For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to
what you hear.
1. What does Liz say about her career change?
A She had always been fascinated by youth-led trends.
B She moved as a result of something she had read.
C She wanted to improve her knowledge of design.
D She had no idea it was so complex a field.
2. What contrast is highlighted between macro and micro trends?
A Micro trends are influenced by current issues.
B Macro trends are of greater interest to high street retailers.
C Micro trends can occasionally outlast macro trends.
D Macro trends are harder to identify.
3. When Liz initially started trendspotting, she
A wasted too much time browsing - the Internet. B photographed anything that
triggered an idea.
C found street fashion less creative than today. D made errors about what to
photograph.
4. When asked about his work, Josh reveals that
A he prefers being freelance to agency work.
B his image on social media is one of his top priorities.
C only a small part of his day involves looking for ideas.
D trendspotting online requires different skills.
5. Liz and Josh agree a qualification in marketing is
A unnecessary to succeed as a trendspotter. B valuable as a foundation for
this career.
C helpful only if it covers consumer psychology. D advisable as clients prefer
qualified forecasters.
6. Liz and Josh both say that their work
A is instinctive by nature. B requires knowledge of a
specific subject.
C needs to be constantly updated. D demands a good sense of
timing.

Part 2. You will hear part of a talk about community regeneration by a

community liaison officer called Dolores O’Reilly. For questions 1-9, complete
the sentences with a word or short phrase.
Deterioration of living standards in some areas has led to a drop in people’s levels
of 1) ________________.
Not dealing with all the issues can result in the 2) ________________ not working.
Emphasis should be placed on the 3) ________________ in the area that need help.
Previously, the authorities looked for 4) ________________ to give the community a
boost.
The 5) ________________ of local people throughout the project is of the utmost
importance.
Looking to communities for solutions can reveal people’s hidden 6)
________________.
It is necessary to create a(n) 7) ________________ to support the process.
In order to facilitate equality, both parties involved in the process require 8)
________________.
Dolores felt 9) ________________ of what her liaison group achieved.

Part 3. You will hear five short extracts in which people are talking about an art
exhibition they went to. While you listen, you must complete both tasks.
TASK ONE For questions 1-5, choose from the list (A-H) the reason each
speaker attended the exhibition.
A a friendship with the artist B a familial connection
C a recommendation from a friend D a chance encounter
E the lack of an alternative F the provision of
disabled access
G a company trip H a positive review
Speaker 1 1__________ Speaker 2 2__________ Speaker 3
3__________
Speaker 4 4__________ Speaker 5 5__________
TASK TWO For questions 6-10, choose from the list (A-H) what each speaker
found most remarkable about the experience.
A the intricacy of the pieces B the scale of the attractions
C the use of the space D the variety of pieces
E the allure of the artwork F the ability to interact with the exhibits
G the imagination of the artist H the service of the attendants
Speaker 1 6__________ Speaker 2 7__________ Speaker 3
8__________
Speaker 4 9__________ Speaker 5 10__________

PART B
Part 1. Choose the answer ( A, B, C or D) that best fits each of the following
questions.
1. Every year on January 8th, thousand of fan travel to Graceland in Memphis,
Tennessee to __________ the king of Rock and Roll, Elvis Presley.
A. visit upon B. pay homage to C. pay attention to D.
memorize
2. It’s been ________________ at the school this week – we’re exhausted.
A. on the go B. going on and on C. all go D. on and
off
3. Seeing those pictures on the TV news really ____________ to me how terrible it
must be live near a volcano.
A. bring it home B. rings a bell C. take it easy D. turn a new leaf
4. For children in poor countries, access to clean water is _________________.
A. a matter of course B. a different matter
C. a matter of life and death D. a matter of fact
5. The idea of manual _____________ doesn’t appeal to me at all.
A. effort B. labour C. endeavor D. exercise
6. The project will be kept__________ until the new manager comes.
A. in order B. off and on C. on ice D. off the peck
7. Thousand of fans ______________ on the stadium to watch the match.
A. convened B. conversed C. converged D. conjoined
8. Would you like to pay _______ to all musicians who made this wonderful concert
possible.
 A. praise B. reward C. tribute D. thanks
9. If some experts are correct, the technological revolution is only in its
_______________.
A. childhood B. infancy C. youth D. nativity
10. Work hard, try your best and one day you will _____________ all your ambition.
A. win B. get C. have D. realize
11. You've got to ______ to succeed in advertising.
A. go to your head B. have your wits about you
C. have your head in the clouds D. gather your wits
12. The country is an economic ______ with chronic unemployment and rampant
crime.
A. lost cause B. basket case C. false dawn D. dark horse
13. We'd been working hard for a month and so decided to go out and ______.
A. paint the town red B. face the music
C. read between the lines D. steal the show
14. Searching for one man in this city is like looking for a _________.
A. salt of the earth B. sand in the desert
C. needle in a haystack D. drop in the ocean
15 There's no doubt about the outcome of the trial. The man is a ______ criminal.
A. self-conscious B. self-contained C. self-confessed D. self-centered
16. I don't like intellectual novels, serious music or films; my tastes are quite ______
A. flat-topped B. lowbrow C. shamefaced D. slow-witted
17. Their father was a hero in World War II, whose account has awakened
______memories of the old days.
A. down-in-the-dumps B. disconsolate
C. poignant D. grief-stricken
18. Substantial members of the ______members ignored the union advice.
A. all and sundry B. flesh and blood
C. head and shoulders. D. rank and file
19. There were probably moments when you wondered if anyone spoke the truth or
was ______
A. spolit for choice B. below par C. off the beg D. on the level
on the level: có thể tin được
20. As she didn't understand the teacher's question, she merely gave him a _______
look.
A. clear B. dim C. blank D.
hopeless
Question 2. The passage below contains 10 mistakes. Underline the mistakes and
write their correct forms in the space provided in the column on the right. (0) has
been done as an example.
When a celebrity, a politics or other person in the media spotlight loses their
temper in public, they run the risk of hitting the headings in a most embarrassing way.
For such uncontrolling outbursts of anger are often triggered by what seem to be
trivial matters and, if they are caught on camera, can make the person appear slightly
ridiculousness. But it’s not only the rich and famous who is prone to fits of rage.
According to recent surveys, ordinary people are increasingly tending to lose their
cool in public. Although anger is a potentially destructive emotion that uses up a lot of
energy and creates a high level of emotional and physical stress - and it stops us
thinking rational. Consequently angry people often end up saying, and doing things
they later have cause to regret. So, how can anger be avoided? Firstly, diet and
lifestyle may be to blame. Tolerance and irritability certainly come to the surface
when someone hasn’t slept properly or has skipped a meal, and any intake of caffeine
can make things worst. Take regular exercise can help to ease and diffuse feelings of
aggression, however, reducing the chances of an angry response. But if something or
someone does make you angry, it’s advisable not to react immediately. Once you’ve
calmed down, things won’t look half as badly as you first thought.
0. line 1: politics  politician
Part 3.For questions 1-10, write the correct form of each bracketed word in the
numbered space
provided.
1. The reaction that occurs within the cell is called _________ reaction. (CELL)
2. He was ________ from the hustle and bustle of life since he moved to this rural
area. (TANGLE)
3. I ________ over whether to go abroad or not. (SHALL)
4. Many people nowadays want to indulge themselves in ________ industries such as
finance and the like. (KNOW)
5. Please accept this ________ as a reminder of your stay here. (REMEMBER)
6. A(n) ________ is the one who turns into wolf during full moon. (WOLF)
7. Nitrogen oxide is a(n) ________ compound of oxygen and nitrogen. (ATOM)
8. The story broadens the horizon of the children about their _______. (BEAR)
9. I met my old friend at the supermarket this morning, which was quite ________.
(FORTUNE)
10. The mall has intrigued a great number of visitors since it was ________ last
month. (GRAND)
Part 4.Read the text below and decide which answer (a, b, c or d) best fits each gap.
Chimpanzees and you 
Some may be elated to hear this and others a tad (1) ____, but the DNA of
chimpanzees and humans differs by only around one per cent, making them more
similar to us than (2)____ gorillas. While they don't (3)____ themselves entirely like
humans, they exhibit behaviours and emotions originally thought only to be expressed
by humans. They have a strong sense of community and are rather (4) ____ when a
human they know enters the room, as can be (5) ___ from their jumping up and down.
Their facial musculature resembles ours very closely, as is witnessed when they smile,
express worry or (6)_____. their anger. While we and chimpanzees may be (7)
_____the same wavelength in some respects, there are huge differences. Even the
most talented chimpanzee is no match for human intelligence and there isn't even a
(8) ____ possibility that they will speak - they lack the vocal tracts necessary for
language.
1. a. impassive b. uneasy c. overjoyed d.
inflexible
2. a. even b. fewer c. less d. more
3. a. exert b. assert c. arouse d. conduct
4. a. compulsive b. adamant c. cynical d. jubilant
5. a. deducted b. eroded c. eradicated d. deduced
6. a. vent b. escape c. conjure d. brew
7. a. on b. at c. with d. inside
8. a. vast b. far c. distant d. remote

Question 5 Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word to complete the
passage. (10 pts)
 My new friend’s a robot

In fiction robots have a personality, (1) _________ reality is disappointingly

different. Although sophisticated (2) _________ to assemble cars and assist during
complex surgery, modern robots are dumb automatons, (3) _________ of striking up
relationships with their human operators.
However, change is (4) _________ the horizon. Engineers argue that, as
robots begin to make (5) _________a bigger part of society, they will need a way to
interact with humans. To this end they will need artificial personalities. The big
question is this: what does a synthetic companion need to have so that you want to
engage (6) _________ it over a long period of time? Phones and computers have
already shown the (7) _________ to which people can develop relationships with
inanimate electronic objects.
Looking further (8) _________, engineers envisage robots helping around the
house, integrating with the web to place supermarket orders using email.
Programming the robot with a human–like persona and (9) _________ it the ability to
learn its users’ preferences, will help the person feel (10) _________ease with it.
Interaction with such a digital entity in this context is more natural than sitting with a
mouse and keyboard.
Your answers:
1. …………… 2. …………… 3. …………… 4. …………… 5. ……………
6. …………… 7. …………… 8. …………… 9. …………… 10. ………..…
Part 6.
SPACE SETTLEMENTS
The United states government is currently taking a serious look at the moon and
Mars as potential places for future human settlement for number of reasons. first, they
could be a future source of natural resources desperately needed on Earth. Second, the
moon could serve as a training ground or a kind of steppingstone for later journeys to
Mars. Therefore, the moon is already on NASAs docket for further exploration within
the next couple of decades, which, at least to some experts, is completely unnecessary
mainly due to the needless risks involved. With Mars looming as the eventual long-
term goal, serious questions exist as to whether the dangers and difficulties of a lunar
settlement are too extreme and unnecessary. The moons relatively harsh environment
and the greater potential of natural resources on Mars are major reasons that make
lunar settlements too great a liability and why the moon should be bypassed.
One major reason a lunar settlement is too hazardous in the contrast between the
environment of the moon and the red planet. Numerous scientists believe the moon is
too difficult for human settlement as compared in Mars. The fact that the moon has no
atmosphere poses the greatest threat to human beings. Atmosphere is crucial because
it protects humans and all other life from continuous bombardment cosmic radiation
caused by sources such as the sun . This radiation is especially dangerous to humans
because it increases the risk of cancer and can negatively alter and mutate DNA. On
the other hand, while Mars atmosphere is significantly thinner than Earths, at least it
has one and would create some sort of protective barrier for humans.
Another important characteristic necessary for sustainable human settlement is
water, of which the moon is believed to have none . [A] If lunar settlements are to be
successful , water will be a key component and must be brought with the colonists and
continually supplied by further expeditions from Earth, which means they will have a
limited capacity of it. [B] Conversely, Mars contains vast quantities of water ice, dry
ice, and also snow. [C] There is also ample evident that water once existed at the
surface of Mars and might return in the future if the planet warms. [D] With
increased technological advances in conversion capabilities, the potential for
settlers to remain on Mars indefinitely by being increasingly self-sufficient makes
Mars a much more attractive goal as a space colony than the moon.
Future colonists will not only benefit from potential water sources on Mars; the
planet is also rich in other basic elements vital to sustained life. These resources
include nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. Mars also contains many minerals that
contain iron, silicon, and magnesium, which can be used in productive ways. For
example, silicon can be used to make solar cells to store energy and create electricity.
Hydrogen can be extracted from water sources and used a fuel. Moreover, it can be
combined with nitrogen to form fertilizing materials necessary to a sustainable
colony. Due to these factors ,Mars would be a more successful candidate for
exploration and settlement because it contains the basic resources necessary for
humans to survive more independently of aid from Earth than they would on the
moon.
Clearly, any future settlements on Mars or the moon will be monumental efforts
for the space agencies and astronauts involved. The expenses incurred will be extreme
and are a further reason why plans and implementation should focus on the project,
which has the greater potential of long-term success. While the moon may serve as a
temporary training ground for Mars, it could end up becoming a major diversion from
Mars and place humans in too great a risk with too little benefit. Because the
environment of Mars is more similar to that of Earth and it contains important
resources necessary to sustain life, it should be the one and only option for any kind
of long-term human settlement. Furthermore, the moon has been eclipsed by mankind,
and it is only natural that Mars be the next step for space exploration. Finally, the
habitation of Mars would not only be a milestone in space but also an excellent
opportunity for mankind to redeem itself from past exploits on Earth and preserve and
make the best use of the natural resources Mars has to offer.
1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of space settlement?
A. Their danger can not be justified due to the risk to human life and high cost.
B. They must find incorporate the moon as a practice arena for Mars exploration.
C. They should have already been instigated by NASA many years ago.
D. They could prove to be a last resort for gaining life-sustaining supplies.
2. The word looming in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. waiting B. expanding C. competing D.
emerging
3. The author discuss environment in paragraph 2 in order to _____.
A. propose that cosmic radiation would have little effect on the lunar colonists
B. indicate that lunar settlements are futile because the moon has no atmosphere
C. express the notion that Mars poses less life-threatening hazards than the moon
D. justify why the moon is a more practical place than mars for human settlement
4. According to paragraph 2, the atmosphere on Mars would
A. Change the genetic makeup of humans and cause their DNA to change and
mutate
B. Give human colonists a safety shield against dangerous cosmic effects
C. Protect humans completely from harmful cosmic radiation coming from space
D. Cause humans to be more openly exposed to potentially fata illnesses
5. Look at the four positions [A], [B], [C] and (D that indicate where the following
sentence could be added to the passage.
If supplies are delayed for one reason or another, the entire project and the
livelihood of the colonists could be in serious jeopardy.
Where would the sentence best fit?
A. [A] B. [B] C. [C] D. [D]
6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the
highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in
important ways or leave out essential information.
A. The moon is easier to adapt to because of advances in technology and self-
sufficiency.
B. Having settlers staying on Mars is more appealing because of its potential as a
colony.
C. Mars may be a better long-term option than the moon because of the most
recent technology.
D. Conversion capabilities will enable settlers to make traveling to the moon a
more viable goal.
7. What can be inferred about water sources on Mars?
A. They are not present at the moment though they probably once were.
B. They are not known to be present in a fluid state above or below the surface.
C. They will be easily converted into liquid forms necessary for life.
D. They exist in liquid form below the surface and ice at the immediate surface.
8. According to paragraph 4, what is true about the mineral content of Mars?
A. Most are in their rawest forms and cannot be utilized completely.
B. Their levels do not reach the magnitude of those found on the moon.
C. Some will help future colonists create their own sources of energy.
D. The planet lacks the fundamental elements of carbon and nitrogen.
9. The author of the passage implies that future space exploration
A. is in its infancy and will require a fresh vision from scientists for it to succeed
B. will look past Mars and include other planets within its parameters
C. does not make sense if humans only wish to search for alien life forms.
D. needs to move ahead to new frontiers instead of going back to old ones
10. According to paragraph 5, what is another factor against moon settlements?
A. Astronauts must be able to multitask and will be far away from life-saving aid.
B. Since the moon contains no trace of water, it must be brought from Earth.
C. Funding for them will take away from the resources appropriated to Mars
missions.
D. The lack of weather and gravity will have a negative effect on the future
colonists.

Part 7: Read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. (15 pts)
Australia's Convict Colonies
A. The 1700s in Britain saw widespread poverty and rising crime, and those
convicted of crimes faced harsh penalties, including transportation to one of Britain's
overseas colonies. Since 1615, convicts had been transported to Britain's America
colonies, both as punishment and a source of labour, but this practice was halted by
the Revolutionary War in America (1775 - 1783). The British government decided to
establish a new prison colony, and Botany Bay in New South Wales was chosen as
the site. (Captain Cook, exploring the southeast coast of Australia in 1770, had name
the land New South Wales and claimed it for Britain.) Between 1787 and 1868,
almost 160,000 convicts, of whom about 25,000 were women, were sent to Australia
to serve sentences ranging from 7 years to life.
B. Eleven ships set sail from English in 1787 to take the first group of about 750
British convicts to Australia. The fleet reached Botany Bay in 1788, but nearby
Sydney Cove was selected as a more suitable site for the new settlement, which later
became the city of Sydney. The first few years were difficult, with severe food
shortages; by 1792, however, there were government farms and private gardens.
Convicts worked on these farms, or on construction projects such as building roads
and bridges. Although the settlement was a prison colony, few convicts served their
sentences in jail. They lived in houses they had built themselves, and established
families, businesses and farms. A settlement was also established on Norfolk Island,
where some convicts were sent for crimes committed after arrival in the colony. Two
more settlements were established on Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania), in 1803
and 1804.
C. Convicts not involved in public work were assigned to free settlers, providing
labor in exchange for food, clothing and shelter. Some masters treated the convicts
cruelly, and the punishment of convicts, particularly in the early days, could be
arbitrary and savage. Lachlan Macquire, governor of New South Wales from 1809 to
1819, adopted a more humane approach. He encouraged convicts to reform by
rewarding good behavior, even granting pardons to convicts before their sentence was
completed. These emancipists, as they were called, were given land and government
assistance to help them start farming. His policies were unpopular both with British
authorities and wealthy free settlers, however, and the next governors were under
orders to ensure that life for convicts became much stricter and more controlled.
There were harsher punishments for second offenders, such as working in the "iron
gangs", where men were chained together to carry out exhausting work on the roads,
or being sent to penal settlements where punishment was deliberately brutal so that it
could act as a deterrent.
D. In the early years of settlement, the convicts greatly outnumbered free
immigrants and settlers. In 1810, convicts made up almost 60 percent of the
population, and over 20,000 new convicts arrived between 1821 and 1830. Even in
1831, convicts still comprised 45 percent of the population, with ex-convicts and
emancipists making up another 30 percent. 25 percent of the population now
consisted of people born in the colonies, and free people outnumbered convicts.
E. The first group of free settlers had arrived in Australia in 1793 to seek their
fortune in the new land. Their numbers grew, with about 8,000 free settlers arriving in
the 1820s to take advantage of free land grants and cheap convict labour. In 1831, the
British government offered money to support new settlers, hoping to attract skilled
workers and single women as immigrants. Between 1831 and 1840, more than 40,000
immigrants arrived in Australia.
F. During the 1820s there as a lengthy campaign to win certain right for
emancipists, which was opposed by wealthy free settlers. In the 1830s, free
immigrants to New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land, unhappy about living in a
prison colony where civil liberties were restricted and convict labour resulted in low
wages, increasingly voiced their opposition to transportation. Again, wealthy
landowners disagreed, but a growing number of reformers in England were also
opposed to convict transportation. In 1838, a committee set up by the British
Parliament recommended that the government end transportation to New South Wales
and Van Diemen's Land, and abolish assignment. The British duly abolished
assignment, and transportation - at least to New South Wales - was halted in 1840.
Questions 1 - 5: The reading passage has seven paragraphs A - G. Choose the
correct heading for paragraphs B - G from the list of headings below.
 List of Headings
i. Free settlers
ii. Transportation of convicts
iii. The first settlements
iv. Convict life
v. The colonial population
vi. The treatment of convicts
vii. Opponents of transportation

Example: Paragraph A ______ii____

1. Paragraph B __________
2. Paragraph C __________
3. Paragraph D __________
4. Paragraph E __________
5. Paragraph F __________

Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Questions 6 -10: Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE
WORDS for each answer.
Australia's Convicts Colonies
Events preceding first settlement
- 1615 - convicts first transported to (6) ________________ controlled by Britain
- 1770 - Cook claims SE Australian coast for Britain, calling it (7)
________________
- 1775 - 1783 - Revolutionary War in America halts transportation there
- 1787 - Botany Bay chosen as site for new (8) ______________________; first
convict fleet sets sail
- 1788 - fleets reaches Botany Bay but (9) ____________________ chosen instead.
- 1838 – a committee established by the British Parliament recommended
(10)___________________to end transportation to New Sound Wales and Van
Diemen’s Land.
Your answer
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Part 8.
1. A situation that makes you realise you are ageing.
2. Initial hostile behaviour that can be changed.
3. Treating people as you wish to be treated yourself.
4. People anxious for news.
5. A family member taking credit for someone’s success.
6. Longing for a more conventional life.
7. The risk of being physically attacked.
8. Needing a certain amount of courage.
9. Not intending to follow the career they have ended up doing.
10. Putting other people at risk.
 Jobs
A The writer
~ often accused of living in a parallel universe. The nature r my job demands a natural
inclination to all things weird and wonderful. After all, I'm creating an unreal world
based on what I see, feel and experience. I don't remember a time when I didn't write
but I never had aspirations to earn a living from it until a cousin of mine entered a
short story I'd written into a national competition and I won! It was a bolt out of the
blue seeing as I knew nothing about the competition. The cash prize was substantial
so I shared it with my enterprising cousin. Now she tries to claim commission on one
royalties of every book I have published, not that she "as any luck!
B The postal worker
love the freedom of my job. You are out on the streets delivering and there is no one
to bother you. Well, with the exception of the local wildlife of course. I've had a few
close encounters with a canine jaw or two but no actual txtes. I'm a fast runner when
need be. I'm not so sure that some of the letters I deliver survive some of the cuddly
dogs that rip them out of my hand as they go through the letter box. In some houses I
can hear great snarling and rip- smog noises as I walk away from the door. Still, once
they are through that box, they're no longer my responsibility. Seriously though, it can
give you a warm feeling inside sometimes when someone is waiting for something
special and they look so happy when you deliver it. Exam results : me, now that's an
emotional one. Poor kids, you see them looking out of a window or even hanging
around outside meir house, just waiting for me to come along with that oreaded
envelope that will affect their whole future.
C The teacher
t's not a job for the fainthearted that's for sure. But on the other hand, I think people
make it out to be worse than it s. The majority of the time, things run very smoothly,
well as smoothly as they can with a building containing over a thousand kids. It's a
fascinating job when you think about it, all those little personalities developing in
front of your eyes. The wonderful thing is when they stay in touch and come back on
regular visits to keep you up to date on how their life is panning out. And then you
feel really old as their children come along and you end up teaching the next
generation.
D The actor
My brothers always say that I've never had a proper job in my life. That's just because
they are jealous since they are stuck in nine-to-five jobs. We were always competitive
with each other as kids and I guess we still are in some ways. They crave my freedom
but I admire their skills as fathers. I love acting but I sometimes wonder if I've missed
out on the traditional way of life. Maybe the stability of a 'proper' job would be more
rewarding in the long run. It must be great to have workmates that you've known for
years and joked with day in, day out. And office Christmas parties, now they sound
like fun.
E The au pair
My job is quite strange if you think about it. I move into the home of complete
strangers and overnight I become an integral part of the family. It can often be hard
for the children to adjust to a new au pair. Sometimes they are a bit resentful because
they want more of their parents' attention and the au pair is considered, at best, a poor
substitute and at worst, an invader in the family home. We are trained to deal with
such issues though and have techniques to help us win the trust of the children and to
make them see that having an au pair is a positive thing in their life. Usually things
turn out well in the end and it can be a real wrench when you leave a family. I've
stayed in touch with all the families that I've worked for.
F The bus driver
I wouldn't say my job is particularly stressful. Some of the other drivers grumble
about traffic and rude passengers but I think that you get what you give and if I give
people a cheery good morning they are going to respond in a positive way towards
me. That's not to say there aren't a fair few idiots on the road. Some drivers think they
have a divine right to go wherever they want without paying any attention to fellow
road users and others have a thing about buses and feel obliged to overtake them at
all costs and in any situation, whether it is safe or not. There's a real sense of
camaraderie among the drivers and we have a good laugh together in the depot
canteen. With this job you've got to keep a smile on your face.

Part 9.
You are going to read a magazine article about ways of reusing escaped heat. Six
paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A
– G the one which fits each gap (41-46). There is one extra paragraph which you
do not need to use.

City of Heat
Escaped heat costs us money and affects our climate. Chelsea Wald reports on a grand
plan to capture it and put it to good use.
Deep in the tunnels of London’s underground railway, as in many around the world,
it’s so hot it can feel very uncomfortable. And yet in the basement of a building only a
few metres away from the station a boiler is firing to heat water for someone’s
shower.
41
Recapturing it wouldn’t just benefit our wallets. It would reverse some of the
damaging effects on the climate. The good news is that several cities have found a
way to hunt down their surplus heat in some unexpected places. These cities are
building systems that deliver heat in much the same way that suppliers handle
electricity and water. Could they point the way to the next energy revolution?
42
It was also estimated that given the right technologies, we could reclaim nearly half of
that energy, although that’s easier said than done. ‘We often talk about the quantity of
waste heat’, says David MacKay, chief scientific adviser to the UK Department of
Energy and Climate Change, ‘but not the quality’. Most of what we think of as ‘waste
heat’ isn’t actually all that hot; about sixty percent is below 230°C. While that may
sound pretty hot, it is too cold to turn a turbine to generate electricity.
43
There, buildings tap into the system to warm their water supplies or air for central
heating. Many countries are encouraging such cogeneration, as it is called. A US
initiative, for example, might save the country $10 billion per year. And co-generation
allows power plants to bump up their efficiencies from thirty percent to almost ninety
percent.
44
As it happens, there is an existing technology that can siphon energy from such
temperatures, although applying it on a large scale to capture waste heat is as yet
unachievable. Ground source heat pumps have been helping homeowners save on
heating bills since the 1940s, when US inventor Robert Webber realised he could
invert the refrigeration process to extract heat from the ground.
45
The mechanism for this is simple. A network of pipes makes a circuit between the
inside of the
dwelling and a coil buried underground. These pipes contain a mix of water and fluid
refrigerant. As the fluid mixture travels through the pipes buried underground, it
absorbs the heat from the 10°C soil.
46
This system is powerful enough to efficiently provide heat even in places as cold as
Norway and Alaska. It is also cheap. Scientists around the world are now working on
the idea that the way ahead is to develop city-wide grids using source-heat pumps to
recycle waste on a grander scale, from sources such as subways and sewers.

A But that’s not all it can do. Reverse the process and it can cool a home in summer.
If the ground is cold enough, it simply absorbs the heat from inside the building
instead of from the ground.
B It’s an attractive proposition. A report in 2008 found that the energy lost as heat
each year by US industry equalled the annual energy use of five million citizens.
Power generation is a major culprit; the heat lost from that sector alone dwarfs the
total energy use of Japan. The situation in other industrialised countries is similar.
C Yet even this is just a drop in the ocean compared with the heat lost from our
homes, offices, road vehicles and trains. However, waste heat from these myriad
sources is much harder to harness than the waste heat from single, concentrated
sources like power plants. What’s more, it’s barely warm enough to merit its name.
Reclaiming that would be an altogether more difficult proposition.
D A more successful way of using the heat is to move the heat directly to where it is
needed. A number of power plants now do exactly that. They capture some or all of
their waste heat and send it – as steam or hot water – through a network of pipes to
nearby cities.
E The system takes advantage of the fact that in temperate regions – regardless of
surface temperature – a few metres underground, the soil always remains lukewarm
and stable. These pumps can tap into that consistent temperature to heat a house in the
winter.
F While this is not what you might consider hot, it nonetheless causes the liquid to
evaporate into a gas. When this gas circulates back into the building, it is fed through
a compressor, which vastly intensifies the heat. That heat can then be used by a heat
exchanger to warm up hot water or air ducts.
G Rather than stewing in that excess heat, what if we could make it work for us?
Throughout our energy system – from electricity generation in power plants to
powering a car – more than fifty percent of the energy we use leaks into the
surroundings.
Part 10. Essay writing (30p)
Write a paragraph of about …… words to state your viewpoint on the following
question:
In your opinion, what are the essential qualities and skills that students of the
twenty-first century should have to lead a happy and successful life? Why do you
think that those qualities and skills are important in today’s world?