Question ONE

a) Three resistors 20 Ω 10 Ω and 5Ω are connected in series to a 75 V battery; calculate the current
through each resistor and voltage across each resistor. (10 Marks)
I = V/R

where I is the current in amperes, V is the voltage in volts, and R is the resistance in ohms.

For the resistors in series, the same current flows through each resistor, so we only need to
calculate the total current flowing in the circuit.

The total resistance in the circuit is:

Rtotal = 20 Ω + 10 Ω + 5 Ω = 35 Ω
Using Ohm's law, the total current flowing in the circuit is:
I = V/Rtotal = 75 V / 35 Ω = 2.14 A

The voltage across each resistor can be calculated using Ohm's law again:
V20 = I x R20 = 2.14 A x 20 Ω = 42.8 V
V10 = I x R10 = 2.14 A x 10 Ω = 21.4 V
V5 = I x R5 = 2.14 A x 5 Ω = 10.7 V
Therefore, the current through each resistor is:
I20 = I10 = I5 = 2.14 A
And the voltage across each resistor is:
V20 = 42.8 V, V10 = 21.4 V, V5 = 10.7 V

b) Provide the color codes for the following resistor values.

i. 5,400 Ω
Green Yellow Red Gold
ii. 1,200,000 Ω
Brown Red Green Gold
iii. 30 Ω
Orange Black Black Gold (6 Marks)
c) Provide the values of resistors with the following color codes. i. Orange White Red ii. Blue Green
Black (4 Marks)
i. Orange White Red resistor value: 39 kΩ
ii. Blue Green Black resistor value: 56 Ω

Question TWO
a) With aid of diagrams describe the operation of a full-wave bridge rectifier (10 Marks)
A full-wave bridge rectifier is a type of rectifier that converts an alternating current (AC) input into a
pulsating direct current (DC) output. The circuit consists of four diodes arranged in a bridge
configuration, as shown in the diagram below:

AC Input +------|>|-----+ DC Output

--------| |--------|>|--|<|----| |-------
+------|<|-----+
During the positive half-cycle of the AC input, diodes D1 and D3 become forward-biased and conduct
current, while diodes D2 and D4 are reverse-biased and do not conduct. The current flows through
the load resistor in the direction of the arrows shown in the diagram, producing a positive voltage
across the load.
During the negative half-cycle of the AC input, diodes D2 and D4 become forward-biased and
conduct current, while diodes D1 and D3 are reverse-biased and do not conduct. Again, the current
flows through the load resistor in the direction of the arrows shown in the diagram, producing a
positive voltage across the load.

The result is a pulsating DC voltage across the load resistor that varies between zero and the peak
voltage of the AC input. To smooth out the pulsations in the output voltage, a capacitor can be
added across the load resistor to act as a filter.
b) Explain with an illustration the operation of power supply filters and regulator (10 Marks)

Power supply filters and regulators are used to smooth out the pulsating DC output of a rectifier and
to maintain a constant output voltage, respectively. The operation of a power supply filter and
regulator can be illustrated with the following diagram:
luaCopy code
AC Input +------|>|-----+ DC Output --------| |--------|>|--|<|----| |------- +------|<|-----+ | | | | | --- C ---
| | | | -|- / \ | --- | R | | ----- --- Z | ===
In the diagram, the rectified output of the bridge rectifier is shown as a pulsating DC voltage. The
power supply filter consists of a capacitor (C) and a resistor (R) connected in parallel with the load
(Z). The capacitor acts as a filter to smooth out the pulsations in the DC voltage, while the resistor
limits the peak current through the capacitor.
The operation of the power supply filter can be explained as follows: during the positive half-cycle of
the rectified output, the capacitor charges up to the peak voltage of the DC output. During the
negative half-cycle, the capacitor discharges through the load, providing a relatively constant DC
voltage across the load.
The power supply regulator consists of a voltage regulator (VR) connected in series with the load (Z),
as shown in the diagram. The voltage regulator maintains a constant output voltage across the load
by regulating the current through the load. The voltage regulator can be either a linear regulator or a
switching regulator, depending on the specific application.
The operation of the power supply regulator can be explained as follows: the voltage regulator
monitors the output voltage and adjusts the current through the load to maintain a constant output
voltage, even if the input voltage or load current varies. This provides a stable and reliable source of
DC power for electronic devices.

Question THREE
a) Explain how electromagnetic waves carry coded information during transmission (6 marks)

Electromagnetic waves carry coded information during transmission by modulating their amplitude,
frequency, or phase. This process is known as modulation. The modulated wave then carries the
information in a form that can be transmitted over a distance. In amplitude modulation (AM), the
amplitude of the electromagnetic wave is varied according to the strength of the signal being
transmitted. In frequency modulation (FM), the frequency of the electromagnetic wave is varied
according to the strength of the signal being transmitted. In phase modulation (PM), the phase of
the electromagnetic wave is varied according to the strength of the signal being transmitted.
b) Calculate the wavelength in millimeters of a sound wave whose frequency is 35 KHz Assume the
speed of sound is 350m/s. (4 Marks)
The wavelength of a sound wave can be calculated using the formula:

wavelength = speed of sound / frequency

Substituting the given values, we get:
wavelength = 350 / 35,000 = 0.01 meters = 10 millimeters

c) Differentiate between digital data over analog data signals, provide advantages for each form.
(6 Marks)

Digital data signals transmit information in the form of binary code (0 or 1) and can transmit large
amounts of data over long distances with minimal noise interference. They also have a higher level
of accuracy and reliability. Analog signals transmit information in the form of continuous variations
of voltage or frequency and are useful for transmitting audio and video signals. They also have a
more natural and continuous flow of data. The advantages of each form depend on the specific
application.

d) State the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves (4 marks)

Transverse waves are waves that vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, while
longitudinal waves are waves that vibrate parallel to the direction of wave propagation. Sound
waves are longitudinal waves, while electromagnetic waves are transverse waves.

Question FOUR
a) A diode is an electronic component used in various electronic circuits,

i) Explain the working principals for the diode

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that allows current to flow in only one direction.
The working principle of a diode is based on the properties of a p-n junction, which is formed
when a p-type semiconductor is joined with an n-type semiconductor. The p-type semiconductor
has an excess of holes, while the n-type semiconductor has an excess of electrons. When the
two semiconductors are joined, the holes and electrons diffuse across the junction and combine,
creating a depletion region with no free charges. When a voltage is applied to the diode in the
forward direction (anode positive, cathode negative), the depletion region narrows, and current
flows through the diode. When a voltage is applied in the reverse direction (anode negative,
cathode positive), the depletion region widens, and no current flows through the diode.
ii) List any five different types of diodes found in a circuit and draw their symbols

Rectifier diode - symbol: └|

Zener diode - symbol: ┴|
Schottky diode - symbol: ─┤
LED (Light Emitting Diode) - symbol: ─◄
Photodiode - symbol: ─┬┘
iii) State at least one area of applications for each type of diode (15Marks)

1. Rectifier diode - used to convert AC to DC power in power supplies and battery chargers.
2. Zener diode - used as voltage regulators and protection devices in electronic circuits.
3. Schottky diode - used in high-speed switching circuits, voltage clamping circuits, and power
supplies.
4. LED (Light Emitting Diode) - used as indicators, displays, and in lighting applications.
5. Photodiode - used in light sensors, solar cells, and optical communication systems.

b) Explain the working and applications of an inductor in electrical circuits (5 Marks)

An inductor is an electronic component that stores energy in a magnetic field when a current flows
through it. The working principle of an inductor is based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction, which states that a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a
conductor

Question FIVE
a) A ball is thrown vertically up with an initial velocity of 58.8m/s . Calculate

(i) the time taken to reach maximum height

The time taken to reach maximum height can be calculated using the formula:

t = u/g

where u is the initial velocity and g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s^2).

t = 58.8/9.81 = 6 seconds

Therefore, the distance travelled by the ball in 7 seconds is 205.26 meters.

(ii) the distance travelled in 7seconds (8marks)

At maximum height, the vertical velocity of the ball is zero. Using the equation of motion:
s = ut + (1/2)gt^2
where s is the distance travelled, u is the initial velocity, t is the time, and g is the
acceleration due to gravity.

When the ball reaches maximum height, its velocity becomes zero. Therefore, the time
taken to reach maximum height is divided by 2 to get the time taken to travel half the total
distance.
t/2 = 6/2 = 3 seconds
Now, using the above equation, we can calculate the distance travelled in 7 seconds:

s = ut + (1/2)gt^2
s = 58.8(7) + (1/2)(9.81)(7^2)
s = 205.26 meters
b) A car moving at 10m/sec strikes a tree, and the tree is seen to dent the front by 0.4m. Assume
constant deceleration of the car. Find the deceleration and the time it took the car to stop.
(8 marks)
Let's assume that the car comes to rest after hitting the tree.

The initial velocity of the car, u = 10 m/s

The final velocity of the car, v = 0
The distance travelled by the car, s = 0.4 m
Let's use the equation of motion:
v^2 = u^2 + 2as
where a is the acceleration and s is the distance travelled.
Since the car comes to rest, we can say that v = 0. Therefore, the equation reduces to:
0 = 100 - 2as
or
as = 50
Now, using another equation of motion:
v = u + at
where t is the time taken to stop. Since the final velocity is zero, we can say:
0 = 10 + at
or
t = -10/a
Substituting the value of as from the first equation, we get:
t = -10/(50/a)
or
t = -0.2a
Substituting the value of t in the equation v = u + at, we get:
0 = 10 - 0.2as
or
a = 50/0.4 = 125 m/s^2
Therefore, the deceleration of the car is 125 m/s^2 and the time it took the car to stop is:
t = -0.2a = -0.2(125) = -25 seconds
However, since time cannot be negative, we can conclude that the car came to rest in 25 seconds.