(er cial THE LIGHT eee Te ro rndnape HELGE General remarks 1 iewal known fat hae are sve pas of ere: nectar hema elecosatis and ebcromagnat + limecharicl energy i api to abn t eit or stint eon, thus, anormng he ene aod ino knee ean. “hero ken ser ais so Vanemited ober bodes, n cet cles wth He, + Heatsasom of ere wc tus trough comvecton,conduton oration. + When ast is "ued on, te mati famant an rcandesent lamp is conned by meas ofa potent itenca. Tus, slctc chaps wstrough the flarert in a simia way pesare dferecein ahoseppe makes wae ow tough i econ fom conttes the vec cuter. Oyen is uslyascite o charge mover in bide conductors bu eet aster ones fom ary cape flow. When eet cuentas trough conduc and reaches a erga, ths recor Kanormed io trates typeof ner + tthe tod he emiting sore atts ena, propa aes plane by meas ofan inthe om of was! which ae those physical tutions which ue in actin maiom oi he vuum Mechanical waves use hse ol eno teu an elastic mad main, Thoy ae oagludhal und wanes because arise raters wt ter proper dracon. ho exrmles of this cheromeonen ae vinaton of ing and sounds nang, rains prepa in ony one drecton nthe ca of spun, vaio ropaz in the erent dmensors ‘Gecromagnetc waves praagal te energy pedbeed trough escatons of eee and magnet felis and do not need a propagation natal men Fer example the a (Out ofthe citeet ways aes ora thew are see eines Flom the point of view ot itng engnaing he podial regime's he one which interests us may be dened a regres intaval repstons an eres phil assover! wae foms, ‘Thus wave lam ere sss asphenonerain which psa quansy is apesoa fron oan indent vail whose average vues ul T so sy wea aking bout singe frdanenal amor urcton he se the crn, a sine one dmoniond ad tanvosd rl (pope papacy othe recon in whch prides vote). shor, tosis wie age of pial, dec rd elect eremera, aon wih lcichy et, sourd, ren wares or sa was a Ince. The chatetses ae determined ty ducing she waves. Te fs Be realon why the concept ol wave raxaten and eras define them bused 1.2. Wave characteristics Wavelength (1) 1 defined asthe ane tv by a wave a ped Fe a tansersl wave, ¢ maybe dened asthe darce between tno ‘coneeitve maxinumsr between ary ober Wo poised inthe same pace Fi. 1) Figue 1. Waelngh "ie: pic opeaan apa fan eencin spe nine Abt che motmum tent hen by eae oe UGTTNGENGNEERING 2002.15 CO PrivacyCnpier | THEUGHT -» 13. neler i @ Hh important charts in rr Yo das the vite radon spacrom, cet ef sayin Bis scion of LUGITNG ENGNEERING 2002, ‘is parameters delemined bythe east popaptio ely 1), mula by tei takes o cover one d(T Pod dev-T (mis-s=m) Frequency (/) "scene asthe munber pads tht ke lain atime unt Shonptat imme, Tx, ein oe toma Ys. ") ant here, eqveney&aectypeprton to propagation vee and inverse praprtonalowaveengh & (e = een He Vinelogh dozeaes when foqucy noe Fequeey sable and independent rom tho madum thaush which the wae propa. Tis const an import chaise ‘2 dey decromamtewaes, Propagation velocity (1) ‘Prooegton velaty depend on wae pe, eat of the medium and dy # the median le homogeneous and xb ropaptin vedi isthe samen al ecions For example sound propagation vty in thea, 20 Gs tha of $43.8 ms, whereas dedromanec waves propapionveloaty Inthe acu sequent 0300 000 k's = 310° ws ‘oe undameritequton whic rates rnagation voy o waveengh and enue s vedef (ms mis) Frequency spectrum (ven the fat that lacerations shar the sane nue and fhe a propane inthe vanuum athe same vloty (= 9-10" mig, ose chats fat maketh ferent afer waelng tht stay tee fauerey (v= Af Bcronagati rans ae fe folowing: gamma ray, Xray tat aon I, nrxed rays mioowaes rao waves and che rations Te hunan eye issn elatomepeticraaon wih wavdeats an apposinaly tween 36D ard 780 mh itis rou as ble ight. tates wardens othe Sb spectum conespod vl adhe lrg, ‘ad lh. Between these wo etree ae al the cleus ound nthe antow (Fi 2). Bactomagratc wae hae aon ster waters when compara vile ght and ae krown as alt Those wih sgl long: wavelengths ae town as Inaed waves Themal aon enited by bodes at anormal ampere is laced in the aed gin ofthe decromagnec sexton. Tha ae mts ecromaate aon wale, tic the sae dang hal waver er equeres) ‘se poesle fom these pint of va, 1 mus be fk nto acura thse slr intra (or Hequency one) in which he elctomagiteepecrum cies somelines not wel delned ant olen they velar earl, dearonagnee wanes wih wang ol the creo 03 am ae frquenty ned Xs Neves gate! om near aay, they ae cles Ga ays 16 UGHTNG BNGNESHNG 2002 Privacyrapes, THELIGHT 3 BeUZESESSEEES g Figue2, Casson ol vile spect, Lamp manuscurrs uny gue rai pectometial curves wth values agra beeen S80 nm. and 780 nm. A we ha how, {patron he met, nanometer nm) fs ue nor press walegts aswel ascents Ike Angsrom (A ard ican um. ym. = 108 nm. = 10" m 1A = 10%m Radiation of a continuous spectrum source Al bodies rate energy in an ample flld of wang tary tenperue een for absluez0. Tis aon i own os Incancesene 0: tmpratreracaton Sours of ncndesitaic gh ae: lane fom combust, le candle, card, a, cel ingot ted ba. An inane lanp lan the meat common sauce oposice ari Ich lncanesconc is pple 0 yest raat asd wth temperature ‘Thespectorfometeris use now how the added poteny cio betwee wavelengths The spectoradometial uncon or peta datbuon cave obaed isindcaled ni, 8, Meloy inom. paed ne acs and valves mated to ee, ith esac tothe mas edd indesond ae 100%, placed nthe odes, uae avaNEsING 2002Copier THEUGHT EE € £ a EE £ £ e & 8 a a eof 8 8 i aon Spectral darbuton for amma day ht Seo datbson fran incandescent lamp Fue Radiation of a discontinuous spectrum source Fart energy ola gaseous che sour, the ons ol igh pesane sau, High presse meraxy, sg, AED, ‘ons in ration inte by smal wavlegh inten bch mayb led erison pst Each gs has a wavdengh charac is cwn aon whic depands onthe gas maeclar huture rough which charge ‘thes plao,Tisknd of deca is usualy cal luminescence and ti chasse by temperate inckgencotracason Hype The mast commen lunnous sovees x dechage hire ab furor bes igh peste mercy, gh presse sam ad eon ne ‘sor incandezcnce, he specoromalris unto bin the spect datibuton cue. he spectrometer fundion obtains 's inated in Fig 4. Ventsin rma placed inthe sb and vevesreaed b ene, wh spect othe max ate undoes 100% a plant in he oda. ‘co, he weak poten maven usu en n Be erates gf £ f FF ff 5 £ ££ a8 a 5 BF Re 5 a e & ‘peal sainubn tor acidwecoued Morena amp Sst aroun i ay preset anp Fue 1.4, Dual nature of light Ugh as etigued rumah lx ties. The mos ance hene onsed It a mating emits bythe human oy tor oni wae uerood ft Kt saudd come fom the obec seen ante tented heey poduig fh feling of vison. The quesin of whether gt is eompsd by abeam ol paridesortisa cain ype of wave movement has requnty boon sued in ‘noida of sen. ween thpropners and defendants ofthe corpuslr theory o ight, he mast inleral was undeubedy Newton. Using the ove menoned they, Ne wasabi exp the las ol lecton and acon. Novels, is dao of ‘hela of reaction was based on he hypothe tha ight moves mre uy in war rn glass an ina. Some tie ae, the ryote was pote be wrong, The min proponents ote wave theory of ight ware Cetan Huygens and Fob Hock, Ushg LUGHIING ENGINES 2002nape HELGE ther on thea of wave propepion, Huygens was bef expin ilecion and reaction sppodng hat bays rre owl in dasorin wate than inc Newton reed shut the averages of he wav thoy oh, patina berated cous ‘ormad by thn me which head ute er och Nathan, nevejected fh wae theory due tthe ope ectinew ropa of gt nis time acon oth luminous bean, which als to evade ches rad rat yl been obsoved. Newton's cpus teary ft was sect fr mere than a.oonksy, te same tne 1801, Thomas Burg rand he wave theory og. He was one of ho et scott fo ede the ide ol hlewrce a a wave penomaren preset bath ine light and in to sound. His cbsoations of inererenes blared from ight were a dea demons ofthe wae nau. Nevothoss, oungs reach was rt Iaown by fe seni communty for mre than en years. Prob, the mos irporant brekevous pacing agers acepiaceo he wave ther ol gh de othe enh ahs Aaqutn Fed (1782-1827), who conduct trough exprimensonnereenoe ant itacon He abo deeloped a wave ther bata on asc matheatead foundation. 1850, tan Foust measured fe speed ol ig in water and chad ta iis ower thn in i Tus, e aly lesioyed Newon's corpus ory fit. 86D, tes Ck Maal publ is lacomagnes mahemstil hecry hich rotted the exten of decomaget: waves. These wares propagated Wi a called peed tough eat ant magnon laws wich was eqn in ave ox 108 u's the same ve han he speedo igh. Mawel hey was cnfmed by Het In 1867 who used a nat elect rat gna waes and another sir Gato dee than. nthe sah tho 19th conte, Krcof and oer sci eppbed Mawes aus o el intleence and ciacton of ht and cher cron wavesand sip Hypens erp mabodsof wave cousin on aid mahemabia bass ‘tough wave forge core when propagiton ol Ig ested and ce elecomapretic wae ills when oer light popes ae to be xine, spcaly the itracion of Ich wih maior Hat in a famous epatimertin 1887 calmed Marwot's wave theo, ad he an ctor he phonetic flac. Such an oft cn dso be eicind by means of a model of ares ort, as en proved only few years ke This way, anew puna model fit was iodvnd The pies of light are known as pons an every Eo! aphton irl fo tequency fof heinous wave asdated by Bre’ mous rain Eu hth Pane’ constrt).Acompet undtandngo dul nature of lt was rat achive bere he 20'sin he 2ath cory. Eprints conde by sents fhe time (Oaisson, Gama, Then and thers} proved ht leans (and oer “aries dso had ada rare an pests erfeence and ifacion poperies bx tet elon paride popes, bn bl ie modem teary of quantum mechanics of Lainous atone fa tha gh saeito hav add ate. One ‘one tan, gt popagion phenomena tnd a beter exlanaion win Mans eledronagretic ten (dectoragnts ware ‘undamertal nar}. On fe ober herd, mutual acon baween Ag and mat ne proses absntion ae erin, i Poteet pheremenon (cxpusada nature) uae avaNEsING 2002 CO 9 oe PrivacyCnpier | THEUGHT -» 20. UGHING ENGINEERING 2002 PrivacyChapter 2. n= ean a 23 pee ees Es) Seay 24 eT 25 eed Bs eed oy aes) Ba aor ey finn(hapor 2 THEE 2.1. Human eye as a light receptor organ “They the phyla rn of sth froush which It ae colour fesings we epaierend Ferihe ighing procs te ple, se onan efecto laine and so, thee agei ereie 1) source produc ght orunnous aio, 2} Anche oben so at tise, 48) Thee, wc reeves luminous ey and aneormstino mags which ae srt othe rn forthe tere, ‘hestucy and desipion of ey components, ogee ih he proces wc ites plan ne fhe moment which gt anes and 96 tough fhe pas and vil corer unt is ited by the ban, woul ake us othe fl of neoohysidogy. Some bohaour and concep rated to the senee of ht wl be desibad ard exceed in he resent ciple. Ther Kawa Incgpnet nd corrute to a bt ego Ihr intaason, 2.2. Structural description of the eye big 1. schema longi section othe human ees epresntod where i arabic conten maybe cheered Figure 1. Huan eye conttuton ‘The oe is mah carted byte flowing elements 4) Bye gobo: whose prinayfnctonistofrm the image onthe tina ) Comes: eves and ans ve mpresons and consis he eye fdameri opi eas component 6 Caytaine len: sa icone tense and cbseslens oct betnd he is THs dase manbrane tages fem lo foas objets 6) scrub lamin oct in tet of th cyan sand ity gerd can conta the ppl antag the amour of Fgh ta paso the ey en. Papi: cel cr sutes n fe certo tes and though which Kg ays pas. The cpering ofthis xe contol by Ihe ts carat scales melas and is eenson,mysiass 4) Postini eye imran conte by «nevous mentiane epanon offs opti rane, whee funn ese and tans vad images or mpresion it conan net hin aye of photosnsie cals cones and ods which ise om the opt neve ad which sein the exon lay eso fe pment ye, oe UGITNGENGNEERING 2002.28 Privacynpr 2, THEE —o- 4 nes: phos or phobreomtve el ol he ena whi re may loca inthe owe. They re vay seas fo ours and anos isrsive fo ight Henay, fc urctonsto isin fecal ado pace cobus (Fig 2), 1) Poe: phtosmnetie or photecatne cl the rena hh a nly oui th fovea and mare cones nthe pach ‘They ae very srs ht and movement and sir inserive to colour Thus, th rcon iso pecaie more ss bighiness wih whic objeds aramid (Fi 2). aca: ylow spt site inthe pr he etna cn the oped as, where a prea and chap ton dt and clos {sk lace, The fovea in is center wich ison ome by cones Bind spo: apt nthe rea trough wich he optical nae cvs imaps or sings of it oe ran. ths pi, ere re 0 photreplos, Practical consequences ofthe cone and rod function ho we ek at cil urine pare or eampe.in he vl ati ual util, beass cones do nt uncon ard nether cleus nox deal re dings. Tiss fe reason for Be famous srg no-one wil teen Be da, Ts oe of ght en scaled sea and eerily snare, we colt th rea x lee aunt of ht and ejects movement wih ‘tems sonst “Tis usiflos the tact hat sep iting ven ec arcl doparnent sores coe whighpresare scum lamps which repre eeu, bt conte th a eat ate leh. (On tho canta. thle when Hunton eveinaates the ners acant,dbjeds re san wh pedis and deta sho cane, ny, Tis way, cxours maybe rushed aly itis aed photon von In this cass the quant reqrsto be _zpompatied by quay, nce only quantity weuld rode insily ney and very tubing ares, Retina enlargement Figure 2 Fy photosenive pa. Behaiourl cones nd rods 2.3. Image formation Human borg val el len by an ange laut 190° degen in avec way and ou 190" deo n hota way Fm aire objets tes wth foun Koc im the va Sb, neu ae ena Pag ough he come ae ‘he asus humor Theis by meansol he operingot fe pupil cots the amount tit whichis eeted fwugh he cytling lors reach he rena ny ois plac, he phosensvepignent of photererpes regen vered mages much smal ‘hanin rea a i hagpors ine phcieganhie ara Once maps ered and formed in he tia by ans the opal ne tay sant 1h ra, hich in cage! iertng hem and mdihng he pation (fg 3), 24 UGHING ENGINEERING 2002(hapor 2 THEE gue 3. mage lormaton adits etizaton in the ban ‘The lowing chart compares the human ee the pktagaphi came. Haman ee Protgacticamera ‘Gian es (cote aoammedaon) ans (as ites betwen es an ti) ‘pl (eno apaion) ‘Diphragn - huer(eps epotin and aroun of a) 2.4, Eye sensitivity curve ‘neta potorecsplrs ‘im emuison| Fesna cede mens in (ets hat Waren rations rng bteen $80 nn, utavolt and 780 nines) ae ransomed bythe ent ht Cu o is ‘ange he ee cana se: isblnd ard does ol pace anyting luminous sues have the on aaton or aba o thon Ines witha its. A samy mica who St ste sumo a waengs ofthe vse speam. we ty o ako thom reach fe je ndepondonly ‘andi fe sane amount of eno acne Ike te one in Fg is obned It hasboen ebro by the CLE” messing a gat umber of people GE: end Commi tuninenCannisn eral es UGITNGENGNEERING 2002 25 Privacyner? THEE —o- ‘Wavelength nm. 400 500 600 700 100 80 60 40 20 Fiquce 4. Fy sors une te menachromal ato bn tis cave, he msi oe sens day wht ig phot) coresandsto a S55 rm. uvelegth nto the yl clu “he minimum sorsiyconspnnds tothe ed ard vile cleus. Honon nous ouces whowe valent corezondstoyetow een ae he ons wth Nghe fay and wert quay, he razon bing tha uch Kt rt sop rou ee, whch aor othe a whieh. Ta in pees wher thee 1s ahigh minion level orange and ed colours a hight. nthe a of nig (ti, the mas of nations moves owas hater wala Prise). Cosecueny, ‘hose ators wih ater wawengh (ue vole) roduce geal inst of snsaton wth fw Hanrafon, Soh an ets ‘oxy nota whan ining premises with alow ituminain lel where lve and let coburscan be en bale 25. Accommodation Tse ee easly io agus aomalcaly to cleo anes of objets, rc ie way cla dap mages on fe era Tis xiusment kes lane by madtying he cystine cuncture an, hs, the ons diane by crating rata olay muses. Price tha the objet i oe to fe ee, he tin cee sree than when tif nthe otogrpic came he ers ate fim, erenmedain ot oasis ee with ih urinario oblige thee oad ody the agra toma a ‘sig potion. he conenon res oh acon isthe nea held deh was he same, a hap ibn of bets at cient cance rom heey camer. “The eye aomeracaton copay decreas wih ap, as areal of aharring ol he cys. 2.6. Contrast cet se peeled by contrat four and inane which fren aro th fan seta heme nd in relation the bakgourd in whch hecho apes Tac: mst tke wih asa poasonte era tat onestom pinay se it ate evo 26 UGHING ENGINEERING 2002(hapor 2 THEE Fox high enough gh lees the nama ye xour senate, whee ow igi ones cbt ae hndeisy peched by luminance contrast whic is reser aginst te basgound. Te nine deren between the cbsaved objec and is immatate spaces rown a conta, Faves ln Fig 5 he aiace ote objact has uninanc "andthe bckeround afar has inne". Tah, conta Kis he flores between these wo Linares, dey tc badround ee, at ito 5 bob "Fe ths alate valve beeen loinc ‘As we hae commented the vty ofan cba ove backgound, depends onthe urirance daence basen fe che and the badgound Foca ight oud obec crea dak background, is carta wil be posi (vies between O and ifr) However an ote dr than As bariyound wil be soe a stove, andi conat wl be nega, axing between O and ( 0 Contras maybe patie o epi HLeL, Ko 0 conta is postive (he cj gherhan ts ackeour). HL Reso | Mtns | shops oes, soot hosts Tlemedate | Ping ping an tee indy, Wan Indu war am 2 80> R60 | termediate | nda work (fies stools ott 3 o> Aaa Fourh indus Trai wot Pough work inal wom 4 4 >Ram vitlon euttstor alr ending (hat 3. Lamp cour ending guns 4.5. Colours and harmony psychic effects hasbeen proved tht oun te enitonment pots phic or emo eaconsin se obuewe Hen, ung clusin the teil ways a vay lve top fo pachologss aches, hing engines and decors “hae aero fad eso chesing the appropat exeurin cde to chive a cach ef, since eat ase uiesto be gen & pater sepa However hae ae some eneronoesn which flare erations produced inthe by ta lous (Oe ofthe fet srt i tha of het or cles. This isthe reason why the expression “hol colours ae “tld cobus Is ‘mentoned. Hot cours tose which go rm ed o greenish slow in he vile spectrum; cold cous the ones tom geen to be [Aco w be hit or cde depending is tendency toward ob, especie (nthe one hand ot cobus ae dram extn and podue a sreaton of pony On the ther Rane busca art es producgasensafon of cance. lewis clo dary al predvespecologial as. ght cobus cher up and ge a sess of goss, wile da sous ops and prune asso of heaviness. hve two ormore cous ae combined and proce a comfortable fed st tha they hamorze, Ths color han is roduc! by means of ecg colurombaton whic saleable and ewe pesar othe obser ia agen auton Fm l the ebovemertbned maybe dedued that lowe ofthe seca tution ceo sores ft i necessay 0 btn he ceed tomas fit. 46 UGIING ENGINEERING 2002 PrivacyChapter 5. LUMINOUS MEASUREMENTS Cee ea ener a7 ne ry Pe ry Cnt rr) Peay 49 Ce ea 51 Cee en ea Ceca ona EF rnd(Oper, LUMINOUS MEASUREMENTS 54 “wo ba elomertsnevene in itingerpneingbot the source oft andthe chet be inate, she resent chapter, we wl det wth undamenla measuernts red unis sid eae and compare the quay and elec of uct ight Luminous flux (luminous output) rey tansomed by ght suces cannot be tly ken atntage of frit produto. For eampl, an headset mp consumes acta amount of eltic any which f tensed into ant enaqy. Out fh, ony aan amcunt (bout 10%) Is preted ty te human oye a igh, vee he re of tise ss est ‘Alunius ux peduss by a source of gh ithe told aroun of gh ether emited or ated inal ectns in oe sd Mor prod a source of lent luminous fax’ racated enon eco by the human ee depend on ks sonst ae and hich tantomed wo gt fora sco, Lusrineus ui represented bythe Geer and is measredn lumens (In) Lumen sth minus fa the monocromaic ration Chertsey ave Fequeny of 540-10" He. and aaa power fut 1/688 W One S85 re, wader rant ney wat ine a us 683 In apposite Luminous ux measurement luminous ucmssaement conduc by meas cf en ated ptoelenantdapencngn the pope entity cune oe standard eye lo the maradona ataons cpa oa holow phe kown a8 Uris ohare (Fi, 1). The sxe 1 be mezsuied is pled inside i Moruactus prove mp xin umens fx amin poency. Figure 1. Ubichts shee Luminous performance (Luminous elficacy) luamneuspefomane ofa ssc of Kinase fux ent by th cuce per unite eel ouput ensued oc it I isteeseried by he Geek, ands measured a un wat (/ Tho omulawhich ogress tains ficacy ® ee = HF alamp wasto be manuaced which ancora fhe conumed lec oul in ih at one 5 nm. wavelength without loss, uch alanp wouldhase the highest peromance posible save woul be 653 kn W. oe UGIINGENGNEERING 200247(Che 5, LUMINOUS MEASUREMENTS 5.2. Amount of light (Luminous energy) ba il way toca eno which indtorindby fe soi euptin he Se unit. the areunt fig cranes nary 's determined bythe urinouscatpterlumineus ux oid by the tine ut ‘ho amount of ht repeated bythe et and ig massed lumen pe hore) ‘The fomua which epreses the amount ol tise flanng Qe ot (inh) 5:3. Luminous intensity ‘Tismeancement is xe undectod a releod ape dreton ard contd i aw sold ange ln the same way that a plane ange meanred in adans oresponds fo aafae aslo eewo ane coneponds to a one mesaeent a is menor nserver ‘hernia isdn a he pine ange thin an aco ce equ th ai of a le (Fa 2) (tote = 2 radians Fique 2, Pane angle “he sercoraan is dined asthe sold ange which covepends toa sph cap whose utare equa he quae oe show rats (Fi 9). © (ote) = Ax streoractons Fou 8. Said ane luminous output fase of ihn one epee drecton qua the ato ete the Luminous fur conta in whatever od angie whos avs conse wth te conse date. symbols. and ts unit easement isthe candela (ca), The ora hich exes th cowie * = ms ‘ara dna athe Lmiaus inet ef see sure Wich amt uminevs fx equa one men 2 sod angle por seeoradan (2) -» 48 UGHING ENGINEERING 2002 Privacy(Onser8 MINOUS MEASUREMENTS ‘ezidg to the IS", cde may ako be dened a he luminous Mersy in acer dketon ram a souce which ems ‘monodtomae ado th lequeny cl 540 10 He and whase energy nay ine dorenertinned detons/683 wats or score 54, IIluminance (Luminous level) umiranc or luminas le la arae ithe rato baton the mous Muaecoied by he staf i ama epresnad by tho leterF, ants’ th x (. The oda which apres luminance is (testi $ ‘Tus azorting the foul th he th luminous fuxncfent on aaa he higher tiuminace Aso forthe ame en Inert rious tuminanc wl bs higher afc. ‘exit he |S, luemay be died asthe Muminance of acer suface whieh races a mines xo ne men, sed ‘ov one sue mot oi ste. Lighting level measurement ‘usinaus lvl meazuementis conducted wth aspeil dav iawn asec cande mare Hanssol ene phlei cal wich goreales a weak dec curent when if thesis ufo, hus nseang arcing ig iidence, Suh curents measued by rmeansol an sndoge o dig iinet, clated cet nix (Fo), Fue 4 Fot-cande mae 55. Luminance uminanoe iste eet which pocuces a artace on teria othe ye, Boh coming fom a primary source whch produces gh, ‘rom a snd oue osutace whic aed it usta messusbhnes for pimay oh soucosas wal ao sores constingilurntedcbjat This rm hes ube ‘the corpo! bighness nding densi, Neverthe istretingoremanber thal hehunan ey dost pecehe cous but brghines, 2s a coour atte. Lit pacepon i nf te pectin of eencesin minnie, Tere maybe ad ‘ha the ye pesives lainance dfeencesbt ot sminanae ores (oie that we hae the same ihrg, fetches hae ifn uminanoe sine toy have ert reflection chasis lusinanoe ofan urinated sc the rao between Luminance of a sure of Ig na given dracon, othe sure of Bo Proce sore depencig on 0h drcon SS boematond Seton UGTINGENGNEERING 2002.49 CoM oe Privacy(Che 5, LUMINOUS MEASUREMENTS -» Mewed or apparent surface Popa eho = laura cos Faure 5. Suze ier, ‘The rooced ea son by the obser in the econo the umineu nr Tsar caladated by msn the unite real suey he cose aye forming te norma wit he drecion of teins itn (Rig 5). Fresrio bythe ltr tsunitis the cnc square mete cle i (a wth one sbulpl, the candela square ceri "ay, ved for igh uminenesoues, 1 The fama which presses isthe flowing sah S-cof + Apprentice uminaan is indepondert rom He cbsnation sacs Luminance measurement luminane measurement sconce by maa fa spel dace cle a lumirancomete or nim ts based on two opal ‘yes, ration ard massuement sams, especie (Fg 6). ‘he dectond seem sorts in sch away tha the nage eines wih the pot o be messed. Cnet has been ote, ‘help hat aches vantomad inl elie ureter meas in od Figure 6. Lunnanconsta 50 UGHING EVGNEEFING 2002 Privacy(Onser8 MINOUS MEASUREMENTS 5.6. Other interesting luminous measurements. 56.. 562. 583. 564. 585. 565. 568. Utilization coeticent Fao betwoon the uiraus fxrenet by a body and he faxed by aout ft ua = % smb= ony Rio = net ue Reflectance Fao bemoan tho Rix fied by atody (wth or wiheut Stuson and the xe, vat = % gmt p 4 Rio = pee Absorptance Fat betweon te lira fx abt by body adhe hx ose ua = % Sets meet anata Fao bemoan tho lirausfuxtarsitdby a body and te fucose Ua = % ‘gmbh + Pio = 1 > ‘Average uniformity factor Fat btwoon miriam to mad Haines alighngindaliaon Ut = % Smtel= Us Extreme uniformity factor Fat bewoen minimum fo maimum luminance ina gn alton. Longitudinal uniformity factor Fat betwoon lng mininum fo mas lumina iting ial, Ua = % ‘gmicl> Lanai Fito = = ton Tape Overall luminance uniformity Fat bewoen minimum fo madam iainanos in aighingintaiaton CO UGTTNGAVaNEEING 2002 51 Privacy(ner 5, LUMINOUS MEASUREMENTS e 5.68, Maintenance factor (nace indang te presavaton dae ol nian, Ut = % gmbol = Fe fain = Fa RoR fy = mp poston tata Fa = lam depen fador = tempat acto Fa = faite eripment fate = htalatonpresnation factor 5.7. Luminous measurement graphic representation “The colecion of urinasitrsy emit by asc lt inl crecons is known as ins ctu. The sues of ht sd in prac av amo ress lage urinals, whos raat nents fet he orion of the sous al reir vious vs in these cow dicion. ‘pei coves (he the Coizphtomt a constuced to determine fe lines ry of sore of ft ino ssl rectonsnrelon avec oi. uminasinesiy() of ascure ois epesenedbyveorsntenint pati ition vole resztng eval foe bt tx ites by fe sources ead. Such ave maybe defnd bythe ome be o-[t as -rooeti sls these cbiod. Fy. 7 shows an cates arp phot so 180" ¥ 80" 160" 4g Fur 7. nance np phonetic sid Wa ae pases hgh te metic oa suo ptr eal. amon plane a sion Ii by acne, own ss phoma cane cluinas dstituon cane is cbaiad (8). 52 UGHING ENGNEERING 2002 Privacy(Oper, LUMINOUS MEASUREMENTS 180° 150" a 20° od 90: 60° 100 120 y 40 o 30" Fue 8. Potamoticcune for aninandascent lamp. Byron he polometic cue ofa souceo i, uninous tens n any dcton may be tenet vex acrey Tis dala ne neces fr some ling cali ‘Thecoe, epaialcecone rough whic lumina ato erated may be edsbehed by two coos. One of the most ‘requenty used econinale senso obsn poietic ares isthe °C repeated ni 8. il i Fue 9.0 coor gem, Phelometic ces lr to an emit uninous xo! 1000 In. Caney speaking the ee ht ens alge ax. Ths. fe coesponding lines rns esa cus bya simple ra, When alamp is hosed in a ec, is fui ori pacing aolume wih amarked saps daned by fe charade ol he reletor Tato, dition as vary sean i leet pans The wo Slowing igresshowiwo eagles here dstibuion ‘canes fortwo reflect a represnted, R10 refecor&mmetic ad hasidercal cues for any ofthe meiiond panes Tiss uae avaNEsING 2002 9(Che 5, LUMINOUS MEASUREMENTS e ‘hereon why ase ces enh is photometicidenitaon. fg 1 lege is azmnmate and each ple ha a lent ‘ane. lanes mus be kncun, 900 675 450 205 or a e 3 nit = et 1000 im cso! — cae — or Faure 10, Smmeticphobometic dstbuon one Unit = ed 1000 Im G90 — coast — cot — Faure 11, Agate phometicdtrouon cue, soother metodo rreent incu actu se ccna cue gam (Fg 2). Aargau «ae apposed 1o be nthe cert of a ehere whee exsrior sae pos with fe same irteny ee Inked (gorda cures), every, uninaes have at ea, oe mei are. THis hereon why they a on rpreted ina hemp. “copay 281 20 500 310 20 S90 910 980 Go 10 20 90 40S Dm wo a! ‘@ an nae t00% Fro 12 boca canes 54 UGIING ENGINEERING 2002 Privacy(Onser8 MINOUS MEASUREMENTS ‘Ths preserafon sey comprehensive. However, more apeencef needed ont t “Tho fx ond by a source of lt provdos sure ing (Wurinarc) whose vais re mead in ux Hf thse vaies ae projected on he same plane ae line Inks the oes wth the sare va lux cunes a frd(Fi 13). h ° h 2h 3h Lmax=100% 120.184 Fue 13. bobxaunes Fal, uinarc dapnds onthe minus ux eeced by a asta in the obsane’s econ ese measured in cans por sure ete tm?) and ar eres by kolaminarce anes Fi 14). (OBSERVERS: A, B AND C ey shah th th hh Asn Bo Lmax=100% 0152 que 14. luminance cues UGTTNGENGNEERING 2002.55 CoM Privacy(Che 5, LUMINOUS MEASUREMENTS -» 5.8. Luminous measurement summary chart oi Tax . Ter mis tey : lumen cw aa a 7 Tarp) i rr) * Luminosity 1 (cies) 2 are = . = Imire) BS N= ln 1 nee ? ‘Sib = cdion* < Sos tization coetisent a % a e Peecion ’ * 2 ‘ nc = : a “reentae : * == ° soap wont ue * fee uname u * Lint tare unomty w * Cr ina udmty 4 * Maceo or = * FRR (har 1 Lunas measuem er nay 58 UGHING EVGNEEFING 2002 PrivacyChapter 6. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES(nepor6FUNOAVENTAL PRINGLES 6.1. Inverse square distance law ‘Sec ety exes it has been conkmed thal uinanoesprodiced by he sure of Kt decesseimer to the square ol he tance rom fhe plane tolumintfhe cuce, Thi rat i egrecead by fe folowing formu 1 eet tp 4 where Eth Huinance in x). 6 einen othe sero in cad |) and dsthe dance tom the source ght to the papendar apo lane ln ths way, namin ato E, ad E ay be eased, between wo planes arated by adtane dard Dom the source fit, especie. Fre 1. usrines ux sbuton ovr rot stern, ‘Ts tse when we ae desing wih pure! ouce of pependzulsufaces tothe deton ote luminous ux Hower, ‘he lis supposed tobe cna enough when the dane undeping meas tla, fe mes fe mama dimension the mins th dances ign dation he sizeof fe weal the sure Ig), 6.2. Cosine law be nervous sect tesa was pepesatr othe dct mines a, bu when a spec ange a slemat nceason {ois the lomuaterheinvore square dare fw mustbe musi by he cos o th conemondingange Sch n epresion constuss what's called thew feos, ogres inthe ora below: cose (b) UGTINGENGNEERING 2002-50 CoM Privacy(Cher 6, FUNDAMENTAL PRNOLES “uminanae in any gen pot of a sutace s propa to te case of he angle of icidone ofthe unin ay in the suminated pot: ln Fig.2 to soucesot it Fand F withthe sae luminous intensiy I) ard tte same ianoe() fom pot Pare repress "the source o igh Fath ea = 1 conespans nar ol ndence aqua ano, Tis 08 prod uminaoe or the point Poth a vue ot ze isto sy 0 cian te same iuminane a pri he Lminusintensy of he ures F must double ln rato, dane dom the suet the considered point ro row, but sgt othe hazel of the point is By sig simple gram elaon and subunit in the equator anew elon whee het pays an import ees obtaned 60 UGHING ENGINEERING 2002 Privacy(nepor6FUNOAVENTAL PRINGLES 6.3. Normal, horizontal, vertical and inclined planes illumination ba Fg. the sour Ftsintes tae planes Std inh fllwing postions nama hare and vr othe beam. Ech wil he a tunes cle Nomal tina B= Heda tune 5 Vilna Fque3 Nomal hart an vested liner. Letusdeemine fe ramal zontal and vet lanier opin Min Fi 3. ‘Normal illumination “Tho vero square cisterce lw is speed Bi a e® where kis the minousintnsy unde the ange ely, ny rom itaninane ofa pits coridered whenavtis points sia! fhe veri fe source onthe hoz plane (pi). Thus. previous emul is tasermedic: L -b ot Ben ‘and ds whan tis sated in a sagt ne with he sous en the eric plan (Mp), the iainance tz w Horizontal illumination 1 te ano xine ety api, the reat is UGTTNGAVaNEEING2ONe 61 CO Privacy(Cher 6, FUNDAMENTAL PRNOLES Vertical ilumination Inti cao, thelaw ol the cose ils ect apd Tera isha y= Eyoeoeh (h ‘Between thew ant aes, thee a Sire ation snc both beong oe tere rectangle spe 90-00" Pophing Hoorometi lion: 26 = e29.90"- 0) = ns80"- eran + S60" ‘Theres, cox = sc This vate i stud and thereat is that Besa (8 Be ‘Te eqiaion maybe eres natin tthe height h between he source andthe M po Be coeasna (by) Incined planes illumination “he veal pane may change hugh an ane ho the one ini 4. Such an ane oms the vr plano hich cans the ont Pith eit inidenoe pee. Figure 4, hennanoe at pie “Bing hiro oun he shove meniond erosion is tardomed in ty aot a-sne-osy aoe 1 hist vr eit of tha ues ft ve the orzo pane whch contin pit. 6.4. IMluminance ratio Deer congo decibe nt cin om ote decode fom th er have been propose Teo mut be condos confer patos epahe wih oersike rinse (luna Vertical / horizontal ‘ho expen om high Hunan lee ielatons with avr gpod gare contl incates tha the rao betweon varia (ered fen turinaroe (5) fr agp modeling must not be over tan 05 in the main drectonscf vison Be Bsoas on Tey tie wed te ear times a lone gh cs, 62 UGHING ENGINEERING 2002 Privacy(nepor6FUNOAVENTAL PRINGLES \ectorial/Sphericat rector hing ets may be dssibed pal though vec luminance an pry ough the ra betwen veto and sph iturirarce ‘The umnarce vedo a ponthas a magnitude eq to fhe maximum ference in lunnence ove thse dati opposed face eomersin sal de (Fig) lated in apn te drecton beng fom the gates mince element othe lowes. Fue 5, uinaoe vedor E= Ee ‘espera average a piste average tuinance oer ate tao asl pee locke a ch apt (F.6). Fue 6. Spherad med tuinance Lighting dri inensty maybe inated by the gen medeling though the rao been veto Muminance ered aage sph itunes: E & ve mesa using asphar vi arcu r whch rece a bam oft wth an Flaminous x it woul be ‘urirarce Eo! an eloment lhe ads aut bn areom with aor, naan a tat sing wih usd retetin, where thre is kn isd lit, we hae tat 0 (hat sto ‘ay. fixe a0 ro shane) Un ese crewmen, modeling hnexis 0. Howav in acopletly ck com wire UGITNGENGNEERING 2002 62 CoM Privacy-» (Cher 6, FUNDAMENTAL PRNOLES ‘he pt comes tom one dco oi or exarple, nli modeling inex is utenti EE « E/E 4 (histo sy, dark shan) Unto these craton, the ‘There, modeling decay vary betes vues uch a 0 ad 4 ‘eto mu hie adorwad econ prey between 45°and 75 the vert ert blah antral peace of rman fase (yfindricl / Horizontal 2 aerate cone desib the medsing et Pero beween cnc Huminana andhestonuminanoe ata a pein. The aera ofndicaluminane Ea apontis average urinane ova aed aac fa smal cinder etd at He pit (6 7. Unless ofc ndatd, th incer as mus be vr N hs s, & Fue 7 Nera ond ituinanoe E Cfincl uminance a prin equa erage verti inane in all dren t such pit. Agno made is bieed when thera og cee Geer sexing crecton i atomatzaly tien iro cunt Trlr, sot neces to spec tom an tonal point of ew. te inthe cae ol vol phot al: whan ie enme cect Fam ave, == Od EHO; hn gh hor, Ey= Oand Fo! Ey = Vertical | Semicylindrical “Teas conduc in elon to ting ol pees otooor eas ow lel tg aes) have proved tha thea between ver uminarce ad some Huminana proves a tl mes a soceplane of human feats mela fx the menos plsion wea ‘Semel linance Fey 3 agit gh haar etn equ the avoage luminance on cued ate of a eal era seid located tach api ith acne sufae fond iowa he seced Secon (Fi 8) 64 UGHING ENGINEERING 2002 Privacy(nepor6FUNOAVENTAL PRINGLES Ean que 8. Somicyne tuinanc, Wel blrce ting reel (nether ver short nor ery tens) fobs a oss e13 ‘tems fo a 20 ay nee modi, (ua)=157 very ht odin, 65. Lambert's law “Tha eit emting or usd autaesthat, when cbsoning ham tom erent anges the sane bighnesstcelngisobisned These faces cle pet emitersor ders. 1 fuminaee azn ote normal and L suns ard o he dba ao, = Le eve or ary gen wee Sine y= and y= & Saez ton bao sine: ‘Th ois known as Lanbots Law and on pated enters rcs compo Surface que 9. Luminance inariity in at othe inaence ange, UGTINGENGNEERING 2002 65 CoM Privacy(Cher 6, FUNDAMENTAL PRNOLES -» 68 UGHING ENGINEERING 2002 PrivacyChapter 7. LUMINAIRES ey cy Pee Ce Pes i eee ae a od 70 ee ee ee oe as aT ee ery cane ey aed co rndsor 7 LMS General remarks ue othe igh laminanco arg, scesay ores th emission epparent suas in ordre aod vil problems) ‘Aco, tis neces ll anpsto pet thm fom edema apr aro eth Ruin the ost convent wy fr vit tack ‘Thus erent scies and oortmporay research place geal erga onthe cobinaon formed byte sce o gh ane lumina, ‘ezrin te ho UNE 605961" Nom, a luminaire may be dered as alti apparatus which spreads ites or rants ght emied by a tampons iad al components neces fr sporting, ang and prtetng he amps (Benet rte lamps nema. Stout the reed aso, a he aur cres combined wi he meda forthe coecon ote power so), Main components Independent rom ober derians which nul be mare or ls ese, 2 mie maybe define as an obec fomed by 8 corbin of elonents designed ogo an aceon uninus radian olan eet og. Malton ofthese loners axtied by combing a gpd onal den a a eaorble economy of maerisin eat satin, Fed dos sve ira us conto pening on ned, whichis he mai am: bath athemal conta hich mets is uncteing stable sn an cetera hich etfs aqua guarantosto hous zonomy of mals prods sold and fen peut, a easly nse luminae, and minimum matter while in use ‘egacing the most undamentt caratiie emponents bod cntel gp, lle, cuss and ier among thes, mus be ‘menionad Ml te a int ter cxscatons town dow, 1. Boy: This isthe minimum pis elmer which srpors and defines the veune of th ire and cont he key componers. coring his ite, sve pes maybe dine Fer roo outer se. ava or embed mound Suspended or ral mounts Wl, kat or ple mori Open or enc Fer nomalor has erent coroon or elsn) 2. Onna spar Pppepiae cna gear wauld be seeded to st iret seus of ail It, soning to the falling stator Feulincandesz ith ro aunty omens High vluge talon to rear vols, or low vag wth contre or deco source, Fonrscent bes Wh escareso bala cpacio and tater or eetrorc combinations of igiton and corte Discharge Wh eadances rll, capactrs and sates or doar emtinatinscf itn rc cont 3. Pleo: A seat ata nade the amine which mad rm and recon al the pf. Depordag on ow lurineus ‘aan fonts, maybe Sereeti (vith on wo aes) or syrmatic Narow bam (owe than 20" or wide beam (botoen 20 and 40°; petr han 4) peal (wth cae uminvs diperson) o° no speci wth Rx spars) si (wth ti ert or nora 4, ise Teste cover ol the ania the cecono th unicus elon The mot Fequnteurd hes a: Opal (whit) or psmate ren arelaeo aia cet inence on he sing ange) Specular oF non seca (wth rir Gattis eed 5. ites n possible corkination wt liars hey are ut o recor lesan can cats of luminous aon i N= 605064 Nam ake Eman Rom O83 oe UGIINGENGNEERING 2002 69 CO Privacy(Oper 7 LUMINES -» 7.2. Luminaire classification according to the degree of protection from electric contacts: luminares mast seaue protec of psc trom deci enfants Depodngon fe degee of elticinalaon, miniescan bo dase ox (0250: ina wih tac inataon, lang dole nan of ora excenent swell asan wath omecton (as Lumina wih unto base intone an eth connection Wein cntac (as: mine with dbl bas hevlton an or reed vera inalaon aking poson for ar deca. (as I usinste desired 0 be comected 1 exatow tae rats larg inlond or atenal srs nol waking tn extra seouty og 73. Luminaire classification according to working conditions ‘The Pate temaionl Potton) exaschad bythe UNEEN 60598 ches liners xing fee dogs of pceton ‘rom mecha shock usar wate The tm mecha shock indus those loners ike ooso nga that in contac wih nary tanning pars ‘The dasa oiscate dagees of proton cons i cake Pats flowed by wo numbers tween Rane) which rca the eompiance of condone exalsad in chats 2. and. The St ofthese nubes is an inden of otc am us, te scan nae nceesthecepea of pcan for war wheres he hid mum inthe neh ee, nites the ogee of poet fom mechanical Sock Facet i sien Srt 2 en Te smb 7 Pouce ard dapper yar SO a fe amb z Fuca prt ld obpas ged a 125 0 fe amb 3 Fed aps 1 obs ae Pa 25 ne smb z ote apn wid eBpcs eau aN te smb 5 Dis pce C3 g Dua é (Chart 1, 8460598 dasiaion axing ds protection dees (1s rue) Senicrtsic one Been Sb 0 Nn po No smb 1 Protected against ctinping water, o 2 oto in png war when ia op 5 Noam 8 ected agin png walr when ted up o 60. io) ‘ oe ap oe ae as 5 Foss gee pstng we a § Page ap ware Nosmba s ‘Protected agains the effects of immersion. oo 8 Protected against submersion. oon (hat 2, 60588 casio zosing o te doe of potion tom water [2nd numer. 70 UGITING ENGNEEFING 2002 Privacysor 7 LMS Tes ramet ofthe cae ‘Tiss dest mahared Sock ess. Th long cart Sows chat runedsazorparie by abil design. “Tie diaries numer Biel despon ‘Sita ° ‘No protected No smc t ‘oladed spans a 0205 J medina ook Nosmioh 3 oteted apt a 05 J mechanical sock Nosyrtoh 5 Poteted apn a2 mesial sock Nesta 7 oleded apne a6 mest Sock Nosyréoh @ ‘oleded apne a 20 J mechan sok Nosméoh (hart 3, 60588 dassatin depentingon protection to mechanical sock Intent of is ind mureral he V-50102 Nem on ‘Dagees of potecon azine extemal mecharicl shack provided by lactic mati bul code’ may so be ape, Inthe above mere Nox, the rtecton dye om moctankal stock proved by a bub is indcatd bythe K nde in the way shown blow Code latins (tatiana mechanic sack potion) « Chante numer Fem 00 to 10 Fach arate press ave fr impat ene, whose corespndance i samara och 4 Koo 00 | wor | oz 3 | woe | was | Fo | HOT | woe | H09 | WD share shoo bles + [ors [02 35 [os [or | 1 | 2] 5 | w | 0 har 4 Garesparderce balween the Kenda impact ery Genera speaing proton degee is pled othe bub sa whole. se pat the bulb haw cere proton depoes, ‘hey mst be inte spare 7.4, Luminaire classification acoording to the mounting surface flammability Luana cant be mounted on any aufae a and. he aan farmabity and he lumina body temperature impose can resctions. Ol nse the site is non emus, hr io bem, Fox darseaon pues the 60596 Norm dene Fanmatle aus at usilyFarmable er eal arnate. Te usa flammable dasitio ero fase ales whose ition tamper at a, 200 °C dares and do nt west deform athe tomperture “he easy flammable dasiaton rele 1 hase mle which cana! be dead as usualy farmatle or noncombustible, Matlsn bis eatery may be used se moun euface fr Minas Suspnded maui heey opfon fr Bis Hoe of mab bn chat 5, mounting dascatn basa on these aqaromnts may be cbr, ‘Casson ‘Smbol lumina tle crea ming ony on ron combustors ‘No smal bu awaring rae require lumina stile bx cod movaing oxy ‘on easly Fammable sues. yom (Chat §. 460508 dosfiaton scong tthe meaning eric emai CO uaITNGaVaNEEING 2002 71 Privacyoper UNAS ¢ 75. Luminaire classification according to service conditions Cepg ot enc ans rasta per 7. Indoor lighting luminaires ih ts gop, tuners o Rann pei a lesa hoping neti os ean ug, ‘sors ie oa nd Talo, ee o ig Her oh ane tir roe wong or feng terme Lunas gol cr ceed ye CE ago soca li a ated sev art boon te hata ae. etme pea xdatoin [Doma cin Die 1 2-100 sad ow 80 Det 0 @ = 60 real a foe oat Send oo 0 re 30-00 10 Cha 6 GLE castain x ngage Direct ‘Semi-direct General-diffuse oe eats oa on an, aa Diec-indrect Semiindirec Indirect oi ana rr a ‘es om a ane cle arg tn ims tum th pris pat nit cients wo pp 1) Srmara! darton hate Tow in who tous hx © re! symm ith pa te symm a is an pat eto cai ies ny be rere age porta 2) Asymmetric astibuton luminaires: Those in which the luminous thx is spread asymmeticaly with respec 10 the ‘symmetric as and the spaial disibution of kminous intensties. It may expressed by @ photometc solid, or, patialy, by atcnect aha wt dpndngon ath Garters pee Pataneticilormation wich sesompanis indo hog linaies fo deren cee ‘tao one ae prey prema fe cones C7. She ew ow i pe nt ee Ces sereremie i ae he ibwng -° 72 vom aionesrns 2002 Privacysor 7 LMS Pane C= 45% Fane C= 90" Foe trovon canes in the at units per 000 lamers of fux emit bythe amp. Thay ae repented in 1 00 Im ood. 2), gure 2. ola agar inthe C7 sete Zone cara “These dayans nda ho fx resied by the slace be iluinated droly fom the urna, depending onan. ‘Tks aya fs clans by cen cones whose ai cine wih he vere a othe lumina. Generating anges with thse ae y anes The portage oft coleat by eat ofthese conesis he rage erties the aga (RQ. 3. que. Zone ucagyan, Forranow bean kines aig x percentage cisned tom sal ans Tithe ean why th aa vl ily show acne wha geal spe forthe ist anges lam a arn ange onwards ts vinaly paleo me abscess This Ise heat that amos al thx tid in silane thas ost isconentaed ina smal angle ge oe LUGIINGENGNEERING 2002.78 rm Privacy(Cher 7 LUMINES - ‘wit beam mines he darn wilstow acune with sole Spe, shoe fu raise Ine she ange nse: Gia degra ‘These dayans av bat onthe CIE Gav Poecton Sem. Canes represen ese hagas a of iar ian, ‘Such curves cover a gar index le (quay dass rom Ap Eetabeed by he CIE) and erent mince ves in standard sone “wo dagars must bo used depening on mine ype ae fenton aration. ‘The requir Iitaen of luminance depends. on fe luminaire type of ota, ing ang, aocepane deyee or das quay as we aon the vale of he Huinance near, lags a nd db, diagno inane canes forthe euation of ect ae ae shown. Daya | slr these dons of ison paral to the longi aks of ny longed lurinsk afr urinals wich ak lurnaus ard panel ceed om any retin, Dagan 2 io hee dkectns of von nhl anes he natural aso ayumi vith uninous toa panels Ne dened a + Luminous ares Aina has luinous aes it possesses aluminous trl panel wit a het of more ten 90 + Bong: Alumina is longted when the at between long and wth ofthe lsrnaus ea higher than 2 74 UGHING ENGINEERING 2002 Privacysor 7 LMS aed eT of aga o0 23 45 678910 Gim 2 3 es Figure , Gare dagars ‘hon sng dagans gs daa db, luminne dsibuton fhe urinal in wo vei anes must be consider he G~ Cos ane paral tothe ner a. Luminance arbon ol the Lumina in cha plane is usod cote gr Fan in he oglu dota of th oom. Cistsouton ofthe mina in Be C= Ce lane sd to vty gr lian in he vanserse drecionto te peo be ilurinated \irn uminaresre eur onthe Co, ~ Ci lane paral othe longus ime ais, sch apne must be used to ey daz tation inthe loglucnal drecion ofthe pce, and inane dtibuton on the ~ Cys lane o acid gre lian ine vrs way oe ie Fer dori urine, the Cy ~ rane is chosen fo ernie with (or pale) the longing ais o the lamps. hon auch apae is pale othe dein oe paced vin, ssid belongtucal Hower, whan he Go Gre ane is in igh anlesto the dracon of vn thie vion scons tobe rans, “These dara re gow ud einer hg anaes. 75.2. Road lighting luminaires Win this secon, luminaires for pats end gens as wet as pu road ling a inde, The fet ones ae frauen Intl, as indicted by ter name, pas cadens rider eas, The ond ones ae nda in un rats, highways, nnd. “THeCLE hasineedued anew stem othe desiiaton of od ging lines hs, sing he sem intone in 1085, wher the dain was tof amit cand non aut Novotel the old seem sil being used in ‘oxfin nana commendations fora ighing In chat 7, the ot ste shown, Jed | ovate trmsimennosty | Hewodbetermsinun rixay_ |, Oonel Luminare | emited tan eration anjeof 80° | emited an eeaton ange 90° (aot 30 ei! 1 000 i Tad #000 = Soni ato 00 #000 ‘Bod 1 000 nF 7 Non oa a (hart 7 CIE dala fom 1965 oe UGITNGENGNEERING 2002.75 CoM Privacy(Cher 7 LUMINES Figure 5. Garplesel photometicuwes amend bythe castton The now CLE lina dain, which ass ihe provousore, is basd on tos bac proper anaes: 1. Te etenson to whic he Laminste et icistated dong apa the “Pow of he kina 2. The amount of tre dsaminatin of igh wways ofa path: he “spread ofthe lumina. 8. Te eangol he inssaon to ctl gare produce by he mine: e “onto of fe nate, ‘The reaching ie die bythe angle nu ich foms the sth beam wth he vrcl lao cing downwards. The ais of he bam is defined by fedrecon ee age cor omodby wo decors 90% Iain the etl planed! maim ‘enty, v que 6. erty pr cave in fo pane which contains ihe main luminous intensy inde bythe ae used lo detemie the tow. ‘hve levds of trom ae dined as lows: “oa 60° so how, 70°2 Ya2 60° —:ifomadie from, “a> TO" ong thom, Upln amas susie 00a 76 UGHING ENGNEEFING 2002 Privacysor 7 LMS ‘The spread is dfn bythe prtiorrg othe ne, ring paral the axis ofthe path, ua does rat oud he {ures se fom the 90% |, on pa. The pasting Is ine dete bythe re. The thee lows of spread ae dered in he folowrg marr: ws 45" nao st. 55° e245" aeage rea > 55" trout seat Figwe 7. Soe ‘Bath he lumina throw are read ma be moe ey determin fom anlsocantla dagam in an auth pejcion (Fo8) Figure 8. tread agra reed tan aimutha poten (sno wae) inte by We toma in anges usa io detsine spread and tow, ln Fig 9 the coving gen by etre evel how and peat othe umn mounting height (snd on apne of be pa. UGTINGENGNEERING 2002.77 Privacy(Cher 7 LUMINES - (onto etn bythe specie, elie SL Tiss par of he Gta of areca determines ony by the ‘eases he urinal. 194-35: ty +19 a's” [ean + snout at an dain ange of 80a pra plane oe 2s lhe ava (a), | rips ttn 2a: Fs Ug ein aa forth mings prota on he dkeion of fe eewion a 76 (= Cour ft vail cong to tp ye (+04 orlom pres sou and O forthe cies Figure 9. in tistigse the the degeescl tow and sreat dined by he CE ae Siw, whore isthe unin mounting hight Cont ako dase ino eee es, which the flowing: we? lens conta. szale2 moderate conta asa tight con Inte otowing cart, the CLE prevousdetntons ar summed and shown, how Ses “Cnt | Set You 60" Naw a = 45° iis $< 2 Tomeda 70°3 jun 260° Therap 55°20 245 Moderte #122 ong > TOP oad a> 557 Tah I> (har 8. The CIE dasiaton ston deencng an uminare potomete popeies. 78 UGHING ENGINEERING 2002 Privacysor 7 LMS Photometric information accompanying roxd lighting luminaires Diagrams of pol sreution cues “These ces a gona reprsrid fre cooninals em C7 Sethe ent planos usualy tare are tes C anes eoresena, which athe olonig + Tansee plane (C= 90° ard 2709, Tis plane wou be parental the so the ra for aad iting nna. + Longa pane (C= 0 and 1809, Th pane wou be pal othe a ofthe oad fr aad Ing nak, Th lana in which maximum inns sour. This ane is gereraly ced man vic pane oer ton cues tina nc y 1020s of tue by ech lamp and itis epee by 1 00 kn ocaaikin Fre 10. Polar dagam in the Gy stem ‘cance cagas "cons imaging tthe urine sin the cere oa sph ini dc fare oud intent pois a ened by ln, Gua stares in tis yam repent ni ares. Duet hea, he dgran may be uso cal loineus ‘ux ora gen wea, mulling he a by the hminus intanly (beng Find the se in wich the aga repre "the umina state wih Binion ange, sroes mst be tuned amund the cntrin n age to desir he nen Creoonates, ‘Sag ines fom the one represent presto the away ai Fqure 11. kocnda dara in xmutha roon. UGIINGENGNEERING 2002.70 CoM Privacy(Cher 7 LUMINES Bagram of tuminarce canes ‘These dayams a equ usd fo publ ing This due tte fat hat eeommendations or publ ing ae ot ‘ecules to the erage luminance equi on tessa ot heed, but i ude tha nil ato ‘ete La a oe) a proved Such alos are posse wit he he ofthe elurinance dye (Fig 12). OBSERVES: A, 6 AND Ze Fou 12 bluninae dram. Inthe dayan, laters A Band Capeasinicaing re poston fe obsaver which a used in uinance perfomance gas. Diagram of itu orkoihminance canes bn rae, umirarces on the oad tae ert ol isibtio ar inteded to be known in mst iting reds ln ero eas the terran tes estan an nln, polometi shel provide us wi the ink ev aves {or each mina on an lumina are b Emax 100% 140.154 Figure 18. kolxelagam onthe sface be rin ‘eos sch icnline ae Gen in Em oreo fe high being 100%. The latice on which sux ines ae caw 'smeausedin terms cf heleinare mounting hot h. 80 UGHING ENGINEERING 2002 Privacyen o Wr pis a prrdisensabilelalmmanrs eral va a i a Sake ck koesbaeerine eats ee eee eens cases apenas oomeoka nTemninomede doetBbrad re erie eae eaionikbeendoon ir sane és 6 ‘a a Pe si wy , 1 gt 8 ch T peta accceaharaurere oinchoplhhtlinstn hr onevasi fel ine tebbnieocanem en Pees SEES ca scaehcsntinnie cote bacinecfecndictabe spare np rareeyireol a ee . somone Privacy(Cher 7 LUMINES For ober postions itis necessary oirtepote ‘erage luirance i clad witht along omer — ni nna prema a = fan unis >= aoa brane coder wwe ot wah + hres beienioninge: ean fs iat tr zn at) cerdas ate of eis congo ania ina ches tht Union ator ans undo he phobmes ian sh fea see mt fo aate ssa nso cr mayb amin aetna con lt nea Fe Lon at cneslr amie endosteal olan dines meses esol nie eit nthe om rte om he caro oir up hon aes 5). isoway sido oat way ide os t n 08 02 00 h B Or svn ai ‘The eae and quest way to caine merge luminance fa atight oad of int gh by using ition ator ware n= tla foc (0 Lap ius fae 1s number of aps pr mina ‘= wih of he as. {= ntectanoe between hina, -» 82 UGHINGENGNEEFING 2002 Privacysor 7 LMS Polar aga logue used fr bine + Ab iting Lghing of pats nd dens 75.3, Roodlight luminaires Win the seen, se lire dxged forint in or an cul spon ce, aes, ering as, nile asa ot | floodghtsa aninake which concent the ht acid an determined yan opty em (mos x eee a ‘oer achive atgh luis ners, Lam suitable fr eoiisrane rom pressed fs ampsand haope lamps ard een tig presue meray larps, mea hale amps ac ow press and tgh esau sodium amps They al hae cre wolages and each roe kind and speci pe of ig, colour tes nd acne. Mounting ramping and daring must be done a aconsdeable eh om the ground. Tus an egonomi en of he lumina quite shal hee tks ar easy tek oxo Fm he pint fiw of ight dibs, oodighs ar goupedin tee bactypes: metic aqmmetic and genmetic Roodihs edo dass azmetingto he eperingol he bean shown ia chat 9. The opening adh bean (or ‘beam see) toned a the arin a gan which cantar the ao the beam, on which ares nay eens o rath a ern panentane (genoa 50% or 10%) of sped eve (a 1) Deion ‘Open ole bea al 5% a Narow bear =" Meum bes | 200 We ba >a0" (het 9, Cait ol he beam opening 50% Ines ‘Beam opening 50% Ina gue 18 For atbodigt wit an itn dtbton eft a mm tana way (thas, dibuon ems unchanged lndependey om the plane eantaning fe al he bear unde constr, uo the perigee may be eabished fr oxarle 28° both es ofthe aisle beam For esmmetic disibuon, asta gyen by reenular lodgs two Sgres ae gen: for exemple 624% sce the beam |sepeat no wo smmatic pependiar lanes (ra ard hota especie) Sometimes, dtituten nthe vet ie ol sch ong axynmetiin elton tothe bean a. hs Kad ol luton two gues ae gv forte opening Of he beam in his plane: for sample §*- 824%, ut so sa 5? bow and 8” bow the ais ofthe beam: ad, ne UGIINGENGNEERING 200282 CoM Privacy(Cher 7 LUMINES -» fant pln, 124 ee rd 12" he atthe beam ‘Photometricinformation accompanying floodights ares aga ‘These dayars a chaed in photometies pedomes on foods since they prove us wih rfomaon to be ble to clay hem azacng to bea opening Tey ae general eres unde the count atom Bf “woe ines erating th ver lane, he haan planes 50% othe maxinumintny (nop the cis is) ae repaid. Horizontal plane = — = = Vera plane 00 700 00 500 400 300 200 100 80 -80 -70 60 -50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 80 70 80 90 gue 17. Gxtesin dag. ‘soconcta ara noes aid oorhate canes as ithapoens wih od re seems nd ease een o nae these a an in ardanguar stem ‘The anges of Cand B place onthe haan ei yand Sands onthe vert one The cagam maybe compere wi tht of azimuthal projet, ut, must be tle it amount a “Theses nee rato beeen ectangesin te dagam and x anges. “Thelne y= 08 = Oi fa, erent a poi 24 UGIING ENGINEERING 2002 Privacysor 7 LMS Beta angles Fue 18. keoadsla dagam forthe Boston. 7. Basic photometric data Lumina infomation sheets stow a sees of dagans which ndcte ther phoiomtic pealatles his sion two tems scoded fo he obfenton of uch canes ae ing tbe eed 78.1. Photometric center Mos clans ae cane under the supe ht uminses ae spc ous og. Thus, thers th ned to seach fora oirtinspae ented y tn luminaire whch wpa the specie equivalent and magna lurinaus sure. Fares ows othe rcs the ae way o ferenas between poet athe sae mina gen ty lent eae ‘urement bras orig as, he crud be clerenns or eagle 0" and 8 ihe phic contr ofa urine is ot deat ecb ‘The photomete contra pit of alumina or alanp fom which the Law ofthe rere suaro the dane interaction of maim rtensiy is best cong. Or whi fe sae, is the point whee the imaginary and speci arineus suc, with he sare mt tuto of urinus nee othe urinate iste. The ony gp ite simply potometie aalations ‘he CLE has etblcod in is pubeatons he nes bee auc apholometc cot rent peso imines 76.2. Photometric coordinate systoms achat eveyone ofthe deeconsn te space throgh wih inasintnly isis dterminod by wo coos. (On phoometcifomaton ste or indor umes ube itr and hod reper canes by meas of ttre carcale sens. he mos equeny use, ae ud. Such Sates ae he, Bf and Cy “The Cy ceoniate stam is dared nto CLE publetions Howe ther sro tation ayeement onthe dfrifon uae avaNEsING 2002 CoM es Privacy(Cher 7 LUMINES of the getons Au and Bf. Tor obtiring he at wo dlr depending onthe aunty at cond them, her pp othe poms ofthese pes of eines, te relerence assays erica and reed wards the lowes pint (nas. ‘A gstens hae a bean of planes wih an ntseion ais sete called ‘oon a bn each cae, a deco nsec is carcass by an are mesoued between two plans ard an erefo meanred in one of the pers jm ter bewoen hemsshes wih og to ais fenton le inascfon in pen ran the aia ais Tete oct, sytee aceped othe hosel as ae usd, ut th ae vaiesin eet coun. 77. Luminaire efficiency unite etengy sere in tems ofits Light Catt Rho Lr} Tis at Is dined asthe pon of It cto the lumina win regartothe sum fh cies ae when thay ae used ous the min ‘Toelght up reo defined ths ways he oi “Lo fhe mina, an isequa tothe um of fe “lo upwardsenddownwats: -» 85 UGHING ENGINEERING 2002 Privacycoptio 7 UMANAAES 0 “ion uate USA unin on UnmnorEouAzoce 87 TOIT PrivacyChapter 8. LAMPS eo ee 82, Therma radiaion ce) Peed a Cee ad er Coad eo eas 100 Ce easy 105 Pes 107 Cee co rr) rndOrta APS General remarks bn cep .he dt native ont etc and in chptr 2, he proces how aerator re male oh by mee of on was Sense -Asithas easy ben mertiona, ight safer o resp eres by eectomapiecradaton, which may ae humane, and rod in mary ways, epersng on he case ha proke.is et the ain od emperatue the phenomenon |s cle thane raaton. Ml other amples ae costed as wminscarce Fig. Ges giver idea shout te man pyc apes wich ntene in ight production and the epecte sources ae = = | ~ 2 Figure 1 yal ages tering in it production, 8.2. Thermal radiation 1 isthe rasan ea andi) exited by a hot bay ‘The enemy of is raat depends ony onthe clit pay ofthe aint body In gene, the et obsess ys compared bya conterable thera atonal conus a sure o| en os when, in fat ft is rng tobe produced, Wien eng apiece of rd, on, gl wollam or ny ther mati lo racin iced. mayb sen inh ncandernt colour au byte body ait wl vay depending on tempera, a shown in Chat 1 cd Treader lou 100 red nap 9) 710 ied 9) 800 ‘ada 100 ‘ed yelow 130 ea i 1500 ed indie wie 2.00 anwar ved wie (Chat 1, heandosit cour a csent ompsratues, Althea ced art fmt forthe el raat maybe summarise one: the pera of sbleradaton inseaes coring trator temperate ‘sit may be son in Fig 2, 6.500 Kthe maximum pafarmanc is cbiined. woud bo uses ncaa emperae of he radar wt the ttn of baring a petlomance eater than 40%. UGIINGENGNEERING 2002 80ner, UES -» e241. 822 8 Vee raiaton pacentage + @ Empactce + Figure 2, ble radon depending on abot temperature ‘Natural thermal radiation ln nature te an event eagle of eh roduton a a gra cde maybe fund bythe haa aon olered bythe ‘uno ters sniartit. The Sn an erommcusbal ol ysogen nan incandescent atin wich near aden censinty tandoming hcg (He) no Helium (He). nthe proms, enemaus aout of enagy ar empl othe Univers. From the ena eid byte Sun aos 40% othe rations tandommed nove gt, whch cresponds ‘the mavimum opted patomance a 6500 K Axtiticial thermal radiation Ut by ard theme ation i obtained by heng any sls mater o body a a ih tempetue, ete tough combustion or icardenoe Light ofthe lighting flame ‘The cies thermal rar in Noy ad ako te tpi one was the ing fame pedis bythe eobuston ofa to fotlowed bythe of amo, he petolum one and he waxcande, wich were the moe wey us! Kg sures in he od tres ‘the boxing ofthe 18th centay fe mina col gas coe) was usd oobi a Inhing fame, instead ofthe els subetroes used unt then (nak gee) and Inui ones (ot, petleum). Ate beglnng twas cand del rom the fare. Lat 0, though er inal mar Boatricate ight 1 two cod bain coi, rough wich oleic curtis ckalaing ae quick sepd up to @ carta ance, permanent and powell ete acs rodiond betwen pik ‘The etic a ia ony proces 5% fhe emit et. Te re comespnds to the incandescent ces formed in bo ‘oa bas Tin ofa whose curentinensy is quite high, must ot be conus with as cache acs. LUght ofan incandescent boy inthe vacuum ‘Wer an elec curent icles though an oh estos, his ished up anc ting place nthe vcs, tums Incandesont. he elo antes e- wht t emparures ging between 2000 and 3.000 °C, n whch casei ois lft anhoa ie apse hema rata: Thetis poron who put th rnp in actin was Hench Gooba wh mad ‘ho fr coc ncanescontampsin 1854, using any parume bots fn which he Remataly zd a lament made vith caboriaed baron flrs However wasthe Amaicn Tams Ava Edson who dizoved an ncandesrtlarp with 90 UGIING ENGINEERING 2002 PrivacyOrta APS oa lament and ge a prac ily as ase alm 1879, Athe sane tine as Eon, he eh San ako aheved usd incandesont kp. The oa ment Lamps used on 1880 to 1908, had a cod Slant composed xk bab er pape bres ‘The psn of fun ofthis arent was approxima of 2700 but eto high vporzaton nde lars cul a be ‘mado for a emparatuein sence of but 1900 Thus mireus padomance wa not ow than 3a § dW Te meta fiament Ae begringol he pas cena, asearh begin in oer ind met tha would be eo abate the rl fament in assess ay. rong mets i abighdegee olson were cami, tatu and waa my esta point of isons apromaty 8 400 wth en xapoctin inex sy wer than thet of oa The lp He is ‘pprinaily 1000 hous, te tkmentincadescowe tempore reached 2400 C and aluminas prema ol 8 to 10m Wa cbs 83. Luminescence “Those kminous phenomena whose cause does ot exlusiycbey io tempartise ofthe inet subsane. Sich pheno .3¢ dracnizad bocce only some prides ol the mater ons, he elactns, ae cited to produce dectomagpati raion. In corr undestrsuch a uty, Bao del mus bee Sexrone eargy ages 2®OO89 © S<- 2 Ls aro" (A SS! Uf w {l (ASS 1 Bee See E-Seton —ARsopton Ein .- Geremison © wacectston 3) het ramen xe) © prose @ sremaectaten 6)]) saemisnWheste-crar m= Aamnmutonioet Figure 3 Bohs atomic mato, Acrdng to tis mode each om is ome by aposive abi ruceus and by ave of nega dectons These ae Sti Intent lays a wate urd te rucus loving can is Usialy ete is an det bana nthe atom ta sto 5, ‘he number of poste chaps equ he numberof nepaie charges ects). This bance iskrown as frdaneta state of te ecron Ean for decors in the mostra rit, siden to the hase Ine (Fa) 1 acorn smeun of en is sired tothe ecto om te cuse, decon Eis ed and moved om tse ‘he none oro rather mor etal ae. Tus, the ener spl is absorb. The alate is otd in a super ene le (lod nes et, <2, 68, 0 fF). Mer acho Soins ld, the deconreturs agsino is ou inl pion (neo i. 23) ad emis he aroun of energy ebocbed al the bepnng, usualy n the fom of elctomaprt ration. 1 te arcu of energy is rsa elacon Emayinserisnsousy reat a more eel Asa consequence of he reer ge of energy achived, dation ened when the ecto ees ob wile ihn ene. Thao, fhe erent yrs of energy corespond toa paiacy dtemind ee of energy, nd, fu thee ae ot nied levels Ths is deont than one este an am, an eacty deteined aunt of ene is necessary Tis ented in he {orm oan ant! or heat os whan he om ove i ndanentl shape, oe UGTNGEVaNEEING 2002 91 CO Privacyner, UES -» ‘Te emiason of eres taormedn his roo fom an omic pont of view teks place in partons deminuous pats own _ ene quant posted that he ao may ot ate at ry seem the races, bat in xin bis on), Howe, Inte fet of practi ing endnering ft emit in is varkrmaton is consdeed tobe emit i a conn way. the {orm of electomagtic was, wich is axel for noma ces ois anpaton ‘By meas the henry fener quarts larmuled by Max Park tis proved thet fet chanical elements, when xd oat ‘eri continous spectum due the dierent srusxeo freeones but only vey parr wang Ins) within a ‘he decromantc ecru, These spcta ee inom as near seca Eh subsane has carats nes spectum and eo luminescent gas He, dum vor, hose specu fs composed by a double yellow ine whose wavengs coresand fo 589 ‘a 5805 especie. ‘oxoring tthe psa lecrique used o ete dons tho typeof aaion andthe form in wich seit, sve oes ot luminzence maybe dns Bectre discharge ight within a gas bn al ges ecpady in those cots in ica lamps, basis rou gas aoms, some foo deci hanes a curd (eles Figure 4. Gas aca ibe a cotnuouscurertis ppd toe anode A {+} andto he chose C() of he dschare ube (Fig 4), an deci it Is coated betmoon Aad C which anderaes neve charges (lection) and hurts thn towarste anode. When an ecto reaches aoutin see has enough hint enay Io eta gas om, He speed lhe eledon when casing apn he aom gis is even ri: the impact ay even cause he separion oan acrn tem fe aoc ctx 5 the lpm lcs an decton in is congratin. Thao 2, a pose on is cisned. Ts phnomenon is own 2 impact “enzation Tis ay, the numberof ree eto is ven high: Ns ven posse al they wil ines encod the etic cure produced by tham isnot itd by means an epproria eistanc sbi). “hehe wih fe reo sepaed econ pov ins may be as ound moxing nthe oppose way of eetrors Ths ‘0s. rte cathode. Duet fr al peed, they may ot produ any caon of oer seo pats On the centr, tea short peti ol ie, hey ate an etn apa in char ran erry emission Doperng onthe ato gus or mata gs with wich he dechage carrer ik, by meas o he preva merionad tome etn nea mecka or igh colour hare the chooen chal element wil be fomed. Fr xara ‘he gisis neo, the ht lors red: rag and it mercy pox wi be white Bh ‘Al ase phenomena ie place win a volume argngbatwoon wo ecrdes anit is ied bythe dichage caine val. Tis lume oma decharegasnus col, the dehage tube reves an ateratng power suey inset ol aconinvous oe, eerodes change te fundon pote, somaimes betaing asa code and some other mes a an anode. Chews the miro production pPhnomenon sec the sae lace decharge canine for ght production a gs eeenly depend onthe gator eperpessue el the decharge ‘ube So, thee a thee Kds of dachag, namely Low pesare ctr, High posse dichage 92 UGHING ENGNEEFING 2002 PrivacyOrta APS Nery igh pressure dachage “The tigher pres is the wider socal nes, oring even gett bands so fal he cromatespactum improves. ‘Meta gor amps need the me be vor it dri ie na sod arid ae whan el. T the eon wy ‘hese laps ar led wih rele gs hich eB et oe to eae, spaying the ea neces kr tl apron, High voltage electric discharge between cold electrodes (noble gas tubes) ln rd to acrister enough re leon in his ype of daca, colt dacrodes ae used most wih a homium ket meta ‘Thelling of edie ube iwi note gas ks neon which ams nino argh Ih, clu which emis it pk cobured gt and aso wih metal vapors, espa marary vapor whch ers a white: Bish Ig, and when ‘ite wih th non gas an intense ie It. ‘Satng and wating volage a igh, 600 to 1000 vols being ness for ha! a mat in lengh. The average olage consumption do for hal arate in eng sof abut 3 With aluminaus parame 25 oS in/W uo ot low mires peramares rol gas bs have aon try us fr inde ihr bet ey may hae yada lmpstrt ol nluninous abvetooment due ofp eases be moteledin he ape of ters Low voltage electric discharge between hot electrodes (metal vapor lamps) ace amounto ldsadum or iqidmeray intoveed ii a gas ube reo tania hoc taro ‘mt ino vee tough the dee dscage amet eco cha ines is cin. Ths maybe even produ la rear bw volo (220 V, wih phe or Rese cect (tt hoes). Sodum and macy perms work parng ie pnele rom eveything as en enced nos ton hl amity met apr ars eel doen on tho fn spac the meld apr chosen. Thus sodium vp lamps pode amonoctromatic it of yelow- acch li andmeasy tapos oe of a geen bith chaise. scons saa fhe ange ar imped ou ret ways Mey aes: “Wrough combina wth an nade ponds lars “ough combingion wih ature ae (meruy ver amps cored cou -rogh titn of meal aides (meta hale vp amp um taro Troup conbnion wih ara ght name Yararet esplrtatigh presue ling (high ese sium ‘amps Photoluminescence (low pressure fluorescent lamps) Prominence is indameraly underoed asthe eitaiono cara absancs to luminescence by meas of afin, usualy produced by ston wale uta ran. Th luminescent sbsances used ony eit gt while they a being ‘ted by stat wave lal ation whichis taro ros longer wae eon (le spac In) luminesen stan used 2, anong ots, cdcim woltan, magnesum wolanie, 2 sate, cium scl, cerium bor, hopes a acho hos minescentsbsanes ents aces igh clur By ming hese substances in sn app way ry deed composed Kt colour may be obisned. the emission Int cf each of hase ceo compen is achieved o be upeinposd,aconsauusepecram cine which may so vay om ah who warm wits "Presence al toes luminescent phenomena in which luminous adatn ean dung he estan. The oppose stations koown as phoephoesomo® oe UGTINGENGNEERING 2002 98 CO Privacyner, UES -» Phosphorescence Phosphorscenae aks plae when luminous radaton persin cata minesontsibsances even afer excaton foe. Tis phenomenon corespands to heft hat under corn enary lel (belong can actrees) of sone chemialcomponent ie uphues eerie or ode shal ath metal art om thi thre an cumulation ee” ‘hat prevents dectons fom qc retuing ofl postion, ‘aon that baa of hee ection reach hi acureultion lel, can only in a dow aon recover th uarnt sll. then when the susan continues eting lift Tis phenemenon ray la actors of sxonds or months (Gepenng 0 mae Ype ant tamper). ‘Bectroluminance bn ode produce tis phenomenon, instead of an exting aan, dso an eect eld may be det used fo "ise" lection ta higher low ot ener This i achieved by ising a uminesent ubtaos between wo condcting ars and eoiyng aerating cure the ou, a fr plage condenses ‘his way obi Hit (rane by a sate ola mere sled) has bewn parored in he so-called nous plaques be ape in hase moms busing numbing sar igtng te Injected luminescence “Po acntan ote sth oposte caso tha o he pete nln whch photometes to mes ght are based ‘oes hres a luminous energy tansamatonin th petomete iro eet rey inthe foe of amines), on jing rected mines to the called sll boo lanp of an sec ay, a lminaus eno is redpecaly ‘rca (coma radon. his tnd aio haa vy gpd enpcaon or snpe procedures unimportant mating ‘sid bay ano is bined by nin the at la smzonducor cnn sang ams nso away, ha iw ema vit ni wo parts on whan exes of eecns andthe ote with adc. Radioluminescence (light produced by radioactive substances) bn thiscar, he hina ries is se on aiton fom aluminescetaeane wih ayswhich ead rm th aura esetogtion of adoactie mat ke for saree, uarum and is stones Th ight peduion pl the 2 aod ‘ste lp eed which dows nat reed power voy al werk Bioluminescence ‘ourinesence i a uninous phenomenon wich is westy maneted in Nae. cons ofa spate ete by Kt ems, some cles of fches maine se, ten wood and sla. This phenamren i ue the exidalon pres of some speci cherie or agaric substrces ie the ones gow worms and photogee acer ave when contac with ‘ho or wateronggn. ‘ofa has ot bon posible fo repro hie phenomenon of Nae ily 8.4. Conditions to be met by lamps 8.44. Total radiation spectral distribution Forlanpsas nary tasormesio eck with ahh pofomance, anos athe energy shane shoul be vanomedino sble ration. Beste, th ott shoud be whe te dag and wth a god coat eroducon which requis a cemtnsus specum cortabing al mn cours om pul ord. ut ne eye sry ismakrum fr ylow: reich aon, the tes ting to d,s fara urinaus primar is cncamed isto clan fe high pacentane posible of ‘aan in the S55 1m one, 94 UGHING ENGINEERING 2002 PrivacyOrta APS 8.42, Luminance ht amps peerably sed oxtte mutrothaweatigh bmnarce otha fi gaol iskept win beable lis. The «amisbl uminarcs valve depends on th typeof poston. Cte conan amps usd nina may have grt uminanoes, snoehey inmate are. ane, ier 1m be canes tom alamp doped on he sytem apt Fort reducon hat sto son he psc muro he source ligt don te fa htt may be oii ner rane Lame luminance may never be inseaed by meas of ary optical stom butt may be weskaned br example by dra ayes, 8.43, Luminous intensity distribution Lamp riatonis nt eqn af recfonsin the sce. tifa the postion of eben o the lurnous bodyete Al is deteines that each ype of lamp poses ation ypc os uninous nes. luminous dtrouton cows a esto projet hing nator, a ela forums dep, bess het opal stom must be ated in sth away the amp luminous dtbuon carve andi is deste to the pao pont whe Its rede the mos. 8.44, Emitted radiation biological effect Lampe mu not em any unnecessary or hari racaton for hun beings, ner immaditaly or he lng i. th thama adios the canes! lanes hs codon is bed om the bepnng (mest ofthe aon produ Ina), Some gas dichages, mainly macury vapor, raualy conan a percentage of uta aon tha may be casiidino Ue: Sn ane or ong wav (between 315 and 380 nm). Uv: trate o mein wave (batween 280 an 316 en). avous the rouon of vain Din the boo. Uv: Batre or str wae (betwen 200 and 280 nm). IK gb and eparc mar These ets mayne 40 weakening the smosphere ozone ler eC: Cemnesphar sant wave beeen 100 and 200 nm). Tstype ol aan is eo creas zane wih he same acti asta ol he ares. “he poranent lod of UVB. UVC rations peducns bums onthe skin ardent in he eyes wich not ote. In genera iting lamps, hi may be acid wih te use of appoint beni ition, £8.45. Appropriate colour for each application ‘The lt cour alamp is cetemined by he spec campos of sation. Char 2, ight gus ested for lamps used in gerd lig: Tt Giortonpeaie ineanas aer 2.6002 700K Warr white 2.9003 000K Wie or natal whi 5004 100K ‘si wie “4.0004 500K Das wine 6.0006 500K onan horas inandesont lamps, uo of high contin the power ipl (with he ean of soured lamps), ay only ‘ale a vam white cou, gt lous dchae amps are determined by gens vps chs otha Fr example, oe UGITNGENGNEERING 2002 95 CO Privacyner, UES -» 848. Bar 248, yet or adu voor dace, ope lve for meray pn: Other chromate vats maybe vse, combing dleret ‘metic or modiing por pressure Wh fuses amps the possi of aching ay shade thal maybe dest ‘lead by meas the eon or miei of reat amount ol wel: own ines subarsn rr oat ‘hem to each ye of aplication. Chromatic reproduction quality Cvomatepediton westoPe apt ol he cxbikirted anaes he: Teaco quly nt ony depends on teint gt clor ore, but ln onthe spectlconposton. Theo colo tempera acca rs the Celur op, bt rat tos spctal compesion Ths, wo sources of ght may have a very similar clour and hae, a the sae tie, some vay ieer comic erducion popes. Mos of the Ses whats equi fo lamp ago chroma rpc, which means a spec dsibuion caer tm fe necessary one cis igh lmineus pefomance [Luminous flux constants a praise poss to maha th urinoustavaue at 100% can lth ao fescue oh, sce phys tcl reas we agin lumings urinated in caldoques ref tas ircandesrent lamps cancered to lamps wich havent been wating Yt ad as fas daca amps a arcamad tops wit 100 hers of wot to wich Pishasbeen dain, Luminous performance 2s seen n cape 5, te maimum luminous perfomance to be achieved inthe most faaurabie station is 683 in WL ‘hough his ve may nt be reached, rowatas laos wi aqui igh perfomance have boan achieve that low the cbtring of hich hing nail ecnrmic way. vats in mary cass it must be decided which property of the lamp is the mod pbdess: wether high lminaus| pelomance or anextsnally good drome produon Average rated life and service life ‘Aegean stat oncnt wich eres the artmste mean of th ona hourso ea elas of a gtup repesetahie enough fhe same model and pe ‘Se We isa meaaxement reed 0 pacin, eo jn in hous at which the luminous fx of ace tng intlation has ease o sch el that the limp et probe theugh he kp may goon waking. 8.4.10. Repercussions in power supply aaa ‘oy modem amp requests wong no to hae an impart repecuson in he power supply NM Incandescent amps ‘is epercusin i te o an upg inthe carmecion momert, due to ts sna eisance wih he ead lamp. Bic sage lamps general work in connection wi an indudane, eptenting an apparent etre for he Sal ‘Tics eo obtaining alow power lator on which mesntan ator cage ote power sop and it must be hen compensa, |. Stabilization of lamps with negative resistance characteristics Negaverestnce i te propaty sme eet estances have, or earl, a dichape a one, fo create salve the Ireriy of te carer cain eu it inseass Tis cigs to stile curert in dhe amps 6 that wil not argue eesti vasa may destoy it Ts easy done ty beng induce, pave ad ohmic esr the lamp cat 96 UGHING ENGINEERING 2002 Privacy