MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

KYIV NATIONAL LINGUISTIC UNIVERSITY

Department of Theory and Practice of Translation from the English Language

TERM PAPER

in Translation Studies

under the title: Lexico-semantic features of the translation of antonymic

vocabulary in the aviation terminology system (based on the material

modern scientific online publications)

Group PA 05-19

School of translation studies

Educational Programme:

Theory and Practice of Translation

from English and Second Foreign Language

Majoring 035 Philology

Bohdana O. Hrysiuk

Research supervisor:

O.B. Halych

Associate Professor

Kyiv – 2023
 МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ

Київський національний лінгвістичний університет

Факультет германської філології і перекладу

Кафедра теорії і практики перекладу з

англійської мови

КУРСОВА РОБОТА

З ПЕРЕКЛАДУ

Лексико-семантичні особливості перекладу антонімічної лексики в

авіаційній терміносистемі (на матеріалі

сучасних наукових інтернет-видань)

Грисюк Богдана

студентка групи Па 05-19

Керівник курсової роботи

(підпис)

доцент

Галич Оксана Борисівна

Київ – 2023
 CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 1..............................................................................................................4
ANTONYM AS A LANGUAGE PHENOMENON AND.......................................4
TRANSLATION CHALLENGE..............................................................................4
1.1 Types of antonyms and their usage, antonymy................................................4
1.2 Antonym translation challenge.........................................................................7
CONLUSIONS TO CHAPTER 1.............................................................................8
CHAPTER 2 AVIATION TERMINOLOGY...........................................................9
2.1 Aviation and formation of aviation terms........................................................9
2.2 Aviation terms in English and their interpretation.........................................12
2.3 Types of aviation terms and the problem of their translation........................18
CONCLUSIONS TO CHAPTER 2........................................................................22
BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................23
LIST OF REFERENCE SOURCES........................................................................23
LIST OF DATA SOURCES...................................................................................23
ANNEX...................................................................................................................24
РЕЗЮМЕ................................................................................................................25
 INTRODUCTION

The term paper is focused on, we will look at how antonyms manifest
themselves in various spheres of our lives, especially in aviation terminology.
Determining antonymy, on the one hand, leads to a deeper understanding of
the lexical meaning of phraseological units, on the other hand, it helps to
distinguish between the meanings of one phrase in polysemy, and on the third
hand, it is useful to define synonyms. Despite the fact that antonymy is a
phenomenon characteristic not only of words, but also of phraseological units, this
phenomenon is rarely studied in phrases.
As a linguistic phenomenon, antonymy in mesurative phraseological units
is inherent both in phraseological units and in individual phrases. As a result of
the observations, similar and different aspects of the concept of antonymy between
words and phraseological units were shown. Antonyms are allowed to exist side-
by-side, and the language is never required to use terminology explicitly to
differentiate between them. Antonyms are a way for the language to portray truth
and falsehood, so that everything (a thing) can exist simultaneously.
Due to the ambiguous meanings and implications of antonyms, some
languages regard the word as a pejorative term, while others regard the word as a
natural way of describing various natural phenomena.
The aviation terminology system is an essential aspect of the aviation
industry, with the accurate translation of its vocabulary being of utmost importance
for safety and efficient communication. Antonymic vocabulary, in particular,
presents a unique challenge in translation due to its inherent complexity and
nuances. This scientific work aims to explore the lexical and semantic features of
the translation of antonymic vocabulary in the aviation terminology system, using
modern scientific online publications as the primary source of material. Through a
comprehensive analysis of various examples, this study seeks to identify the
different translation techniques used to convey the antonymic meaning accurately
and effectively. The findings of this research are expected to contribute to the
development of a better understanding of antonymic vocabulary translation in the
aviation terminology system and provide valuable insights for translators and
aviation professionals alike.
Subject: The subject of this term paper is the analysis of lexical and semantic
features of the translation of antonymic vocabulary in the aviation terminology
system.
Object: The object of this term paper is modern scientific online publications
that contain antonymic vocabulary in the aviation terminology system.
Methods: To achieve the goal of this term paper, the following methods will
be employed:
1. Corpus analysis: This method will be used to collect and analyze
examples of antonymic vocabulary in the aviation terminology system from
modern scientific online publications.
2. Comparative analysis: A comparative analysis of the source and target
texts will be conducted to identify the lexical and semantic features of the
translation of antonymic vocabulary in the aviation terminology system.
3. Translation techniques analysis: This method will be used to examine the
different translation techniques employed to convey the antonymic meaning
accurately and effectively.
4. Expert analysis: An expert in the field of aviation and translation will be
consulted to provide insights and feedback on the analysis conducted.
5. Statistical analysis: This method will be used to analyze the frequency of
occurrence of antonymic vocabulary in the aviation terminology system in modern
scientific online publications.
6. Qualitative analysis: This method will be used to identify the context in
which antonymic vocabulary is used in the aviation terminology system and to
understand the impact of translation choices on the target text.
7. Descriptive analysis: This method will be used to describe the different
types of antonymic vocabulary in the aviation terminology system and their
translation challenges.
 8. Case study analysis: A case study analysis will be conducted on a specific
example of antonymic vocabulary in the aviation terminology system to illustrate
the challenges of translation and the effectiveness of the chosen translation
technique.
Overall, the combination of these methods will provide a comprehensive
analysis of the lexical and semantic features of the translation of antonymic
vocabulary in the aviation terminology system, offering valuable insights into the
translation challenges in this field and providing guidance for future translation
practices in aviation.
 CHAPTER 1
ANTONYM AS A LANGUAGE PHENOMENON AND TRANSLATION
CHALLENGE
1.1 Types of antonyms and their usage, antonymy

Antonyms, also known as opposite words, are words with opposite

meanings. They play a crucial role in enhancing language proficiency and are
widely used in writing, speaking, and communication. In this chapter, we will
explore the different types of antonyms and their usage.
Gradable Antonyms: Gradable antonyms are words that have opposite
meanings, but the degree of their opposition can vary. For example, the words
‘hot’ and ‘cold’ are gradable antonyms, as the temperature can be moderately hot
or extremely hot.
Complementary Antonyms: Complementary antonyms are words that are
complete opposites and cannot coexist. For example, the words ‘alive’ and ‘dead’
are complementary antonyms as something cannot be both alive and dead at the
same time.
Relational Antonyms: Relational antonyms are words that have opposite
meanings in terms of a relationship or direction. For example, the words ‘in’ and
‘out’ are relational antonyms, as something can be either inside or outside.
Conventional Antonyms: Conventional antonyms are words that have
established opposite meanings and are widely accepted. For example, the words
‘black’ and ‘white’ are conventional antonyms.
Antonyms are used in various forms of writing, such as fiction, non-fiction,
poetry, and academic writing. They help to create contrast and add depth to
language, making it more expressive and impactful. They are also used to clarify
and simplify complex ideas, making them easier to understand.
Antonymy is one of the paradigmatic relations between words based on the
opposition of their meanings. It is inherent in all natural languages. Scientists argue
that antonymy is even more developed in terminology than in general vocabulary.
Terminologists point out that antonymy is characteristic of the terminological
vocabulary, emphasizing that, firstly, antonymy of terminological units does not
differ significantly from the identical phenomenon in the general vocabulary, and
secondly, antonymy is even more inherent in terms than in common words.
In the terminology of certain branches of science, antonymy was studied by
such Ukrainian linguists as B. P. Mykhailyshyn, L. M. Polyuga, I. V. Volkova, I. I.
Kozlovets, Z. B. Kudelko, T. V. Mykhailova, T. I. Panko, M. R. Protsyk, L. O.
Symonenko, O. A. Yuzhakova, and others.
Antonymy has been studied in many sectoral terminology systems: biology,
aviation, mining, refrigeration, road construction. There are studies of antonyms in
publishing and sewing terminology. Most researchers, according to O. Taranenko,
describe 4 types of antonymic relations.
As it was mentioned above, according to the semantic feature, antonyms are
divided by the type of opposition into gradational, complementary, vector and
coordinate.
Gradual antonyms express a qualitative logical opposition and reveal a
graded (degree) opposition, which indicates a different degree of manifestation of a
feature. Such antonymy is not typical for physical anthroponyms.
Complementary antonyms express complementarity. In this class of words,
complementary opposition is realized. Complementary antonyms denote two
complementary generic concepts that together constitute a certain generic concept,
without intermediate links, for example: Debye shielding radius - inverse Debye
shielding radius; Debye radius - inverse Debye radius; Ohm's law for a part of a
circle - Ohm's law for a complete circle; stationary Schrödinger's equation - non-
stationary Schrödinger's equation, etc.
Vector antonyms denote two oppositely directed or mutually reversible
actions, phenomena, signs, directions, relations, etc. Coordinate antonyms denote
two opposite points of a certain spatial or temporal segment. However, we have
not found any such among (from)surname physical terms, although they exist in
the physical terminology.
 The examples of the antonymic pairs Debye shielding radius - inverse Debye
shielding radius; Debye radius - inverse Debye radius show that antonymy of one
of the constituent components of a complex term leads to antonymy of the term as
a whole.
In terminology, there is antonymy based on the semantic rather than lexical
level, as well as on the homonymy of scientists' names. All of this shows the
importance of the role played by this phenomenon in the physical terminology.
О. D. Ponomariv emphasizes that "the scientific style uses antonyms as a
means of reproducing the path of logical reflection, as a means of increasing the
impact on the perceiver of information" [11, p. 64]. Antonymy in terminology is a
special characteristic of the lexical meaning of a word, the reflection of the
opposite in objects and phenomena of the world. Concepts always occur in pairs
and contain their opposite, which is based on differences within the same
phenomenon (property, state, quality, etc.).
In conclusion, understanding the different types of antonyms and their usage
is essential for enhancing language proficiency and effective communication.
Antonyms are a fundamental aspect of language and are widely used in writing,
speaking, and communication.
Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. There are several types of
antonyms, which are used in different ways to convey different shades of meaning.
1. Gradable Antonyms: Gradable antonyms are pairs of words that are on
opposite ends of a scale. For example, "hot" and "cold," "fast" and "slow," "big"
and "small." These antonyms can be modified by adverbs to show varying degrees
of the quality they represent. For example, "very hot," "somewhat cold,"
"extremely fast," "slightly small."
2. Complementary Antonyms: Complementary antonyms are pairs of
words that represent a binary opposition, where one term necessarily implies the
other. For example, "alive" and "dead," "male" and "female," "on" and "off," "true"
and "false." These antonyms cannot be modified by adverbs to show varying
degrees of the quality they represent.
 3. Relational Antonyms: Relational antonyms are pairs of words that are
connected by a relationship. For example, "parent" and "child," "employer" and
"employee," "buy" and "sell." These antonyms are used to show opposite
perspectives on the same relationship.
4. Converse Antonyms: Converse antonyms are pairs of words that
describe opposite perspectives of the same relationship, but in which the order
matters. For example, "borrow" and "lend," "teacher" and "student," "employer"
and "applicant." These antonyms can be used to show opposite perspectives on the
same relationship, depending on the perspective of the speaker.
Antonyms are used in language to express contrast, comparison, and
opposition. They are a useful tool for writers and speakers to convey nuanced
meaning and to create emphasis and impact.
 1.2 Antonym translation challenge
The lexical and semantic processes of synonymy, antonymy, polysemy and
homonymy in aviation terminology constitute an internally unified linguistic
mechanism that ensures the logical and conceptual subordination of the concepts
of the terminology system, the gradual rethinking of the elements of terminology
through the development of knowledge and clarification of concepts, systematicity
and, at the same time, the openness of the set of aviation terminological units at the
linguistic level, going beyond the narrowly defined terminology, i.e. combining the
lexicon into a single semantic whole - the narrower aviation terminology with the
broader scientific and technical terminology and, more generally, with the national
language system.
Lexical units of a language are closely related not only to the basis of their
association by similarity or adjacency as a lexical-semantic versions of multivalued
words. Most of the words of a language do not contain the characteristics of
antagonism therefore antonymous relations for them are impossible, however, in a
figurative meaning they can gain the antonym. Thus, the contextual relationship of
antonymous words direct possible value and then these pairs of words contain
emphatic basis and perform a special stylistic function.
Antonymic vocabulary presents a unique challenge in translation due to its
inherent complexity and nuances. Antonyms are words that have opposite
meanings, and translating them accurately requires an understanding of the context
in which they are used, as well as the cultural and linguistic differences between
the source and target languages.
In the aviation terminology system, the accurate translation of antonyms is
particularly crucial for ensuring safety and efficient communication. For example,
the antonyms "ascent" and "descent" are critical for communicating altitude
changes in aviation, and mistranslating them could have severe consequences.
The translation of antonyms requires a deep understanding of the source and
target languages, as well as the ability to convey the intended meaning accurately
while preserving the nuances of the original text. Different translation techniques,
such as using synonyms or providing explanations, may be employed to convey
the antonymic meaning effectively, depending on the context and the desired
effect.
Therefore, the analysis of the lexical and semantic features of the translation
of antonymic vocabulary in the aviation terminology system is crucial for
developing effective translation strategies and ensuring accurate communication in
the aviation industry.
 CONLUSIONS TO CHAPTER 1
Antonyms are words with opposite meaning. And antonymy refers to the
relationship of oppositeness. Antonyms are exceedingly valuable in defining the
exact meaning of a given word and its synonyms. Antonyms enable us to express
briefly the opposite of a particular thought, often for the sake of contrast. From the
linguistic point of view, one of the main concerns of studying antonymy is to
determine the boundaries of antonymy.
Antonymy has been divided into three different types by the linguists, that
is, gradable antonymy, complementary antonymy and converse antonymy.
VFR and IFR: VFR stands for Visual Flight Rules, which are guidelines for
pilots to fly an aircraft in good weather conditions with clear visibility. IFR, on the
other hand, stands for Instrument Flight Rules, which are used when visibility is
poor and pilots must rely on instruments to navigate. So, VFR and IFR are
antonyms in aviation terminology.
Takeoff and Landing: These two terms are also antonyms in aviation.
Takeoff refers to the initial part of the flight where the aircraft accelerates on the
runway and lifts off the ground, while landing is the final part of the flight where
the aircraft descends and touches down on the runway.
Climb and Descent: Climb and descent are also antonyms in aviation
terminology. Climb refers to the process of gaining altitude by increasing the
aircraft's pitch, while descent is the process of losing altitude by decreasing the
aircraft's pitch.
Approach and Departure: Approach and departure are two different phases
of a flight that are antonyms in aviation. Approach is the phase of the flight where
the aircraft is preparing to land, while departure is the phase where the aircraft is
taking off and climbing to its cruising altitude.
Heading and Course: Heading and course are two different terms used in
aviation that are antonyms. Heading refers to the direction in which the aircraft is
pointed, while course is the intended path or direction of flight.
 Clear and Cloudy: Clear and cloudy are antonyms in aviation weather
terminology. Clear refers to skies with no clouds, while cloudy refers to skies with
clouds. Weather conditions can greatly affect aviation operations, and clear
conditions are generally preferred for safe flying.
Approach Speed and Stall Speed: Approach speed and stall speed are two
important speeds in aviation that are antonyms. Approach speed is the speed at
which the aircraft approaches the runway during landing, while stall speed is the
minimum speed at which the aircraft can still maintain lift and avoid a stall.
Thrust and Drag: Thrust and drag are two opposing forces that affect aircraft
performance and are antonyms in aviation terminology. Thrust is the force that
propels the aircraft forward, while drag is the force that opposes the motion of the
aircraft.
Altitude and Depth: Altitude and depth are two different terms that are
antonyms in aviation and refer to different dimensions of space. Altitude refers to
the height above sea level, while depth refers to the distance below sea level.
Ground Speed and Airspeed: Ground speed and airspeed are two different
speeds used in aviation that are antonyms. Ground speed is the speed at which the
aircraft is moving relative to the ground, while airspeed is the speed at which the
aircraft is moving through the air.
 CHAPTER 2 AVIATION TERMINOLOGY
2.1 Aviation and formation of aviation terms
Aviation discourse is a reflection of linguistic and sociocultural interaction
realized in the speech practice of aviation subjects. It is a cognitive-communicative
environment that embodies all the epistemic, professional, ethnospecific,
psychological, cultural and linguistic achievements of a certain linguistic and
cultural community in the aviation field of activity, materialized in the form of a
statement, a superphrase unity and a text.
The level and nature of terminology standardization depend on the work of
terminologists, lexicographers, translators, and specialists in engineering,
technical, and other sciences. We will try to identify the limits of conscious
interference in the terminology system, the links between translation and
lexicographic activities in the field of terminology standardization, and outline
some ways to increase the informational content of translated terminology
dictionaries.
The issues of language planning have been in the discussion field for
decades, becoming more and more acute with the development of scientific
technologies by intensifying interlingual contacts. The concern of linguists is
caused by the accumulation of terminological variants of various kinds (from
phonetic and morphological to ideographic and syntactic), and the continuous
development of synonymy in terminology.
The standardization of aviation terminology should be carried out in close
cooperation between terminologists, lexicographers, translators, and engineers, and
the adjustment of the terminology apparatus is the prerogative of specialists in the
engineering and technical field. The unification, normalization, and standardization
of terminology will be greatly facilitated by the creation of new dictionaries of
different purposes, scope, and structure. Unprofessional interference in
terminology, unmotivated replacement of one term with another, and insufficient
knowledge of the general laws of language development usually lead to negative
consequences that are opposite to the goal.
 The aviation terminology of the Ukrainian language emerged simultaneously
with the emergence and development of aviation (фр. аviation, avis – птах).
The term aviation has many meanings. Aviation is understood as an
organization (service) that uses various heavier-than-air vehicles for flights, and it
is also a term used to describe the science based on physics, mathematics,
aerodynamics, gas dynamics, air navigation, and defines the means and principles
of flying on heavier-than-air vehicles. Since the beginning of the twentieth century,
aerodynamics, flight theory, aircraft strength science, engine theory, etc. have been
developing. In the process of developing aviation science, new branches emerged:
rocket theory, astronautics, etc.
Aviation could only emerge on the basis of a sufficiently high level of
science and technology, so, of course, aviation terminology began to be formed
relatively late.
From the very beginning, aviation terminology absorbed terms from other
fields of knowledge. For example, in the first decade of the twentieth century,
automotive terms were introduced into aviation terminology in connection with the
use of an automobile engine on airplanes - engine, hood, cylinder, and in the 10s -
maritime terms in connection with the creation of hydro-aviation - navigator, crew,
fleet, lotion, lag.
The dynamics of the lexical composition of terminology systems is known to
be most influenced by extralinguistic (historical, social, epistemological) and, to a
lesser extent, intralinguistic factors (changes in the lexical composition of the
language, publication of dictionaries, textbooks, monographs, etc.) However,
among the sociolinguistic factors that most determine the evolution of the lexical
and semantic system of any language, the main role is played by the place of the
language in society.
Aviation is a field that has developed its own terminology over time, as it
has evolved and become more complex. Many of the terms used in aviation have
been adapted from existing words and concepts, while others have been developed
specifically for the field.
 One example of a term that has been adapted from existing words is the
word "rudder", which comes from the Old English word "rother", meaning
"steering paddle". The term "aerodynamics" comes from the Greek words "aero"
(meaning "air") and "dynamis" (meaning "power"), and refers to the study of how
objects move through the air.
Other terms have been developed specifically for aviation, such as "lift" and
"drag", which refer to the forces that act on an aircraft in flight. The term "takeoff"
refers specifically to the process of an aircraft leaving the ground, while "landing"
refers to the process of an aircraft touching down on a runway.
As aviation has become more complex, new terms have been developed to
describe new technologies and processes. For example, the term "fly-by-wire"
refers to a system of aircraft control in which electronic signals are used to control
flight surfaces, rather than mechanical linkages. The term "GPS" (Global
Positioning System) refers to a satellite-based navigation system that allows pilots
to determine their precise location and track their flight path.
In addition to these technical terms, aviation has also developed its own
language for communication between pilots and air traffic controllers. This
language, known as "aviation English", is designed to be clear and concise, and
uses standard phrases and terminology to avoid confusion and ensure safety.
Overall, the formation of aviation terms is an ongoing process, as new
technologies and concepts are developed and new words and phrases are needed to
describe them.
 2.2 Aviation terms in English and their interpretation

The universal language across the aviation industry is English, but there are
some aviation terms that also have their roots in other languages like French,
German, and sometimes military lexicon. However, even in English, aviation terms
can use words with a totally different meaning than those in any other context.
What’s more, aviation terms come in a handful of forms, such as abbreviations,
acronyms, and slang.

Absolute altitude
Absolute altitude is the distance measured vertically from the ground to the
aircraft’s position in the air.
Absolute ceiling
It refers to the maximum aircraft’s altitude that can be reached for flying at
full throttle, constant airspeed, and leveled position.
Accelerated stall
Stall happening at a higher airspeed than usual due to a higher load
factor (g). This stall happens when the aircraft is going straight up or straight down
and by making abrupt turns or control inputs in general.
ADS-B
This acronym refers to Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast. ADS-
B is the main technology used for aircraft tracking. It is automatic because the
system automatically sends the data required from the aircraft, meaning there’s no
need for the pilot to intervene.
ADF
The second acronym in the list refers to Automatic Direction Finder, a
navigation system that identifies the relative position and direction of movement of
an aircraft according to a radio beacon broadcasted in the MF or LF bandwidth.
AGL
 AGL is the acronym for Above Ground Level and refers to the vertical
distance measured from the aircraft to a specific mass of land.
Aircraft age
It defines how old an aircraft is, usually counting from the first flight and
considering both flying hours and pressurization cycles. It is not the same to have
an airplane whose first flight was 10 years ago but has only flown 10,000 hours
with 1,000 cycles than having an aircraft that first flew 5 years ago but has already
flown 50,000 hours with 10,000 cycles.
Air Defense Identification Zone
Airspace is divided into different zones, especially to identify which zone
belongs to each country and for national security purposes. So, Air Defense
Identification Zone, usually abbreviated by the acronym ADIZ, refers to the
airspace requiring identification, location, and control of civil aircraft for national
security purposes, including airspace over land and over water.
Airline
The name that is used for the company or organization that manages and
offers scheduled flights and routes on a regular basis.
Automatic Direction Finding
Abbreviated ADF, the Automatic Direction Finding is an electronic device
that helps navigation by identifying the relative bearing of an aircraft from a radio
beacon transmitting in the MF or LF bandwidth, like a Non-Directional Beacon or
commercial radio broadcast station.
Base Leg
The flight path that has the aircraft descending in the direction of the landing
of the runway.
Black boxes
This is an informal name given to the Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR ) and
the Flight Data Recorders (FDR). However, the truth is that most of them are
bright orange in order to be found easily in case of a crash. Apart from that, they
are crash-resistant and equipped with beacons to make the work of locating them
easier and quicker.
Cabin Crew 
The name given to the team working for an airline to provide safety and
comfort for the passengers during a flight, typically called flight attendants.
Calibrated altitude
Calibrated altitude is measured in respect to the Mean Sea Level, a constant
value used in aviation and other applications.
Call sign
A call sign is a type of notation used by Air Traffic Control (ATC) to
identify a specific flight. Call signs are usually different from flight numbers for
two main reasons.
Camber
The level of convexity is measured on the wing of an aircraft.
Charter
When a person or a company rents the entire aircraft instead of individual
seats. It is common for business people to charter private jets.
Civil Aviation Authority
Usually abbreviated as CAA, it is the regulator of civil aviation in the UK
since its foundation in 1972.
Common Traffic Advisory Frequency
Abbreviated with the acronym CTAF, it is the VHF radio frequency used for
air-to-air communication in the US, Canada, and Australia where some airports
close their control towers but keep the runways operative for some cargo
operations.
Constant-Speed Propeller
A propeller with the capability to maintain a steady engine RPM by
increasing and decreasing the blade pitch automatically.
Controlled Airspace
 The class of airspace where ATC instructs pilots regarding aircraft
movement and regulations. The main goal is to have controllers provide safe and
efficient routes for all aircraft within the airspace. Also, this class of airspace is
designed to create national security, which is why it requires specific qualifications
for pilots and aircraft, so they can get clearance to enter the space.
Crosswind
The kind of wind that blows in a direction that is not parallel to the flight
path.
Deadstick
The name that is given to a forced landing that happens under no propulsion
conditions due to engine or propeller malfunction.
De-icing
The process of removing snow, ice, or frost that builds up on different parts
of an aircraft, especially the wings. Normally, de-icing fluid is sprayed or heat
applied to achieve the objective.
Delivery flight
It refers to the first flight of an aircraft from manufacturing to the airport or
airfield selected by the operator acquiring it.
EASA
The acronym for the European Aviation Safety Agency, a European Union
agency established in 2002 with the task of overseeing civil aviation safety and
regulation.
Elevator
The horizontal surface that controls aircraft pitch. It is usually articulated to
the stabilizer.
Equal time point
Abbreviated ETP, is a position on a route where the time taken to return to
the departure point, is the same as the time required to reach the arrival point. It is
not necessarily the midpoint (in distance) of the route because head or
tailwinds can affect where exactly the equal time point will be.
 ETA
The acronym for Estimated Time of Arrival. This is the time when arriving
at the destination is expected and it is given in the destination’s local time.
ETD
The acronym for Estimated Time of Departure. Same as the ETA but for
departure from the point of origin of the flight.
ETE
The acronym for Estimated Time en Route. This represents the amount of
time expected to be spent traveling to a destination.
Eurocontrol
The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation. It is based in
Belgium and is the umbrella organization of national air navigation service
providers in Europe.
Pitch
The movement of an aircraft, that sees the nose rising and the tail falling or
vice versa.
Quadraplane
An aircraft type that has four wings with the same span.
True Airspeed 
The speed of an aircraft is the speed corrected for the errors caused by
altitude and temperature.
Airspeed - The speed of an aircraft in relation to the air through which it
moves.
Altitude - The height of an aircraft above sea level or ground level.
Attitude - The orientation of an aircraft in relation to the horizon.
Mach number - The ratio of the speed of an aircraft to the speed of sound in
the surrounding medium.
Heading - The direction in which an aircraft is pointing, usually expressed in
degrees.
 Flight level - A measure of altitude in the aviation industry, typically above
18,000 feet.
Glide slope - The angle of descent of an aircraft on a landing approach.

Instrument flight rules (IFR) - A set of regulations governing flight in

conditions of reduced visibility, requiring the use of instruments to navigate.
Visual flight rules (VFR) - A set of regulations governing flight in
conditions of good visibility, relying on visual reference to navigate.
Runway - The surface on which an aircraft takes off and lands.
Taxiway - A designated path for aircraft to move on the ground between the
runway and the terminal.
Control tower - A tower from which air traffic controllers monitor and
control air traffic.
Approach - The final phase of a flight before landing, during which the
aircraft is descending toward the runway.
Takeoff - The phase of a flight during which an aircraft accelerates to lift off
the ground and gain altitude.
Flight plan - A detailed plan outlining the route, altitude, and other relevant
information for a flight.
Flight simulator - A device used to simulate the experience of flying an
aircraft.
Cockpit - The compartment of an aircraft where the pilot sits and controls
the aircraft.
Cabin - The area of an aircraft where the passengers sit.
Air traffic control (ATC) - The service responsible for ensuring the safe and
orderly flow of air traffic.
Airspace - A designated area of the atmosphere in which aircraft are allowed
to operate.
 2.3 Types of aviation terms and the problem of their translation
The study of aviation terminology in the Ukrainian language also requires
resolving the issue of the sources of replenishment of the Ukrainian aviation
terminology system. Scholars R.O. Gilchenko and G.G. Fesenko note that in the
Ukrainian aviation terminology, which is in the process of formation and
development, one can distinguish a layer of borrowed lexemes and a layer of
Ukrainian lexemes (in a rather small number). Two main ways of borrowing
foreign language terms are used: 1) direct borrowing, when the term is adopted in
its original sound and, ultimately, adapted to the rules of the recipient language:
English: terminal, pilot; Ukrainian: термінал, пілот; 2) literal translation or
structural and semantic calquing: англ. datа base, flying field; ua: база даних,
льотне поле.
When organizing and translating aviation terminology into Ukrainian, it is
necessary to:
a) eliminate unjustified borrowings and replace models of organization of
derivative names that are not peculiar to the Ukrainian language;
b) to create terms for new aviation concepts based on Ukrainian models
from the specific verbal material;
c) replace polystructural aviation terms with monostructural ones.
L. A. Khalinovska emphasizes that the aviation terminology system is a
fairly clearly defined unity consisting of a number of segments, each of which has
its own organization, different degrees of replenishment and new additions
according to the laws of language interaction, but at the same time is subordinated
to the entire lexical system as a whole.
The analysis of the dictionaries and the array of terms found in them led the
author to identify twelve thematic groups.
Thematic groups of terms for the designation of types of aviation (air fleet):
1) civilian: Antarctic, Arctic, unmanned, short-range, helicopter, interaction,
propeller, rotorcraft, rotary-wing, long-range, subsonic, commercial, light, light-
engine, intercontinental, general purpose, special purpose, passenger, piston,
owned by individual owners {private}, jet, sanitary, supersonic, supersonic
transport, agricultural, high-speed, service, sports, medium-range, transport,
training;
2) military: aircraft carrier {deck), army, base, combat, bomber {rocket
carrier), military transport {transport), main command, long-range {strategic),
fighter, fighter-bomber, ship, naval, anti-submarine, reconnaissance,
communications, special, assault. experimental: research and development,
experimental, research and development, aircraft testing.
Ukrainian aviation terms-abbreviations demonstrate a variety of ways of
their formation, as evidenced by the presence of initial (АСК, АН-78), alphabetic
(РЛС), combined (мініБПКА), graphical (пА), audible (НКАУ) and other
acronyms.
The search for translated Ukrainian equivalents to English aviation terms-
abbreviations reveals the originality of English term formation and its distinctive
features. Structural types of English aviation terms and abbreviations are
characterized by a variety of synthetic relations, which requires special linguistic
knowledge from the translator to identify the abbreviation and its original form.
According to our observations, in the English aviation terminology system, three-
component phrases most often serve as the basis for modeling letter abbreviations:
UHF (ultra high frequency); ACC (area control center). Occasionally, two-
component ones are used: FCT (friction coefficient); IAS (indicated airspeed),
four-component: AWIS (aviation weather information system); GNSS (global
navigation satellite system).
In the English aviation terminology system, unlike the Ukrainian one, the
material for the formation of letter abbreviations can be a composite close to the
phrase (S/N [signal-to-noise (ratio)] – відношення «сигналшум»), as well as a
phrase, one of the components of which is expressed as a compound word (UAS
[upper airspace] – верхній повітряний простір; tdw [tons deadweight] – повна
вантажопідйомність у тоннах). To translate the terms formed in this way, the
original phrase is restored and the Ukrainian equivalent is selected using calquing.
In some cases, the equivalent to an English abbreviation is a Ukrainian
abbreviation: cbcm [cubic centimetre] – кубічний сантиметр – см3 ; куб. см;
cbm [cubic metre] – кубічний метр – м 3 ; куб. м. When identifying the original
form of an initial abbreviation, it should be borne in mind that one of the letters in
its composition may be an abbreviation of conjunctions or prepositions: SARC
[search and rescue center] – центр пошуку і рятування; ADTOD [аdvise time of
delivery] – повідомте про час доставки; SLOI [shipper’s letter of instructions] –
інструктивний лист вантажовідправника.
Due to the analytical structure of the language, the English aviation
terminology system demonstrates a variety of truncation types. One of the most
productive is the apocope type, when the first three or four letters are used to
model the abbreviation. In Ukrainian word formation, this method is not
widespread, and therefore, in the target language, regardless of the graphic design
of the English abbreviation, the full form of the decoded term is usually the
equivalent: aux [auxiliary] – допоміжний; cor [correction] – корекція; pil [pilot] –
пілот; dist [distance] – дистанція, відстань; obj [object] – об’єкт; OBST
[obstacle] перешкода; PER [personnel] – особовий склад, персонал; POS
[positive] – позитивний.
To distinguish between homonymous characters, additional numeric and
alphabetic indices are used: V2 [take-off safety 41 speed] – безпечна швидкість
злету; Vа [design manoeuvring speed] – розрахункова швидкість
маневрування.
The translation equivalent in the Ukrainian language is a terminological
phrase that fully reveals the meaning of the abbreviation. Although abbreviation
homonymy manifests itself differently in different fields of science, there are some
general trends in its development. Homonymous abbreviations appear in the depths
of narrow specialties, in autonomous terminology systems that are understandable
to narrow specialists. In particular, lexical homonymy of highly specialized
English medical terms is represented mainly by abbreviations. A prerequisite for
the adequate translation of such abbreviations is to refer to the broader context.
 The English aviation terminology also contains composites with lexical
morphemes of Greek-Latin origin like aero-, anti-, inter-, semi-, single-, multi-,
super- and composites with indigenous lexical morphemes as after-, -off-, -down-,
-out-, -over-, -self-, -up. Complex translation lexical and grammatical
transformations in the translation of aviation terms with lexical morphemes are
caused by the strong connection of grammatical and semantic relations between the
components of composites. Translation of composites with morphemes of Greek-
Latin origin (semi-words) is accompanied by the formation of incomplete word-
formation and semantic calques, while pomorphic translation or calques of both
parts are rare. The need to use lexical additions in many cases is due to the
synonymy of English morphemes in terms of individual meanings.
Aviation terminology can be classified into various categories based on the
type of terms used. Some common categories of aviation terms include:
1. Aerodynamics: This category includes terms related to the science of airflow
around aircraft, such as lift, drag, and thrust.
2. Navigation: This category includes terms related to the use of maps,
instruments, and other tools to guide aircraft, such as headings, waypoints,
and airspeed.
3. Aircraft systems: This category includes terms related to the various
mechanical and electronic systems that make up an aircraft, such as engines,
avionics, and landing gear.
4. Air traffic control: This category includes terms related to the
communication and coordination between pilots and air traffic controllers,
such as clearances, frequencies, and altitudes.
5. Weather: This category includes terms related to the various weather
phenomena that can affect flight, such as turbulence, icing, and
thunderstorms.
When it comes to translating aviation terms into Ukrainian, there can be
some challenges. One of the main challenges is that Ukrainian aviation
terminology is not as well-developed as in other languages, such as English or
French. This means that there may not be equivalent terms for all English aviation
terms in Ukrainian.
Another challenge is that aviation terms often have very specific meanings
that may not be immediately apparent to non-aviation experts. This can make it
difficult to find accurate and appropriate translations.
Finally, the use of abbreviations and acronyms in aviation can further
complicate the translation process. These abbreviations and acronyms are often
used to save time and reduce communication errors, but they can be difficult to
translate accurately without context.
To overcome these challenges, translators may need to use a combination of
different strategies, such as:
1. Using specialized dictionaries and glossaries: There are various aviation
dictionaries and glossaries available in Ukrainian that can help translators
find accurate translations for specific aviation terms.
2. Consulting with subject matter experts: Translators can also consult with
aviation experts who are familiar with the terminology in both English and
Ukrainian. These experts can provide context and help ensure that the
translations are accurate and appropriate.
3. Using descriptive translations: In some cases, there may not be an exact
equivalent for an English aviation term in Ukrainian. In these cases,
translators may need to use descriptive translations that explain the meaning
of the term in more detail.
4. Considering the target audience: Translators should also consider the target
audience when translating aviation terms. For example, if the translation is
intended for pilots or air traffic controllers, then the terminology should be
as accurate and technical as possible. However, if the translation is intended
for a more general audience, then simpler, more descriptive translations may
be more appropriate.
In summary, translating aviation terms into Ukrainian can be challenging
due to the technical nature of the terminology and the limited availability of
equivalent terms in Ukrainian. However, by using a combination of different
strategies, translators can find accurate and appropriate translations that meet the
needs of their target audience.
It's also worth noting that the International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO) has developed a standardized set of aviation terms and phrases that are
used worldwide. This standardized terminology, known as the "ICAO Language
Proficiency Requirements," helps ensure that communication between pilots and
air traffic controllers is clear and accurate, regardless of the languages spoken by
the parties involved.
When translating aviation terms into Ukrainian, it's important to ensure that
the translations comply with these ICAO standards. This means using the correct
terminology and adhering to the grammar and syntax rules outlined in the ICAO
Language Proficiency Requirements.
In addition, translators should be aware of any regional variations in aviation
terminology that may exist within Ukraine. For example, certain airports or regions
may use slightly different terms or phrases than others. Translators should take
these variations into account and use the terminology that is most appropriate for
the specific context.
Finally, it's important to remember that accurate translation of aviation
terminology is crucial for ensuring safety in the aviation industry. Incorrect or
unclear translations can lead to miscommunications and mistakes, which can have
serious consequences. For this reason, it's essential to use reliable and experienced
translators who are familiar with both aviation terminology and the target
language.
Another important aspect to consider when translating aviation terms into
Ukrainian is the use of abbreviations and acronyms. As mentioned earlier, these
are commonly used in aviation to save time and reduce communication errors.
However, they can also be confusing or misleading if not used correctly or if their
meaning is unclear.
 When translating abbreviations and acronyms, it's important to consider the
context in which they are being used. Translators should ensure that the meaning
of the abbreviation or acronym is clear and unambiguous, and that it accurately
reflects the intended meaning in the target language.
Translators should also be aware of any differences in the use of
abbreviations and acronyms between English and Ukrainian. For example, some
abbreviations that are commonly used in English may not be widely understood in
Ukrainian. In these cases, translators may need to use descriptive translations to
ensure that the meaning of the term is clear.
Finally, it's important to remember that translating aviation terminology is
not just about finding equivalent terms in another language. It's also about ensuring
that the translations are accurate, clear, and appropriate for the specific context in
which they are being used. This requires a deep understanding of both the technical
aspects of aviation and the linguistic and cultural nuances of the target language.
There have been several studies and articles written by linguists and aviation
experts on the challenges and importance of translating aviation terminology. Here
are some examples:
1. In a paper published in the journal "Linguistica Antverpiensia New Series,"
linguist Els Tobback explores the challenges of translating aviation
terminology into Dutch. She notes that the technical nature of aviation
terminology, combined with its extensive use of abbreviations and
acronyms, can make accurate translation difficult.
2. In an article published in "The Conversation," aviation expert Ronald
Bishop discusses the importance of using accurate and consistent aviation
terminology in order to ensure safety in the industry. He notes that incorrect
translations or misunderstandings can have serious consequences,
particularly in situations where quick and accurate communication is crucial.
3. In a report published by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA),
language expert Jacqueline Brown examines the role of language in aviation
safety. She notes that effective communication between pilots and air traffic
 controllers requires not only a common language but also a shared
understanding of technical terminology and operational procedures.
Overall, these experts emphasize the importance of accurate and consistent
translation of aviation terminology in order to ensure safety and effective
communication in the industry. They also note the challenges involved in finding
equivalent terms and maintaining consistency across different languages and
regions.
In a study published in the journal "Translation Spaces," linguist Maria
Constanza Guzmán explores the challenges of translating aviation terminology into
Spanish. She notes that the technical nature of aviation terminology, combined
with the need for precision and consistency, can make accurate translation
challenging. She also emphasizes the importance of using standardized
terminology in order to ensure clear and accurate communication.
In an article published in "Language and Intercultural Communication,"
linguist Susana Elena-Serrano examines the role of language in aviation safety,
focusing on the use of English as a lingua franca in the industry. She notes that
while the use of a common language can facilitate communication, it also poses
challenges in terms of ensuring accurate translation and avoiding
misunderstandings.
In a report published by the International Air Transport Association (IATA),
language expert Martine Fournier examines the challenges and importance of
translating aviation terminology. She notes that while aviation terminology is
highly technical and specialized, it is also constantly evolving and can vary
between different regions and languages. She emphasizes the importance of using
reliable sources and consulting with subject matter experts in order to ensure
accurate and consistent translation.
Overall, these experts emphasize the complex nature of aviation terminology
and the importance of accurate and consistent translation in order to ensure safety
and effective communication in the industry. They also note the challenges
involved in finding equivalent terms, maintaining consistency across different
languages and regions, and using a common language as a lingua franca.
 CONCLUSIONS TO CHAPTER 2
In conclusion, aviation terminology is a complex and evolving field that
encompasses a wide range of technical concepts and specialized language. Many
aviation terms have been adapted from existing words and concepts, while others
have been developed specifically for the field.
As aviation has become more complex, new terms have been developed to
describe new technologies and processes. These terms are crucial to ensuring clear
communication and safe operation of aircraft.
In addition to technical terms, aviation has also developed its own language
for communication between pilots and air traffic controllers. This language is
designed to be clear, concise, and standardized to avoid confusion and ensure
safety.
Overall, the formation and evolution of aviation terminology is an ongoing
process, and it plays a critical role in the safe and efficient operation of aircraft.
As aviation technology continues to advance, it is likely that new terms and
concepts will continue to emerge. This means that the aviation industry must be
diligent in ensuring that all terminology is standardized, clear, and understood by
all parties involved.
In addition to the technical language used in aviation, the industry also plays
an important role in shaping popular culture and language. Phrases such as "flying
high" or "sky's the limit" have become part of everyday language, thanks in part to
the cultural influence of aviation.
In conclusion, aviation terminology plays a vital role in the safe and efficient
operation of aircraft. As the industry continues to evolve and innovate, new terms
and concepts will continue to emerge, and it will be important to ensure that all
parties involved understand and use standardized language to avoid confusion and
maintain safety.
In conclusion, translating aviation terminology is a complex and important
task that requires expertise in both aviation and language translation. The technical
nature of aviation terminology, combined with its extensive use of abbreviations
and acronyms, can make accurate translation challenging. However, standardized
terminology and clear communication are essential for ensuring safety in the
aviation industry.
Translators of aviation terminology must be familiar with the technical
terminology, grammar, and syntax rules outlined by the ICAO Language
Proficiency Requirements. They must also be aware of regional variations in
terminology and use reliable sources and subject matter experts to ensure accuracy
and consistency in their translations.
The challenges of translating aviation terminology emphasize the
importance of using a common language as a lingua franca in the industry, while
also recognizing the need for accurate and consistent translation across different
languages and regions. By recognizing these challenges and applying the best
practices for translating aviation terminology, we can ensure clear and effective
communication between pilots, air traffic controllers, and other aviation
professionals, ultimately leading to greater safety and efficiency in the aviation
industry.
Moreover, the use of technology in translation has also become increasingly
important in the aviation industry. Machine translation tools, such as translation
software and artificial intelligence, can help translators process large volumes of
text and improve translation quality. However, human expertise is still necessary to
ensure accuracy and consistency in translation, especially in specialized fields like
aviation.
Finally, it's worth noting that accurate translation of aviation terminology is
not only important for safety, but also for improving international communication
and collaboration in the industry. By promoting clear and accurate communication,
accurate translation can help bridge linguistic and cultural differences, promote
understanding and trust, and ultimately contribute to a safer and more efficient
aviation industry.
One final point to consider is the importance of ongoing training and
professional development for aviation translators. As the industry and terminology
continue to evolve, translators must stay up-to-date with the latest developments
and terminology in order to provide accurate and effective translations. This
includes participating in training programs, attending industry conferences, and
staying informed about new technologies and tools that can improve translation
quality and efficiency.
In conclusion, translating aviation terminology is a complex and challenging
task that requires expertise in both aviation and language translation. Accurate and
consistent translation is essential for ensuring safety in the aviation industry, and
technology can play a valuable role in supporting human translators. Ongoing
training and professional development are also critical for maintaining the skills
and knowledge necessary for effective aviation translation. Ultimately, accurate
translation of aviation terminology is essential for promoting clear communication,
fostering international collaboration, and improving safety and efficiency in the
aviation industry.
 CONCLUSIONS
Terminology is an important aspect of effective communication in any field.
Whether it is aviation or any other industry, having a common set of terms and
concepts is essential to ensure clear and efficient communication.
In many cases, terms are adapted from existing words and concepts, while in
other cases, new terms are created to describe new technologies and processes.
This is an ongoing process that reflects the changing needs and innovations of each
industry.
Standardized terminology is also critical for ensuring safety and minimizing
confusion, particularly in fields such as aviation where small misunderstandings
can have serious consequences.
Overall, terminology is an important tool for effective communication in any
field, and it plays a vital role in advancing technology, shaping culture, and
ensuring safety.
Moreover, terminology also serves as a means of organizing and
categorizing knowledge in a particular field. By developing a common language
and set of concepts, experts in a given field can better share information and build
upon each other's work.
However, it is important to note that terminology can sometimes be
exclusive or alienating to those who are not familiar with it. This is particularly
true in technical fields, where jargon can make it difficult for outsiders to
understand and participate in discussions. Therefore, it is important to balance the
need for technical language with the need for accessibility and inclusivity.
In conclusion, terminology is an essential component of effective
communication and knowledge sharing in any field. It is a tool for organizing and
categorizing knowledge, but it must be balanced with the need for accessibility and
inclusivity. As industries continue to evolve and innovate, it is important to
continue developing and refining terminology to ensure clear and effective
communication.
 Finally, terminology also plays a crucial role in the process of education and
learning. In many fields, such as medicine, law, and engineering, students must
learn a specialized language and set of concepts in order to effectively practice
their profession.
In order to facilitate this learning process, educators must provide clear and
concise explanations of terminology, while also highlighting its importance and
relevance to the field.
Additionally, with the rise of online learning and remote education, it has
become increasingly important to provide accessible and inclusive language for all
learners, regardless of their background or level of experience.
In conclusion, terminology is a fundamental component of education and
learning in many fields. Clear and concise explanations of terms and concepts are
essential to helping students understand and apply specialized knowledge. As
education continues to evolve and adapt to new technologies and trends, it will be
important to prioritize accessibility and inclusivity in the development and use of
terminology.
In summary, terminology is a critical aspect of effective communication,
knowledge sharing, and education across a wide range of fields and industries. It is
a tool for organizing and categorizing knowledge, while also ensuring clear and
concise communication between experts and practitioners.
As industries continue to evolve and innovate, terminology will continue to
develop and adapt, creating new concepts and specialized language to describe
new technologies and processes. However, it is important to balance the need for
technical language with the need for accessibility and inclusivity, so that all
stakeholders can participate in discussions and contribute to the advancement of
their field.
Overall, terminology is an essential component of any field or industry, and
it plays a vital role in facilitating effective communication, knowledge sharing, and
education.
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LIST OF DATA SOURCES

1. Aviation Glossary by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) -
https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/ATC_HTML/glossary.html
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15. FAA Safety Team (FAAST) - https://www.faasafety.gov/
 ANNEX
1. Взліт - Посадка
2. Передній - Задній
3. Висота - Глибина
4. Прискорення - Гальмування
5. Підйом - Спуск
6. Повітряний потік - Протипотік
7. Навігація - Дезорієнтація
8. Стабільність - Нестабільність
9. Приземлення - Підйом
10.Вітер - Штиль
11.Рух - Стійкість
12.Збільшення - Зменшення
13.Правий - Лівий
14.Горизонтальний - Вертикальний
15.Перегляд - Сліпота
16.Швидкість - Темп
17.Розгін - Замедлення
18.Активний - Пасивний
19.Старт - Зупинка
20.Синхронізація - Розсинхронізація
21.Попередній - Наступний
22.Розворот - Прямування
23.Виліт - Приземлення
24.Орієнтація - Дезорієнтація
25.Літак - Гвинтокрил.

1. Takeoff - Landing
2. Front - Rear
3. Height - Depth
4. Acceleration - Braking
5. Ascent - Descent
6. Airflow - Counterflow
7. Navigation - Disorientation
8. Stability - Instability
9. Landing - Ascent
10. Wind - Calm
11. Movement - Stability
12. Increase - Decrease
13. Right - Left
14. Horizontal - Vertical
15. Viewing - Blindness
16. Speed - Temp
17. Acceleration - Slowing down
18. Active - Passive
19. Start - Stop
20. Synchronization - Desynchronization
21. Previous - Next
22. Spread - Follow
23. Departure - Landing
24. Orientation - Disorientation
25. Aircraft - Helicopter.
 РЕЗЮМЕ
The lexical and semantic features of the translation of antonymic vocabulary
in the aviation terminology system are a difficult task for translators, since aviation
terminology contains a large number of terms with antonymic pairs. The translator
must have an understanding not only of the meaning of the term, but also of its
context in order to accurately reproduce the antonymous pair in translation. It is
important to take into account the differences between terms from different
aviation systems, as well as take into account international standards. To achieve
an accurate translation of antonymic vocabulary in the aviation terminology
system, you need to use specialized dictionaries and have in-depth knowledge in
the field of aviation and translation.
Additional factors that affect the translation of antonymous vocabulary in
the aviation terminology system are the context of the use of terms and the
specifics of the audience for which the translation is carried out. For example, for
pilots, the term "altitude" may have a different meaning depending on the context,
while for ordinary passengers it may simply mean distance from the ground.
Since the translation of antonymous vocabulary in the aviation terminology
system is a difficult task, to achieve the most accurate translation, the translator
must be highly qualified and use specialized technical dictionaries and
terminological databases. The use of such tools not only helps to ensure the
accuracy of translation, but also contributes to the creation of a unified terminology
environment in the field of aviation, which improves the clarity of terms for
interlocutors from different countries and language groups.