236 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

3.2 Exercises
VOCABULARY CHECK: Fill in the blanks.
1. The inverse function of the exponential function given by f sxd 5 ax is called the ________ function with base a.
2. The common logarithmic function has base ________ .
3. The logarithmic function given by f sxd 5 ln x is called the ________ logarithmic function and has base ________.
4. The Inverse Property of logarithms and exponentials states that log a ax 5 x and ________.
5. The One-to-One Property of natural logarithms states that if ln x 5 ln y, then ________.
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In Exercises 1– 8, write the logarithmic equation in In Exercises 27–30, use the properties of logarithms to
exponential form. For example, the exponential form of simplify the expression.
log5 25 5 2 is 52 5 25.
27. log3 34 28. log1.5 1
1. log4 64 5 3 2. log3 81 5 4 29. logp p 30. 9log915
1 1
3. log7 49 5 22 4. log 1000 5 23
2 3 In Exercises 31–38, find the domain, x -intercept, and
5. log32 4 5 5 6. log16 8 5 4
7. log36 6 5
1
8. log8 4 5
2 vertical asymptote of the logarithmic function and sketch
2 3
its graph.
In Exercises 9 –16, write the exponential equation in 31. f sxd 5 log4 x 32. gsxd 5 log6 x
logarithmic form. For example, the logarithmic form of 33. y 5 2log3 x 1 2 34. hsxd 5 log4sx 2 3d
23 5 8 is log2 8 5 3.
35. f sxd 5 2log6sx 1 2d 36. y 5 log5sx 2 1d 1 4
9. 53 5 125 10. 82 5 64
12
x
37. y 5 log 38. y 5 logs2xd
11. 811y4 5 3 12. 9 3y2 5 27 5
1 1
13. 622 5 36 14. 423 5 64
15. 70 51 16. 1023 5 0.001 In Exercises 39– 44, use the graph of gxxc 5 log3 x to
match the given function with its graph. Then describe the
relationship between the graphs of f and g. [The graphs
In Exercises 17–22, evaluate the function at the indicated
are labeled (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f).]
value of x without using a calculator.
(a) y (b) y
Function Value
17. f sxd 5 log2 x x 5 16 3 3

18. f sxd 5 log16 x x54 2 2

19. f sxd 5 log7 x x51 1

x x
20. f sxd 5 log x x 5 10 –3 1 –4 –3 –2 –1 1
–1 –1
21. gsxd 5 loga x x 5 a2
–2 –2
22. gsxd 5 logb x x 5 b23
(c) y (d) y
In Exercises 23–26, use a calculator to evaluate f xxc 5 log x
at the indicated value of x. Round your result to three 4 3
decimal places. 3 2
4 1 2 1
23. x 5 5 24. x 5 500
1 x
25. x 5 12.5 26. x 5 75.25 –2 –1 1 2 3
x –1
–1 1 2 3 4
–1 –2
 Section 3.3 Properties of Logarithms 243

3.3 Exercises

VOCABULARY CHECK:
In Exercises 1 and 2, fill in the blanks.
1. To evaluate a logarithm to any base, you can use the ________ formula.
2. The change-of-base formula for base e is given by loga x 5 ________.
In Exercises 3–5, match the property of logarithms with its name.
3. logasuvd 5 loga u 1 loga v (a) Power Property
4. ln un
5 n ln u (b) Quotient Property
u
5. loga 5 loga u 2 loga v (c) Product Property
v
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In Exercises 1–8, rewrite the logarithm as a ratio of (a) com- 32. 3 ln e4

mon logarithms and (b) natural logarithms. 1
33. ln
1. log5 x 2. log3 x !e
3. log1y5 x 4. log1y3 x 34. ln !
4 e3

3
5. logx 10 6. logx 34 35. ln e 2 1 ln e5
7. log2.6 x 8. log 7.1 x 36. 2 ln e 6 2 ln e 5
37. log5 75 2 log5 3
In Exercises 9–16, evaluate the logarithm using the 38. log4 2 1 log4 32
change-of-base formula. Round your result to three
decimal places. In Exercises 39–60, use the properties of logarithms to
9. log3 7 10. log7 4 expand the expression as a sum, difference, and/or constant
multiple of logarithms. (Assume all variables are positive.)
11. log1y2 4 12. log1y4 5
13. log9 0.4 14. log20 0.125 39. log4 5x 40. log3 10z
15. log15 1250 16. log3 0.015 y
41. log8 x 4 42. log10
2
In Exercises 17–22, use the properties of logarithms to 5 1
rewrite and simplify the logarithmic expression. 43. log5 44. log6
x z3
17. log4 8 18. log2s42 ? 34d 45. ln !z 46. ln!
3
t
1 9
19. log5 250 20. log 300 47. ln xyz2 48. log 4x2 y

1 2
6 x2 2 1
21. lns5e6d 22. ln 49. ln zsz 2 1d2, z > 1 50. ln ,x> 1
e2 x3
!a 2 1 6
In Exercises 23–38, find the exact value of the logarithmic 51. log2 , a> 1 52. ln
9 !x 2 1 1
expression without using a calculator. (If this is not possi-
!yx !xy
2
ble, state the reason.) 3
53. ln 54. ln 3
1
23. log3 9 24. log5 125 x 4!y !x y4
25. log2 !
4
8 26. log6 !
3
6 55. ln 56. log2
z5 z4
1.2 20.2
27. log4 16 28. log3 81 x2 xy4
57. log5 58. log10
29. log3s29d 30. log2s216d y 2z 3 z5
4 x3sx2 1 3d
31. ln e4.5 59. ln ! 60. ln !x 2sx 1 2d
244 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

In Exercises 61–78, condense the expression to the

logarithm of a single quantity. Model It
61. ln x 1 ln 3 84. Human Memory Model Students participating in a
62. ln y 1 ln t psychology experiment attended several lectures and
63. log4 z 2 log4 y were given an exam. Every month for a year after the
exam, the students were retested to see how much of
64. log5 8 2 log5 t the material they remembered. The average scores for
65. 2 log2sx 1 4d the group can be modeled by the human memory model
66.
2
3 log7sz 2 2d f std 5 90 2 15 logst 1 1d, 0 ≤ t ≤ 12
1
67. 4 log3 5x
where t is the time in months.
68. 24 log6 2x
(a) Use the properties of logarithms to write the func-
69. ln x 2 3 lnsx 1 1d tion in another form.
70. 2 ln 8 1 5 lnsz 2 4d (b) What was the average score on the original exam
71. log x 2 2 log y 1 3 log z st 5 0d?
72. 3 log3 x 1 4 log3 y 2 4 log3 z (c) What was the average score after 4 months?
73. ln x 2 4flnsx 1 2d 1 lnsx 2 2dg (d) What was the average score after 12 months?
74. 4fln z 1 lnsz 1 5dg 2 2 lnsz 2 5d (e) Use a graphing utility to graph the function over the
75. 3f2 lnsx 1 3d 1 ln x 2 lnsx2 2 1dg
1 specified domain.
76. 2f3 ln x 2 lnsx 1 1d 2 lns x 2 1dg (f) Use the graph in part (e) to determine when the
average score will decrease to 75.
3 flog8 y 1 2 log8s y 1 4dg 2 log8s y 2 1d
1
77.
(g) Verify your answer to part (f) numerically.
2 flog4sx 1 1d 1 2 log4sx 2 1dg 1 6 log4 x
1
78.

In Exercises 79 and 80, compare the logarithmic quantities.

85. Galloping Speeds of Animals Four-legged animals run
If two are equal, explain why.
with two different types of motion: trotting and galloping.
log2 32 32 An animal that is trotting has at least one foot on the
79. , log2 , log2 32 2 log2 4
log2 4 4 ground at all times, whereas an animal that is galloping has
1 all four feet off the ground at some point in its stride. The
80. log7!70, log7 35, 2 1 log7 !10
number of strides per minute at which an animal breaks
from a trot to a gallop depends on the weight of the animal.
Sound Intensity In Exercises 81–83, use the following Use the table to find a logarithmic equation that relates an
information. The relationship between the number of deci- animal’s weight x (in pounds) and its lowest galloping
bels b and the intensity of a sound I in watts per square speed y (in strides per minute).
meter is given by

_10 +.
I Weight, x Galloping Speed, y
b 5 10 log 212

25 191.5
81. Use the properties of logarithms to write the formula in
35 182.7
simpler form, and determine the number of decibels of a
sound with an intensity of 1026 watt per square meter. 50 173.8
82. Find the difference in loudness between an average office 75 164.2
with an intensity of 1.26 3 1027 watt per square meter and 500 125.9
a broadcast studio with an intensity of 3.16 3 1025 watt 1000 114.2
per square meter.
83. You and your roommate are playing your stereos at the
same time and at the same intensity. How much louder is
the music when both stereos are playing compared with
just one stereo playing?