INNER TRANSPOSITION TECHNIQUES

TRANSLATION OF SHAWN MENDES SONG LYRICS

Written oleh : Syntia Rolensa Situmorang

Faculty : Sastra Inggris S1 / Morning class
NIM : 43131510200045

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to outline and clarify the transposition techniques
used by translators to obtain linguistic equivalency between source language (SL)
and target language (TL). This study's qualitative data employing the
observational method to gather information. The study's findings demonstrate that
the transposition method employed to obtain equivalence of meaning or message
between Bsu and Bsa. The data get from four song’s lyrics and the data found 5
transposition in 4 song’s lyrics, which is the first lyric has 2 transposition
technique which is Unit Shift, second lyric has 1 transposition technique which is
Category shift, third lyric has 1 transposition technique which is Structure Shift,
last lyric has 1 transposition technique which is Unit Shift.
Keywords: Translation, Transposition Technique, Language
A. INTRODUCTION
Works of literature reflect the fact that in real life, words can take the
place of deeds. The translation of literary works, particularly song lyrics from
English to Indonesian, has a particular function. The objective is to display
foreign literary works in Indonesia. Text in literary works differs from text
generally because it has a higher value for beauty and a particular language
style (diction). Translation involves re-creating in the target language the
closest natural counterpart to the original message in terms of meaning and
style. According to the two definitions given above, the translation consists of
two languages.
The translation operation entails SL text and TL text in both the
source language (SL) and the target or recipient's language (TL or RL) (Nida
and Taber, 1982; p. 12). According to Chesterman's definition of translation
(2002, p. 1), translation is the creation of a text in one language from a text in
another language with a specified intent. Since meaning and messages must
be conveyed in both the source language (SL) and the target language (TL),
there are specific approaches that must be used while translating a literary
work. Newmark (1988) Since transposition is the sole translation method that
takes into account grammar, the bulk of translators use it naturally. However,
it is possible that we could discover other helpful translations by studying
comparative linguistics and looking at textual data. A translator may need to
follow fourteen procedures during the translation process. Transposition is
one of them. Grammar is a factor that source language frequently differs from
target language, so transposition, which is a change in the grammar from
source language to target language, plays a crucial role. The examples of
transposition are listed below.
(1) SL: A strange coincidence
TL: Kebetulan (yang) aneh.
This sentence has transposition change in grammatical structure
from
adjective + noun into noun + modifier.
 (2) SL: A pair of shoes
TL: Sepatu
The grammatical structure of this sentence has changed from
plural to singular.
In addition, I also use the shift theory related to shift technique above.
Shifts in translation consist of shifts unit shift, structure shift, category shift,
and intra-system shift (Catford, 1965:77-79). Unit shift is a translation unit
shift; for example, shifting from word to phrase. Then, the structural shift is
shifts that occur in the arrangement of sentences, clauses, or phrases. This
matter occurs because the structure of Bsu and Bsa is different. For example,
the noun phrase In English the system is MD (explained – explained) while in
Indonesian the system is DM (explained – explained). Category shift is a shift
in word class. Category shift can occur when matching SL to TL have
different categories. The word class shift can be from a verb to a noun.
Furthermore, the intra-system shift is internal shifts; e.g. English “a pair of
shorts” is plural, but in Indonesian it means singular "a "shorts".
The translator must create equivalents between SL and TL in order to
provide a competent translation that the readers would find acceptable. Nida
separates equivalence translation into Formal Equivalence and Dynamic
Equivalence in Munday. In this research, the researcher chose the inner
Shawn Mendes song lyrics. Which is has the translated in Indonesian version
in YouTube.
The researcher chooses the Shawn Mendes song lyrics in YouTube
channel DeLirik which has 4,26 Million subscribers. The researcher chooses
this channel because this channel has been admitted by the singer. For the
reason above the researcher conduct research on the topic of Inner
Transposition Techniques Translation of Shawn Mendes Song Lyrics.
1. The problem of the study

How are the transpositions according to Catford theory applied in Shawn Mendes

Songs lyrics?

2. The object of the study

To know how transposition that applied in Shawn Mendes Songs lyrics?

B. RESEARCH METHODS
The author uses descriptive research methods in making this final
project, while the descriptive methods according to Sugiono (2009: 5) are:
"Descriptive research is research conducted to determine the value of
independent variables or more (independent) without making comparisons, or
connecting with other variables”. So, the author tries to do his research by
describing or outlining the problems related to the existing questions

C. RESULT AND DICUSSION

 Data Description
Transposition Method
This method includes structural shifts, shifts in units, and shifts in
categories. Similar to what was mentioned (Catford, 1965). The following
factors are the causes of the emergence of these shifts: Each of the
phenomena listed below has a number of different contributing factors.
Structure Shift
The structural shift that appears is the shift in the structure of noun
phrases such as in the data (PS1) - (PS6) (See attachment for full data).
Take note PS1 and PS5 data below:
Bsu Bsa
(PS1) He pulled at the heavy iron Ditariknya bingkai besi
berat
frame and it slowly opened tersebut dan perlahan terbuka.
(PS5) The man closed the gate behind Lelaki itu menutup gerbang
di
him, wrapped the chain around belakangnya, melingkarkan
rantai
the metal frame…. di sekitar bingkai besi…

The shift in the structure of the noun phrase arises because of

English linguistic factors whose law is MD (explain-explained), while the
Indonesian language adheres to the DM law (explained). As in the data
(PS1), English MD law i.e. adjective + noun which in English Indonesian
DM is noun + adjective. Adjectives function to explain noun. This is
explained as in the following table.
Unit Shift
The unit shift that appears is from clause to phrase, phrase to clause,
a word becomes a group of words (reduplication/repetition), noun into
noun phrases and noun phrases into clauses. The unit shift from clause to
phrase is found in data (PU1) and (PU2).
Bsu Bsa
(PU1) That was three days ago. Tiga hari yang lalu.
(PU2) It was beginning to get dark. Hari mulai gelap.
This is due to linguistic factors that in English, each clause there
must be "finite". In addition, the shift arose due to get the equivalence of
"sense", a response or message from SL to SL have a different linguistic
system so that the translation of literary works becomes acceptable and has
its own aesthetic value. It would be very strange if clause in SL is
translated “literally” (“it was three days ago” and "it's getting dark").
Category Shift
The category shift which is also known as the word class shift is
found, namely from verb to noun, verb to adverb, noun become verbs, and
pronouns become nouns. This can be seen in the data PK1-PK3.
 Bsu Bsa
(PK1) Arthur stood at the gates and Arthur berdiri di depan
gerbang dan
waited for the man to come menunggu kedatangan
seseorang (PK2) The man enthused. kata lelaki itu dengan
antusias.
(PK3) He finished his lunch, pushed Dia menyelesaikan makan
himself to his feet and returned siangnya, memaksa dirinya
berdiri
to where he had stopped. dan kembali di mana dia
berhenti
terakhir kali.
The shift in the data (PK1) is because the translator wants to indicates the
effect of the message being emphasized or prioritized. Verb shift “to
come” becomes a noun “arrival” because the message “arrival” is what
take precedence. While the shift of the verb "enthused" in the data (PK2)
becomes adverb “with enthusiasm” because the emphasized message is the
act of "saying" something enthusiastically.
D. ANALISIS
Before start the analysis, let’s we look at the lyrics.
THERE’S NOTHING HOLDIN’ ME BACK
I wanna follow where she goes Dia menarikku cukup dekat untuk
Aku ingin mengikuti ke manapun membuatku terus menebak
dia pergi And maybe I should stop and start
I think about her and she knows it confessing, confessing, yeah
Aku memikirkannya dan dia tahu Dan mungkin aku harus berhenti
itu dan mulai menyatakan perasaan –
I wanna let her take control Aku Oh, I've been shaking
ingin membiarkannya mengambil Oh, aku sudah gemetar
kendali I love it when you go crazy
'Cause everytime that she gets Aku suka saat kau tergila-gila
close, yeah You take all my inhibitions
Karena setiap kali dia mendekat Kau mengambil semua hambatanku
She pulls me in enough to keep me Baby, there's nothing holdin' me
guessing (Mmmm) back
Sayang, tidak ada yang
menghalangiku
You take me places that tear up my
reputation
Kau membawaku ke tempat-tempat
yang merusak reputasiku
Manipulate my decisions
Memanipulasi keputusanku
Baby, there's nothing holdin' me
back
Sayang, tidak ada yang
menghalangiku
There's nothing holdin' me back
Tidak ada yang menghalangiku
There's nothing holdin' me back
Tidak ada yang menghalangiku
She says that she's never afraid
Dia mengatakan bahwa dia tidak
pernah takut
Just picture everybody naked
Bayangkan saja semua orang tanpa
busana
She really doesn't like to wait
Dia sangat tidak suka menunggu
Not really into hesitation
Tidak terlalu suka keraguan
'Cause if we lost our minds and we
took it way too far
WHEN YOU’RE GONE
You never know how good you
have it, oh
Kau tidak pernah tahu seberapa
indah yang kau miliki
Until you're starin' at a picture of
the only girl that matters, aah
Sampai kau menatap foto satu-
satunya gadis yang penting bagimu
I know what we're supposed to do
Aku tahu apa yang seharusnya kita
lakukan
It's hard for me to let go of you
Sulit bagiku untuk melepaskanmu
pergi
So I'm just tryna hold on Jadi aku
hanya mencoba bertahan
Karena jika kita kehilangan akal
sehat dan kita bertindak terlalu jauh
I know we'd be alright, I know we
would be alright
Aku tahu kita akan baik-baik saja,
aku tahu kita akan baik-baik saja
If you were by my side and we
stumbled in the dark
Jika kau berada di sisiku dan kita
tersandung dalam kegelapan
I know we'd be alright,
I know we would be alright
Aku tahu kita akan baik-baik saja,
aku tahu kita akan baik-baik saja
I feel so free when you're with me,
baby
Aku merasa sangat bebas saat kau
bersamaku, sayang
Baby, there's nothing holdin' me
back
Sayang, tidak ada yang
menghalangiku
Hold on
Bertahan
I don't wanna know what it's like
when you're gone
Aku tidak ingin tahu bagaimana
rasanya saat kau pergi
I don't wanna move on
Aku tidak ingin
move on I don't wanna know what
it's like when you're gone for good
Aku tidak ingin tahu bagaimana
rasanya saat kau pergi untuk
selamanya
You're slipping through my
fingertips
Kau menyelinap melalui ujung jari-
jariku
A little bit, by a little bit
Sedikit demi sedikit I didn't know
that loving you was the happiest
I've ever been
Aku tidak tahu bahwa mencintaimu
adalah hal yang paling bahagia
yang pernah aku rasakan
So I'm just tryna hold on
Jadi aku hanya mencoba bertahan
I need to learn how to cope without
you
Aku perlu belajar bagaimana cara
mengatasinya tanpamu
I'm tryna protect myself but only
you know how to, yeah
Aku mencoba melindungi diriku
sendiri tapi hanya kau yang tahu
caranya
Oh, I know what we're supposed to
do
TREAT YOU BETTER
I won't lie to you
Aku takkan berbohong padamu
I know he's just not right for you
Aku tahu dia tidak cocok untukmu
And you can tell me if I'm off
Dan kau boleh menyanggah jika
aku salah
But I see it on your face
Tapi aku melihatnya di wajahmu
When you say that he's the one that
you want
Saat kau katakan kalau dia satu-
satunya yang kau inginkan
And you're spending all your time
Dan kau menghabiskan seluruh
waktumu
In this wrong situation
Dalam situasi yang salah ini
And anytime you want it to stop
Dan setiap saat kau ingin berhenti –
I know I can treat you better than
he can
Oh, aku tahu apa yang seharusnya
kita lakukan
Oh, but I hate the thought of losing
you
Oh, tapi aku benci memikirkan
kehilanganmu
So I'm just tryna hold on
Jadi aku hanya mencoba bertahan
Starting to feel like you don't need
me
Mulai merasa kau tidak
membutuhkanku
Wanna believe it's all for the better
Ingin percaya bahwa ini semua
untuk sesuatu yang lebih baik
It's gettin' real, I'm missing you
deeply
Ini menjadi nyata, aku sangat
merindukanmu
So I'm just tryna hold on
Jadi aku hanya mencoba bertahan
Aku tahu aku bisa
memperlakukanmu lebih baik dari
dia
And any girl like you deserves a
gentleman
Dan setiap wanita sepertimu pantas
mendapatkan pria yang baik
Tell me why are we wasting time
Katakan kenapa kita membuang-
buang waktu
On all on your wasted crying
Dengan semua tangisanmu yang
sia-sia
When you should be with me
instead
Ketika kau seharusnya bersamaku
bukan dia
I know I can treat you better
Aku tahu aku bisa
memperlakukanmu lebih baik
Better than he can Lebih baik dari
dia
I'll stop time for you
Akan aku hentikan waktu untukmu
The second you say you'd like me
too
Detik saat kau katakan kau juga
suka padaku
I just wanna give you the loving
that you're missing
Aku hanya ingin memberimu cinta
yang kau tidak kau dapatkan
Baby, just to wake up with you
Sayang, hanya untuk terbangun
bersamamu
Would be everything I need and
this could be so different
Hanya itu yang aku butuhkan dan
ini bisa jadi sangat berbeda
Tell me what you want to do
IMAGINATION
Oh there she goes again, every
morning is the same
Oh dia mulai lagi, setiap pagi selalu
begitu
You walk on by my house, I wanna
call out your name
Kau berjalan melewati rumahku,
aku ingin memanggil namamu
I wanna tell you how beautiful you
are from where I'm standing
Aku ingin memberitahumu betapa
cantiknya dirimu dari tempatku
berdiri
You've got me thinking what we
could be, cause
Kau membuatku berpikir kita bisa
menjadi seperti apa, karena
I keep craving, craving, you don't
know it but it's true
Aku terus mendamba, mendamba,
kau tidak tahu tapi itu sungguh
Can't get my mouth to say the
words they wanna say to you
Katakan padaku apa yang ingin kau
lakukan
Better than he can
Lebih baik dari dia
Give me a sign
Beri aku satu pertanda
Take my hand, we'll be fine
Pegang tanganku, kita akan baik-
baik saja
Promise I won't let you down
Aku berjanji takkan
mengecewakanmu
Just know that you don't
Ketahuilah bahwa kau tidak harus
Have to do this alone
Melakukan ini sendirian
Promise I'll never let you down
Aku berjanji takkan pernah
mengecewakanmu
Tak bisa membuat mulutku
mengucapkan kata-kata yang ingin
kukatakan padamu
This is typical of love, I can't wait
anymore, I won't wait
Inilah ciri-ciri cinta, aku tak bisa
menunggu lagi, aku tak mau
menunggu
I need to tell you how I feel when I
see us together forever
Aku harus memberitahumu
perasaanku saat kulihat kita
bersama selamanya
In my dreams you're with me, we'll
be everything I want us to be
Di dalam mimpiku, kau bersamaku,
kita akan menjadi apapun yang aku
mau
And from there, who knows
Dan dari sana, siapa tahu
Maybe this will be the night that we
kiss for the first time
Mungkin ini akan menjadi malam
pertama kali kita berciuman
Or is that just me and my
imagination
Atau itu hanya aku dan khayalanku
We walk, we laugh, we spend our
time walking by the ocean side
Kita berjalan, kita tertawa, kita
habiskan waktu berjalan di tepi
pantai
Our hands are gently intertwined, a
feeling I just can't describe
Tangan kita saling bergandengan,
perasaan yang tak bisa aku jelaskan
And all this time we spend alone,
thinking we could not belong
Dan seluruh waktu yang kita
habiskan sendirian, berpikir kita tak
bisa memiliki
To something so damn beautiful, so
damn beautiful
Sesuatu yang begitu sangat indah,
begitu sangat indah

So, after seeing 4 lyrics, the analysis of transposition is.

Fist song’s lyric:
Bsu : You take me places that tear up my reputation (l. 11)
Bsa : Anda membawa saya ke tempat-tempat yang merusak reputasi saya (l.
11)
The shift of word phrase units into word groups (reduplication) is
found in the data above, this is due to linguistic factors. In English, the plural
form of nouns + s/es (places), while in Indonesian the plural form is
reduplication (tempat-tempat).

Bsu : 'Cause if we lost our minds and we took it way too far (l. 20)
Bsa : Karena jika kita kehilangan akal sehat dan kita mengambilnya
terlalu jauh (l. 20)
The shift of word phrase units into word groups (reduplication) is
found in the data above This is due to linguistic factors that in English, every
clause must have a "finite". In addition, this shift arises because to get the
equivalence of "sense", the response or message from SL to TL which has a
different linguistic system so that the translation of literary works becomes
acceptable and has its own aesthetic value. It would be very strange if the
clauses in SL were translated “literally” (“kehilangan pemikiran” and
“kehilangan akal sehat”).
 Second song’s lyric:
Bsu : You never know how good you have it (l. 1)
Bsa : Kamu tidak pernah tahu seberapa baik kamu memilikinya, oh (l. 1)
In data above its included to category shift, the shift of the pronoun
"it" to the noun "nya" is due to linguistic factors and the effect of the message
or meaning in question. In English (SL) a pronoun as an object means "itu" but
what is meant in the meaning of this song is the woman. Therefore, translator
translating "it" into "nya" is also to give the impression that "it" is a woman.

Third song’s lyric:

Bsu : In this wrong situation (l. 7)
Bsa : Dalam situasi (yang) salah ini (l. 7)
The shift in the structure of the noun phrase arises due to linguistic
factors in English, where the law is MD (explain-explained), while Indonesian
adheres to DM (explained-explain) law. As in the data above, the English MD
law is an adjective (wrong) + noun (situation) which in Indonesian DM is a
noun (situasi) + adjective (salah). Adjectives describe nouns.

Fourth song’s lyric:

Bsa : Can’t get my mouth to say the words they want to say to you (l. 6)
Bsu : Mulutku tak mampu mengucapkan kata-kata yang ingin diucapkan (l. 6)
The shift of word phrase units into word groups (reduplication) is
found in the data above, this is due to linguistic factors. In English, the plural
form of nouns + s/es (the words), while in Indonesian the plural form is
reduplication (kata-kata).

E. CONCLUSION
So, transposition is used by translators in translating song’s lyric is to get
the equivalence of meaning or message from SL to TL. Various kinds of
changes appear using transposition and modulation techniques, including; shift,
unit shift, category shift and shift or change of active point of view in passive
 in SL. The structural shift found is the shift in no-phrase mina which in English
(SL) adheres to the MD legal rules while the Indonesian language (TL) adheres
to the DM legal rules. The unit shifts found are clauses into phrases and vice
versa, nouns into noun phrases, words into word groups (reduplication), and
verbs into verb phrases.
After the researcher analyze the song’s lyrics above, the researcher found 5
transposition in 4 song’s lyrics, which is the first lyric has 2 transposition
technique which is Unit Shift, second lyric has 1 transposition technique which
is Category shift, third lyric has 1 transposition technique which is Structure
Shift, last lyric has 1 transposition technique which is Unit Shift.

F. REFERENCES

Newmark, Peter. (1988). A Textbook of Translation . Prentice-Hall International,

Nida, Eugene. a, and Charles R. Taber. (1982). The Theory and Practice of

Translation.

Catford, J.C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation Oxford University Press, 1965.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T29Go2rWb
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=enQ8v1TUvH0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vALXsMLP1TE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ziKsJE2qsd0