Chapter 6 Refrigeration and Air Conditionin 99

che air-cycle system is

ideally suited for use in air-craft
because
it is light in
weight and requires less space than the
-compressio sion cycle. One
vit. is not as efficient as the
that it is
disadvantage of the air cycle is
Air-Cycle Refrigeration
vapor-compression cycle.
Air-cycle refrigeration may be
an open or a closed system. In thedesigned
and operated either
closed or dense-air system,
3ai
the Tefrigerant is contained within the piping or component
arts of the system at all times and with the refrigerator usually
cO0LER aintained at pressures above
atmospherie lèvel. In the open
sVstem, the refrigerator 1s replaced by the actual space to be
cooled with the air expanded to atmospheric pressure, circulated
COOLINO
wwM through the cold room and then compressed to the cooler
pressure. Such a system is inherently limited to operation at
atmospheric pressure in the refrigerator.
EXPANDER COMPRESsCR
RANT coMPSO TO MOTOR TO MOTOR
TIIwwwwwwIY T
ERBATOR REPRIGERATOR
P-C
oooonoTJIOTTITTTITI 8C
Fig 6-1. Closed or dense- Fig. 6-2. Open-air system BC
ar system P-C
The S
air-cycle refrigeration system is the only
process developed for wide commercial application air coolinga
in which
gaseous refrigerated is used
is throughout the cycle. Compression
accomplished by a
reciprocating or centrifugal 6-3. Ideal air-refrigeration
cycle
1n the
vapor-compression cycle, but compressor a* Fig.
condensation and evaporat0
are, of necessity, replaced by a sensible
the gas. An air
cooler is used in
cooling and heatinE Process 1-2: isentropic compression
refrigerator in a place of a condenser and rejection of heat
place of an evaporator. The expansion vave rocess 2-3: constant pressure
replaced by an expansion engine or
turbine. Process 3-4: isentropic expans1on
absorption of heat
rocess 4-1: constant pressure
 Refrigeration ánd Air Conditioning 101
100AirOycle Refrigeration
(b) Polytropic expansion
Air-Refrigeration
Cycle
Analysis of the
(1) Refrigerator
kW
(m) (¢,) (T,-T),
Refrigerating effect
=
mas flow rate of air, kg/s
where m =
heat of air (5) Net work
c 1.0062 kJ/kg K, specific
at constant pressure
Net work =
compressor work -
ezpander work
(2) Cooler
(6) Coefficient of Performance
Heat rejected =
(m) («,) (T,- T,), kW
COP-rerigerating efect
(3) Compressor work
Isentropic compression (6-1) An air refrigeration system operating on a ciosed cycle
(a) is required to produce 50 kW of refrigeration with a cooler
pressure of 1550 kPa and a refrigerator pressure of 448 kPa.
Leaving-air temperatures are 25°C for cooler and 5°C for
refrigerator. Assuming a theoretical cycle with isentropic
compression and expansion no clearance and no losses,
determine (a) the mass flow rate, (b) the compressor
displacement, (c) the expander displacement,, and (d) the COP.
(b) Polytropic compression SOLUTION
We
(4) Expander
(a) Isentropic expansion
w, P, = 448kPa
P,-1150 kPa
T,- 5+273 - 278 K
T, = 25+ 273 298 K
 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 103
102 Air-Cycle Refrigeration
(6-2) A 35-kW refrigeration load is to be
carried by an air
1.4-1 refrigerating 8ystem with
refrigerator pressure of 345discharge
a
-155014 396.3K a
kPa.
pressure of 1370 kPa and
-
T.17 processes are polytropic with n
of expansion is 1344 kPa and the
Compression
1.37. The =
pressure
and
expansion
at the start
T,-T.1T-27815501-209.0
448 K temperature leaving the refrigeratortemperature
is 32°C. Air
is 0°C and entering the
compressor i3 5"C. Clearance for both compressor and expander
= 50 is 5%. Determine (a) the piston displacement of the compressor
a) (m) (c,)(T-T,) and expander, (b) the net work and, (c) the COP
50
(278 209)
=
(m) (1.0062)
sOLUTION
m 0.720kg/s
without clearance,
(b) Compressor piston displacement
(0.72)(0.28708) (278)=0.1283 m/s - .
V 448
(c) Expander piston displacement without clearance,
(0.72) (0.28708) (203)= 0.0964 m/s
448
4
(8) WTTL
(1.4) (0.72) (0.28708) (278) T1550
1-1.4
P, 345 kPA
85.61 kW
P 1370 kPa
=
P 1344 kPa
(1.4) (0.72) (0.28708) (298) T =5+273 2 7 8 K
T, = 32+ 273 3 0 5 K
1-1.4
0+273 273 K
64.37 kW T =
Net work =85.61 64.37 D-1 137037-1
21.24 kW 7, 7,13745 -403.5 K
COP 21.24 2.35
T. -7. s05 3 =
2'1.3K
04 Air-Cycle Refrigeration
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 105
(a)
(m)(c,)(,-T)-35
(273- 211.3)
= 35
(m)(1.0062) (1.37) (0.564) (0.28708)
m 0.564 kg/s
1-1.37 (305)345 1
Compressor 56.20 kw
=1+005-0.05 1370177
1+c- 345 Net work =
75.21 -
56.20 19.01 kW
0.9132 (c) COP 19.011.84 1.84
mRT (0.564)(0.28708) (278)
volume flow rate =
*
345
0.130 m'/s
piston displacement = 1 0.142 ms
Expander
=1+c- =1+0.05-0.05 a4
0.9151
volume flow rate = -
mRT (0.564) (0.28708) (211.3)
P 345
= 0.099 mPs
piston displacement = 9.099
0.9151 =0.108 ims
b) WmETr
(1.37) (0.564) (0.28708) (278) ,1370
1-1.37 137-1
= 75.21 kW
 Chapter 7

steam-Jet Refrigeration

WArTAToe

PAY

C L WAT

O0oLAA

Steam-Jet Refrigeration Syatem

Fig 7-1.
water evaporative
refrigeration is a type of The
Steam jet is used as the retrigerant.
water boil or
geration wherein the fact that water will
based on
Cple of operation is low temperature, if
the pressure

porize rapic at a relatively

aporize rapidly, sufficiently.
the surface is reduced
 Conditioning
and Air
108
Refrigeration
Cascade 3ystem 109
Fig. 7-1. An
refrigeration
is shown
in
the' water
of th
ejector
in
sOLUTION
A steam jet from the
surface
the
sucks or
draws water
chamber,
causing
the pr
pressurein the
flash
or reduces the pres8ure in
evaporator
drop. The
ejector the
water will vaporiza at
evaporator to the
evaporator
point at which
to a it absorbs heat
Anathe
vaporizing,
In ls
desired temperature.
evaporator. The steam n
in the
of the water kPa.
the r e m a n d e r should be about 1030
at the ejector nozzle
of the water in
the evaporator, feduces th
The evaporation This cold water
in the evaporator. 4'C
temperature of the water the area to be coolad
to 21°C, is
circulated by means ofpumps, to
used extensively in air conditionine 175 w
Steam jet systems are
in certain chemical plants for
and for cooling of water
temperatures provided by the steam ist ehd
absorption. The cooling and 21°C. Temperatures
mechanism are usually between 4°C aoled aree
below 4°C impractical due to the danger of freezing.
are
(7-1) A steam-jet pump maintains a temperature of 5°Cin
the same temperature From the steam table
the evaporator. The cooled water leaves at
and warms to 10°C as it does its refrigeration. Make-up water is
h, = h, at 5°C = 20.98 kJ/kg
available at 21°C. There are required 1.27.kg of nozzle steam
For a l75-kW plant,
per kg of vapor removed from the evaporator. h, = h, at 10°C = 42.01 kJ/kg
compute the volume of vapor handled, the quantity of steam h = h, at 5°C = 2510.6 kJkg
needed, and the quantity of chilled water.
Vat 5°C =147.12m'kg
h h, at 21°C 88.14 kJkg
= =
carried
Let z =
vapor removed from the evaporator,
by nozzle steam
m = mass flow rate of chilled water
whole system, neglecting pump work,
Energy balance about the
zh,+175= zh,
88.14z+ 175 = 2510.6z
z 0.07224 kg vapor/s
= (0.07224) (147.12)
zv,
volume of vapor removed = 10.63 m/s
 and Air
ConditioniDg
Cascade System 111
Refrigeration
110
kg steam (e 07224
kg vapor (a) Energy balance about the cooled
(0.0722 second area
quantity of nozzle steam=(1.2"kg
vapor mh,+350 =mh,
= 0.0917 kg/s 20.98m+350 54.60om
about the cooled area, m 1041 kg/s
Energy balance
mh,+175 - mh, (b) Energy balance about the whole
system, neglecting pump
work,
20.98m+ 175 = 42.01m
zh,+350 zh,
m 8.32 kg/s 134.15z +350 2435.9
consists of a large z= 0.1521 kg/s
(7-2) A vacuum refrigeration system
insulated flash chamber kept at low pressure by a steam ejector
which pumps vapor to a condenser. Condensate is removed by a (c) vapor removed =
zv, = (0.1521) (142.7) =21.7 kg/s
condensate to an air vent. Warm return water enters the flash
chamber at 13C; chilled water comes out of the flash chamber
at 5C. Vapor leaving the flash chamber has a quality of 0.97
and the temperature in the condenser is 32°C. For 350 kW of
refrigeration
(a) how much chilled water at 5°C does this system
provide?
(b) how much make-up water is needed?
(c) how much vapor must the steam
flash chamber?
ejector remove from the
sOLUTION
The diagrammatie layout of Problem 7-1 is used
problem. in this
Prom the steam table
h h, at 5C
=
=
20.98 kJkg
h h, at 13C 54.60
=
=
kJkg
h h, at 32C 134.15 kJkg
,=h +h20.98(0.97) (2489.6)
2435.9 kJkg
, (0.97) (147.1) =
142.7. m'kg