A Proposal on

“INSERT YOUR TOPIC IN ALL CAPS”

Name of the Student Exam Roll No.

Name of the Student Exam Roll No.

United Technical College

Faculty of Science and Technology
Affiliated to Pokhara University, Nepal

Month, Year
 Abstract

The aim of this project was to design and analyse an RCC bridge over Jayshree

Khola in Gaindakot, Nepal. The bridge was designed to span a distance of 50 meters and
to

accommodate two lanes of traffic. The objective was to design a bridge that was
structurally

sound, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable. The design process involved

selecting

the appropriate bridge type, considering the local condition and site-specific factors. A

reinforced concrete box girder bridge was selected as the most appropriate design option,

considering the bridge’s length, traffic loading and local construction capabilities. The
bridge

was designed based on the Nepal Standard 1995 and Indian Standard Codes. The design

process included calculating the bridge’s structural capacity, such as the design loads,

reactions and the bending moments. Additionally, the bridge was designed to withstand

potential hazards, such as earthquakes and floods, which are common in Nepal. The
analyse

of the design was carried out using computer software which allowed for the evaluation of

the bridge’s structural behaviour under various loading conditions. The analysis confirmed

that the bridge design met all the required safety and performance standards.

i
 Table of Contents

Title Page
Abstract...........................................................................................................................i
List of table...................................................................................................................iii
List of figures................................................................................................................iv
List of abbreviations......................................................................................................v
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................6
1.1 Background.....................................................................................................6
1.2 Statement of Problem......................................................................................6
1.3 Research Objectives........................................................................................6
1.4 Significance of Study......................................................................................6
1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study................................................................6
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................7
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY (Heading 1 in styles)................................................8
3.1 Study Area (Heading 2 in styles)....................................................................8
3.1.1 Topography..............................................................................................8
3.1.2 Soil...........................................................................................................8
3.1.3 Geology....................................................................................................8
3.1.4 Climate.....................................................................................................8
3.2 Data Collection................................................................................................9
3.2.1 Primary Data............................................................................................9
3.2.2 Secondary data.........................................................................................9
3.3 Data Modeling.................................................................................................9
3.4 Theory and Formulas Used.............................................................................9
3.5 Software Used.................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 4 EXPECTED OUTPUT..........................................................................10
CHAPTER 5 Work Schedule.......................................................................................10
CHAPTER 6 Budget....................................................................................................10
REFERENCES............................................................................................................11

ii
 List of table

Title Page
Table 1: Captions for table 1...............................................................................................20

iii
Table 2: Captions for table 2...............................................................................................27
List of figures

Title Page
Figure 1: Captions for figure 1............................................................................................29
Figure 2: Captions for figure 2............................................................................................30
Figure 3: Flow chart............................................................................................................32
Figure 4: Storey Drift..........................................................................................................38

iv
 List of abbreviations

ADB Asian Development Bank

BoQ Bill of Quantities
GCC General Conditions of Contract
GoN Government of Nepal
ILO International Labor Organization
NPC Nepal Planning Commission
OSH Occupational Safety and Health
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
RII Relative Importance Index
SHMS Safety and Health Management System
SWP Safe Working Practices
WB World Bank
DoL Department of Labour

v
 1 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
2

2.1 Background

The syllabus of final year of civil engineering in Pokhara university consist the project
which will help to enhance the practical and the theoretical engineering knowledge. We
the student of the UTECH have decided to analyse and design a concrete bridge for the
part of project. The proposed bridge site is located at Gaindakot in nawalpur district which
links the lakkhanchowk and tatribas over Jayshree khola. The proposed bridge will be
beneficial and used by the locals for the transportation and other use upgrading their life
status.

2.2 Statement of Problem

In context of Nepal mainly suspension cable bridge are constructed for the flow of
human traffic only because of these the transportation of the goods and materials will
be slowed down. Constructing the rcc bridge will help to deliver the goods and
material in fast, easy, reliable and economical way causing the national economy to
speed up.
Nepal lies in the seismic zone and the bridge are subjected to various loads like
seismic load, wind load, impact load, track wheel load, ice load, water load. Due to
the lack of the incorporation of such loads which can occurs in bridge design many
bridge get fail during construction and after construction. If the bridge design us
carried out in similar way without considering all the loads which are likely to occur
during its design period it will cause the heavy loss in the economy and also may
cause damage of the human resources.
-Bridge in Mahesh khola in dhading failed during construction due to washout of the
shuttering support.
-Bridge in kamala and jabdighat river collapsed after the flood settled during flood.
-Bridges in Bhoteodar and Melamchi were overflooded.
-bridges in the Chure region are affected by excessive deposition, impending flood
damage.
6
2.3 Research Objectives
Main Objective
To analysis and design different structural components of bridge.
Specific Objective:
- To design the superstructure of the bridge (slab, girder)
- To design the substructure of the bridge (abutment, pier, bearing)

2.4 Significance of Study

Firstly, the construction of the bridge will greatly benefit the local community by
providing better connectivity and accessibility between two areas that were previously
separated by a waterway. This can result in improved transportation efficiency and
reduced travel time for individuals, as well as increased economic opportunities for
businesses located on either side of the bridge.

Secondly, the bridge can also have a positive impact on the environment. By providing an
alternative route for vehicles, it can help to reduce congestion and air pollution in the
surrounding areas. Additionally, the construction process itself can create job
opportunities for individuals, which can in turn boost the local economy.

Thirdly, the bridge can also serve as a symbol of progress and development for the entire
region. It can enhance the overall infrastructure and improve the image of the area,
potentially attracting more investment and tourism.

Overall, the significance of the proposed bridge project lies in its potential to improve the
quality of life for the local community, promote environmental sustainability, and
stimulate economic growth.

2.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study

scope
- To analysis of load force and the stresses subjected to bridge.
-To consider the expected traffic and loads on the bridge and to ensure safety and
functionality of bridge.
-To provide the detail description of bridge structural design including the analysis and
design of bridge components such as girder, slab, pier etc.

7
-To outline the construction planning process including the schedule budget and resources
required for construction.
Limitation
-The project work will be limited to structural analysis and design only.
-The bearing capacity of soil would be assumed.
-Hydrological, meteorological and geotechnical data will be roughly calculated.

3 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
The construction of the bridge begun with the progress of human civilization. The earliest
bridge on record is traced around 4000BC across Switzerland. The oldest bridge still
standing is a stone slab bridge which is built at least 2800 years ago across the meles river,
turkey. Around 320 BC, alexander the great built floating bridges for the passage of his
army during his great conquest of the east. (Johnson, 2001)
Due to many rivers and mountaineous terrain nepal should construct different types of
bridges due to which people have been constructing bridges for centuries using local
materials and techniques.one of the earliest recorded bridges in nepal is the keshar
bagh bridge which was built during the resign of king prithivi narayan shah in the 18th
century.another during the rana regime (1846-1951).in the mid 20 th century kali
gandaki bridge ,trishuli bridge and tribhuvan rajpath was constructed using modern
technique.in recent year many large and modern bridges have been constructed across
the country using advanced technology.one of the notable example is the gautam
buddha bridge over the gandaki river which is longest and highest cable stayed bridge in
nepal.
The bridge can be divided into four components:
-Foundation
Abutment:
an abutment is the substructure at the end of the bridge span supporting is superstructure.
the base width of abutment should be adequate. It should ensure that the compressive
strength cause by them on the foundation soil should not be exceed its safe bearing
capacity. Thus, the pressure at the toe of the abutment should be calculated to ensure the
soil is not overstressed. Abutment are applicable for a minimum bearing capacity of the

8
soil of 16.5 ton/m2. For soil having lower bearing capacity the section should be increased
suitably.

span 6m and 5m 4m,3m,2m.1.5m and 1m

H 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
b1 .2 .25 .3 .35 .4 .15 .2 .25 .3 .35 .4
b2 .6 .85 1 1.2 1.4 .5 .7 .95 1.1 1.25 1.4
b3 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3
b4 - .1 .2 .4 .6 - - .1 .2 .3 .5
B1 1.5 1.8 2 2.25 2.51 2.5 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
B2 2.7 3.2 3.6 4.25 4.9 2.45 2.7 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.6

Pier-
piers are vertical supports that are used to carry the weight of the bridge and
distribute it evenly to the ground or the surrounding structures.
The most common types of piers used in bridge construction include:
Concrete piers:
These are typically used in large, modern bridges and are made of reinforced
concrete. They can be built in a variety of shapes and sizes, depending on the
specific design requirements of the bridge.
Steel piers:
These are used in both large and small bridges and are made of steel columns and
beams. They can be fabricated off-site and then transported to the construction site
for assembly.
Masonry piers:
These are made of brick or stone and are typically used in smaller, historical bridges.
They are often aesthetically pleasing and can add to the overall charm of the bridge.
Timber piers:
These are used in smaller bridges and are made of wooden posts and beams. They
are often used in rural areas or in areas with limited resources. The type of pier used

9
in a particular bridge.
-Substructure
-Bearing
Bearing provides resisting surface between bridge piers and bridge decks.
Types of bearing are:
Metallic/steel bearing
Elastomeric bearing
Pot bearing
Bearing should be anchored in order to couneter vibrations and accidental impact.
Anchorage
should be accurately sset into recess cast into the structure using templates. The
remaining
recess should be fill with material capable of withstanding the loads. [SSRBW,2073]
-Superstructure
Member above the bearing level is called superstructure. The superstructure bears the
weight of the load and transmitting the forces to the below substructure. i.e.
-railing footpath, wearing course, deck slab
-primary member (longitudinal girder)
-secondary member (cross girder)
-arch and suspension cable

Type of bridge
1 Slab bridge: this type of bridge is use for small span and its construction is easy as
compared to other type of bridge. Slab bridge of span 10m are mostly observed
they are constructed generally at the range of 8-12m span. The thickness of slab is
considerably high, but its construction is simple and easy. For the large span due to
more depth it become uneconomical so T-BEAM girder bridge is generally used in
state of slab bridge. Design of slab of this type of bridge is generally carried out by
using effective width method.

10
 https://structville.com/design-of-voided-slab-bridge-
decks
2 T-beam bridge

In cross section the beams are deeper than their deck section which produces the T shape.
The primary reinforcing steel is placed longitudinally in the bottom of the beam to resist
the tension on the beam. T-beam bridge have cast in place. Reinforced concrete beams
with integral deck sections to their sites of the top of the beam. Analysis of slab of this
type of bridge is done by piegeaud’s coefficient method.

11
3 Box girder bridge:
A box girder is a type of bridge that consist of hollow rectangular or box shaped
structure typically made of reinforcement concrete or steel. the box girder is
supported by piers or abutment at regular intervals.

12
4 Truss bridge:
A truss bridge is type of bridge that consist of a framework of connected triangle
known as truss,that supports the bridge deck or road way.Truss bridge are typically
made of stel wood and are commonly used to span longer distance than other type
of bridge .

https://structville.com/design-of-truss-bridges
5 Arch bridge :

13
 (https://sites.google.com/site/aboutbridges/home/6-arche-bridges)
6 Cable-stayed bridge: Bridge form in which the weight of the deck is supported by
a number of nearly straight diagonal cables in tension running directly to one or
more vertical towers. The towers transfer the cable forces to the foundations
through vertical compression.

https://technologystudent.com/struct1/norman1.
htm

14
Bridge Classification
i). Culvert is length up to 6m
ii). Minor bridge:
-length is less than 50m
-span less than 25m.
iii). Major bridge:
- length is greater than 50m.
-span is greater than 25m (NBS 2067 Cl7.0)

Nepal bridges practice

Bridge practice in Nepal
Arch bridge
- Arch bridge is a bridge with abutment at each end. The shaped of bridge is curved
arch. Arch bridge shaped as an upward convex curved arch to sustain the vertical
loads. Arch bridge works by transferring its weight and other loads partially into a

15
horizontal thrust restrained by the strong abutments at either side. In context of Nepal
first arch bridge constructed at Bijuli bazzar best Dhobi khola at bagmagti river and at
now there are various arch bridge are constructed in Nepal. Like different places at
Mugling narayanghad highway and Prithivi highwayat mugling.
Signature bridge

- The signature bridge is cantilever spar cable stayed bridge which span is generally
greater than other type of bridge. A contact has been bought to build Nepal first
signature bridge on the narayani river connecting Chitwan and Gainakot of
navalparasi. It is also planned to decorated the bridge with attractive light at night.
This type of bridge is also being made tourist friendly.
Cable stayed bridge
- Cable stayed bridge in which the deck is supported by a number of nearly straight
diagonal cable intention running directly to one or more vertical towers. The tower
transfer the cable force to the foundation through vertical compression. Karnali
Chisapani Bridge is the first cable stayed bridge in Nepal. it is 500m long. It is
constructed with the help of Japanese government. This is centre attraction of the
karnali region. Making it one of the most famous bridge of Nepal.
Deck type bridge
- The deck bridge is a bridge which supporting elements are below the track or
roadway. Which are supported by piers or abutments. The deck is usually supports by
girders or beam that run parallel to the direction of the roadway or railway. The Kali
Gandaki bridge located in Baglung district is a deck type bridge that span over the
Kali Gandaki river. Also Gaurisankar bridge located in Dolakha district is another
example of deck type bridge.
Through type bridge
- A through type bridge where the roadway and railway is supported by the top chords
of the truss, which are in turn supported by the piers and abutments. The roadway or
railway is usually located between the top chords and is supported by stringers or

16
floor beams. The through truss design allows for a wider and more open span than
other types of bridge making it suitable for longer span bridge. Baglung nisikhola
suspension bridge is a through type bridge located at the Baglung district of Nepal.
T beam bridge
In cross section the beams are deeper then their deck section which produces the T shape.
The primary
reinforcing steel is placed longitudinally in the bottom of the beam to resist the tension on
the beam.
T-beam bridge have cast in place. Reinforced concrete beams with integral deck sections
to their sites of
the top of the beam.
Stresses on bridge
Different types of load acting on bridge. This load is combined and cause tress on the
bridge. There are four types of stress.
Tension stress
It is a stretching stress. Many parts of bridge including cable of the suspension bridge
are under high tensile force causes tension stress.
Compression stress
it is a squeezing stress. Push on two opposite side of member, the member will compress.
If the compression force is too strong the material bend or fracture.
Torsion stress
it is a twisting stress. In the bridge torsional force is applied the torsional stress is
occurred. The strong winds also apply torsion to bridge decks.
Shear stress
shear stress is occurred when two force acts on opposite directions. Fast moving vehicle
striking one of the bridge part or the wind and moving water can cause shear stress.

Flood Estimation
Flood estimation is the part of the science of hydrology which is concerned with the
assessment of flood flows in a river system at a particular location or through a catchment.
(www.researchgate.net ) in which analysis of floods will be carried out, there are different
method of analysing the flood but Jayshree khola is ungauged river so following methods
are

17
adopted.
1 WECS/DHM method: the WECH/DHM method was developed by the water and energy
commission secretariate and published a report “methodologies for estimating hydraulic
characteristics of ungauged location in Nepal”. In which methods are described to
calculate
the flood discharge of the river for different return periods. The flood flows are calculated
according to the formula described in the report within the different altitudes. The
maximum flood flows are calculated in any river of
catchment area ‘A’ below 3000m elevation formula as given below. The following
equation
is used here for maximum daily flood peak in safer side.
Q 2 = 1.8767(A+1) 0.8783
Q 100 =14.63(A+1) 0.7342
Where, Q 2 and Q 100 are peak flood discharge for return period of 2 and 100 yrs
Q T = e^(lnQ 2 +s*d)
where, d= ln(Q 100 /Q 2 )/2.326
A= basin area below 3000m
Q T = T year instantaneous flood in m^3/sec
S= standard normal variate which value depends on return periods
Return period (T) in yrs Standard variate (S)
20
5 0.842
10 1.282
20 1.645
50 2.045
100 2.326
200 2.376
(www.wecs.gov.np)
2 Rational method: The rational methods predict the peak runoff according to the formula
Q= CiA/360
Where, C=runoff coefficient
18
I = rainfall intensity
A= catchment area

3 Dicken’s formula: On of the empirical formula adopted for moderate size north Indian
catchment with Dicken’s formula which is given as Q=C*a^0.75
Where a= catchment area in sq.km
C= Dicken’s coefficient whose values for various reasons are given below
Region Value of C
North Indian plains 6
North Indian hilly region 11-14
Central India 14-22
Costal Andhra and Orissa 22-28
4 Ryev’s formula: This formula was originally developed for the Tamil Nadu region. It is
used in Tamil Nadu and parts of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
Q= CA^2/3
Where, A= catchment area in sq.km
The value of c is recommended by Ryve’s
C= 6.8 for areas within 80km from the east coast
C= 8.5 for areas which are 80-160km from the east coast
C=10.2 for limited areas in hills
5 Inglis formula 1930: This formula is based on flood data of catchment in the western
ghats
in Maharashtra. The flood peak Q p in m^3/sec is expressed as
Qp= 124A/(A+10.40) ^1/2
Where A is the catchment area in sq.km

Calculation of scour depth

The depth from the HFL to the maximum scour level in the bed is called scour depth and
scour depth is calculated by using lacey’s formula. where

19
DSM=1.34 (Db^2/Ksf)^1/3 (IRC 5 1998 Cl 110.1.3)

Linear waterway is calculated by using some accepted rational formula

Where W=C (Q)^1/2 (IRC 5 1998 Cl 104.3)

Calculation of the width of bridges:

In order to calculate the width of bridges. first of all, number of the lane has to be decided.
Number of lanes is decided based on the speed and the spacing between the vehicle. For
example, if we assumed vehicle is moving at 60kmph and the length of bridges is 60km
than number of vehicles is 60000/25 per hour.
If number of vehicles count in hour is greater then 2400 the number of lanes has to be
increases.
The number of lanes may be:
Single lane: Width of lane 4.25 for single lane
Multilane: width of lane 7.5 for multilane

Code in practice in bridge design

NBS-2067 Guidelines for design of bridge

IRC-5 Give general feature of design for bridge

IRC-6 Describe the load and stresses to be

applied for design of bridge

IRC-112 Describe about the limit state of design for

bridge

IRC-78 Describe about the foundation and sub

structural design

IRC-83 Describe about the bearing in bridge

20
-Various report and guidelines regarding construction of bridge are reviewed. The design
work involves design of bridge and approach road on the both sides. Based on the design
parameter collected during the field work and relevant standard document design of the
bridge is done as per NBS 2067 and relevant IRC(Indian Road Congress) standard.

3.1 Different Codes for Bridge Design

3.1.1 2.1.1 Nepal Bridge Standard

As per NBS 2067:

Design life
Design life of minimum 50yrs is taken traffic protection shall be made for 30yrs. (NBS
2067 CL 3.1)
design discharge of return period 100yrs will be taken. (NBS 2067 CL 3.2)
Bridge loading:
Load is the basic parameter to find out the shear force and bending momentrequired for
the design of bridge. different load acting on the bridges are:

21
Dead load:
It is the self-weight3 of the structural element of bridge. Dead load in bridge doesn’t
varies over the life time of bridge and it fixed so the analysis of dead load is easier than the
live load.
Live load:
The load due to moving vehicle on the bridges are called live load. It is difficult to
analyse the live load.
Type of live load:
The different type of live load that should be applied on the bridge for analysis of bridge
explain in IRC6.

All the parameter of the bridge is design as per IRC loading or AASTHO. (NBS 2067)
IRC Class-A loading
This type of loading is used in the design of all permanent bridges. It is considered as
standard live load of bridge. When we design a bridge using class AA type loading, then it
must be checked for class A loading also.

Figure 1 Loading for Class A Train of Vehicles

The applied load is divided by contact area to obtain the stress.
The contact area for the different type of load is as:
Ground contact dimension for A-loading

Axle load Ground contact

area

B (mm) W(mm)

11.4 250 500

6.8 200 380

2.7 150 200

22
IRC Class-AA loading
This type of loading is considered for the design of new bridge especially heavy loading
bridges like bridges on highways, in cities, industrial areas etc. In class AA loading
generally two types of vehicles considered, and they are
 Tracked type
 Wheeled type

23
IRC Class-B loading

24
-Generally used for the design of temporary work such as timber bridge design.

Ground contact dimension for class B loading is as:

Axle load Ground contact area

B (mm) W (mm)

6.8 200 380

4.1 150 300

1.6 125 175

IRC class 70R loading

This load is normally adopted on all roads on which permanent bridge and culvert are
constructed. Bridge design for class 70R loading should be check for class A loading also
at under the certain condition heavier stress may occurs under the class A loading.

25
IRC 70R loading is divided into two parts
IRC 70R tracked loading
IRC 70R wheel loading (IRC 6 2000)
In order to calculate the share force and bending moment the load is arranged based on
the type of loading and width of carriage way as:

Combination of Live Load

This clause shall be read in conjunction with Clause 104.3 of IRC:5. The carriageway
live load combination shall be considered for the design as shown in Table 6 .

Live Load Combination

S. Carriageway Width Number of Load Combination (Refer Table 6A

No. (CW) Lanes for Design for diagrammatic representation)
Purposes
1) Less than 5.3 m 1 One lane of Class A considered to occupy
2.3 m. The remaining width of carriageway
shall be loaded with 500 kg/m2

2) 5.3 m and above but 2 One lane of Class 70R OR two lanes for
less than 9.6 m Class A
3) 9.6 m and above but 3 One lane of Class 70R for every two lanes
less than 13.1 m with one lanes of Class A on the remaining
lane OR 3 lanes of Class A
4) 13.1 m and above but 4
less than 20.1 m
One lane of Class 70R for every two lanes
5) 16.6 m and above but 5 with one lane of Class A for the remaining
less than 20.1 m lanes, if any, OR one lane of Class A for
6) 20.1 m and above but 6 each lane.
less than 23.6 m

26
27
28
Thus the obtain load is static load and to obtain dynamic load this load has to be multiply
by impact factor .dynamic load is important because bridge is subjected to the moving
load of vehicle.
The impact factor for different type of load can be calculated as:
For Class A or Class B Loading
In the members of any bridge designed either for Class A or Class B loading (vide

29
Clause 204.1), this impact percentage shall be determined from the curves . The impact
fraction shall be determined from the following equations which are
applicable for spans between 3 m and 45 m
4.5
i) Impact factor fraction for reinforced concrete bridges =
6+ L
9
ii) Impact factor fraction for steel bridges =
13.5+l

Where L is length in meters of the span as specified in Clause 208.5

For Class AA Loading and Class 70R Loading

The value of the impact percentage shall be taken as follows:-
a) For spans less than 9 m
For tracked vehicles : 25 percent for spans upto 5 m linearly reducing to
10 percent for spans upto 9 m
For wheeled vehicles : 25 Percent
b) For spans of 9 m or more
i) Reinforced Concrete Bridges
1) Tracked Vehicles : 10 percent upto a span of 40 m and in accordance
with the curve for spans in excess of 40 m
2) Wheeled Vehicles : 25 percent for spans upto 12 m and in accordance
with the curve for spans in excess of 12 m.

30
Wind Load- All structure shall be designed for the lateral wind force and shall be
considered
to act horizontally and in such a direction that resultant stress in member are maximum.
The
intensity of the wind force is based on wind pressure and wind velocity as in Cl 212 Table
4.
The wind load acting on an area for deck structure is structure seen in elevation lateral
wind
force against exposer moving live load should be considered acting as 1.5m above the
roadway and for ordinary highway bridge shall be assumed 300kg/ linear m. The total
wind
force calculated as above should not be less than value as explained in Cl 212.6 &
212.7.
Buoyancy It is the upward force exerted by a fluid on a body that is partially or fully
immersed in it. In bridge buoyancy can arise when the bridge pier or abutment is partially
or
fully submerged in water. This principle is known as Archimedes principle.
The buoyancy force can be calculated using the following eqn
Fb=
Where Fb= buoyancy force

V=volume of displaced fluid

g =Acceleration due to gravity
[ Serway, R.A, & Jewerr,s.w 2017]
In the design of submerged masonry or concrete structures the buoyancy effect through
pores
pressure may be limited to 15% of full buoyancy. ( IRC: 6-2000, Cl 216.5)
In case of submersible bridges the full buoyancy effect on the superstructure shall be taken
into consideration. (Cl 216.6)
Afflux – afflux is rise in the upstream level of the bridge. It is important for bridge design.
It
can be effect the hydraulic performance and safety of the bridge structure. the minimum

31
afflux should be kept 30cm. The afflux cause increase the velocity on the downstream side
of
the river. The afflux can be computed
X= {
Where x= afflux in m
V= velocity of normal flow in the river , m/sec
L= width of stream at HFL
W= linear waterway in meter
C= coefficient of discharge through the structure
= 0.7 for sharp entry
= 0.9 for bell mouth entry.
[ Dr.S.K.Shrama,1985 ]

Bridge site selection

Selection criteria of bridge site
The choice of the right site is a curcial decision in the planning and designing of a bridge.

 The river reach should be straight.

 There should be uniform & steady flow in the reach.
 The river banks should be stable.
 The width of the river channel should be minimum.
 The site should be sufficiently away from the confluence point.
 There should not be the necessity for extensive river training works.
 There should be the availability of hard strata or non-erodible foundations for the
bridge.
 There should be no excessive scouring & silting at the bridge site
 There should be a minimum obstruction to natural waterways.
 The bridge axis & river flow direction should be at a right angle.
 The bridge axis should align with the centreline of the approach road.
 The bridge should be absolutely on level. If it has to be in gradient, it should
comply with that of the roadway at both ends of the bridge.

32
  There should be sufficient clearance for high flood level (HFL).
 Absence of excessive underwater construction works.

There should be the availability of construction materials

Design method of slab and girder

Pigeauds method

 It gives the bending moment coefficient of long and short span from curve.
 Used for only 2-way slab design or slabs supported along four edges with
restrained corners and subjected to symmetrically placed loads distributed over
some well-defined area.
 Curves developed for thin plates using the elastic flexural theory. [ Scribd
SlideShare, Ankit singh, Nov.19, 2014]

Courbon’s method
Courbon theory was originally developed for bridge girders with series of cross beams in
which the cross beams are stiff enough to provide adequate lateral stiffness by
implication,the application of the method requires that the cross beams will have a depth
not less 75% of the main longitudinal girders it also requires that the span to width the
ratio of the bridge will be greater than 2 but not less than 4. For the beams equally spaced
and geometrically equal than reaction factor for each beam is given by
Ri=P{1/n+6ei/[nS(n+1)]}

33
Where
Ri=reaction factor
P=applied load
n=no of longitudinal beams
S=spacing of longitudinal beams
ei=eccentricity of load with respect to centroidal axis of the bridge deck
(https://structville.com, Ubani Obinna -aug-10,2020)

 .

34
 5 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

5.1 Study Area

5.1.1 Topography
Jayshree Khola is a small river characterized by steep slope and narrow valley which
makes
erosion flood during heavy rainfall. It’s elevation range from 431 to 2150 msl and gradient
range 10 width range 50 to 100m. [Shrestha, 2017]

5.1.2 Soil

5.1.3 Geology
geological condition of Gaindakot is characterized by the presence of alluvial deposits,
which
are mainly composed of sand, silt, and clay.
Geological and Geomorphological Investigation of Gaindakot Area, Nawalparasi District,
Nepal" by R. K. Jha and S. B. Sapkota, published in the Journal of Nepal Geological
Society
in 2008,

5.1.4 Climate
Climate: gaindakot has a humid subtropical climate, characterized by hot summers and
mild
winters. The mosoon season, which lasts from June to September brings the majority of
the
annual rainfall.
The average temperature in the summer months( June to august) ranges from 25 to 32 0 C
while the averagetemperature in the winter months ranges from 7 to 20 0 C.
[climate,gaindakot]
References: “climate gaindakot.” Climate-data.org,https://en.climate
data.org/asia/Nepal/Gandaki/gaindakot-702883/.

35
 5.2 Data Collection

5.2.1 Primary Data

Primary data is information collected directly from the source through survey,
experiments, or observation.in the context of designing a bridge, primary data include:
Site survey data: data such as total length, each span length, depth of foundation,
abutment level bridge level will be calculated.
Traffic data: traffic data such as traffic volume, traffic speed, traffic composition, traffic
flow, traffic variation would be calculated.
Materials testing data: the materials testing data such as soil testing, concrete testing, steel
testing, asphalt testing, composite testing would be determined.
Environmental data: climate data, hydrology data, geological data, ecological data would
be determined.

5.2.2 Secondary data:

The data that has already been collected and published by other source is called secondary
data.it include
Design standards
Existing bridge data
Research paper
Geographical information

5.3 Data Modeling

Flow chart

surveying Hydrological analysis

Geotechnical analysis
Bridge type selection

36
Fig: flowchart showing the methodology of bridge construction

37
Surveying
-In surveying generally length i.e., span of bridge is to be calculated.
-Bench mark would be fixed to calculate RL and coordinate of bridge point.
-HFL would be calculated based on the higher marking point by flood. (R.Agor 1980 )

Hydrological analysis
-First of all, catchment area will be calculated from the map study.
-Design discharge and HFL is to be calculated.
-Discharge within catchment area is calculated by using rational method,. (k.
Subramanya,
2021)
-HFL is calculated by using rating curve (k. Subramanya, 2021)
-Scour depth is calculated by using Lacey’s formula (IRC:5-1998 Cl 110.1.2)
-Calculation of linear waterway by using rational formula (IRC:5-1998 Cl 104.3)
Geotechnical analysis
-Due to limitation of time and budget we the data of geotechnical analysis will be
assumed.
-The average mean diameter of particle is required for calculation of scour depth will be
determine by using sieve analysis. (IRC:5-1998 Appendix-2 Cl 110.1.3)

Bridge type selection

-Bridge is selected based on width of river.(NBS 2067 Cl 7.0)
Foundation selection
-Foundation is selected based on the bearing capacity of soil.(IRC 78 2000)

Fixation of foundation level and road level

38
-To find out foundation level and the road level.

-First of all RL of HFL calculated.

-Scour depth is subtracted from RL of HFL and suitable bearing is
subtracted to obtain RL of foundation level. (IRC 781983 CL705)
-Road level is calculated adding vertical clearance and free
board HFL (NBS 2067 Cl 8.1)
Width of bridge
-It is calculated by considering carriage way and footpath required. (NBS 2067 Cl 5.0, Cl
5.1,
Cl 5.2)

Design of Superstructure
-In order to design the superstructure i.e., slab, girder. loading condition that should be
applied for design of bridge is broadly explained in IRC 6,2000
1. Loading
2. Moment in Slab
3. Influence Line diagram for Bending moment in Beam (different loading)
4. Design of cross-girder
5. Courbon’s method (for design of substructure)

-Calculation of bending moment and shear force.

-Based on the loading criteria for the different load as explain in IRC 6 bending moment
and
shear force is calculated.
- Based on bending moment and shear force, Reinforcement and stirrups is calculated.
(IRC
112 2011 section 15) (IRC 112 2011 section 16)
39
5.4 Theory and Formulas Used

5.5 Software Used

As per the emerging technology analysis and design of structures can be performed by
computer programme and software like SAP ,CSI bridge and ST-AAD pro. SAP can
analyse structures and performed model analyse ST-AAD pro can even design structure
according to our needs. Whereas design of ST-AAD pro are slightly uneconomic in the
context of Nepal.Mainly used software for design of bridge in Nepal is CSI bridge.

40
 6 CHAPTER 4
EXPECTED OUTPUT
-Design width and depth of slab will be determined.
-Design depth of girder will be carried out.
-Reinforcement required for the slab and girder will be
determined and its proper detailing.

7
8 CHAPTER 5
Work Schedule

Gantt chart

phase 4

phase 3

phase 2

phase 1

13/01/2080 15/01/2080 17/01/2080 19/01/2080 21/01/2080 23/01/2080 25/01/2080 27/01/2080

end of date no of days Series3

1 CHAPTER 6
Budget

s.n Particular Cost

1 Site visit and data collection 2000

2 Proposal printing 1000

41
 2 REFERENCES

The arguments in the project work should be supported by proper evidences. This needs to
be done by referring to earlier publications such as patents, journals, books, reports, thesis
and other materials. Hence, referencing gives credit to the authors or organizations for
using their work in your report. It provides the reader with evidence of the breadth and
depth of researchers reading and enables readers to locate the references easily

Citation in the body of the report:

When making reference to an author's work in the text, their name is followed by the year
of publication of their work. For instance,

In general, when writing for a professional publication, it is good practice to make

reference to other relevant published work. This view has been supported in the work of
Cormack (1994).

Where, mentioning a particular part of the work, and making direct reference to this, a
page reference should be included. For instance,

Cormack (1994, pp.32-33) states that "when … works".

In the case of two joint authors, the surnames of both shall be written. Here, be careful
about using ampersand “&”. For instance,...works (Poudel & Shrestha, 2013). Or Poudel
and Shrestha (2013) states that “when… works”.

In the case of three or more authors, only the first author should be used followed by ‘et
al.’ meaning ‘and others’. For instance,

Joshi, et al. (2012) found that the majority… or Recent research has found that the
majority of… (Joshi, et al., 2012).In the case of two or more works are cited, They are all
cited as follows;

Jones (1946) and Smith (1948) have both shown… . or Further research in the late forties
(Jones, 1946; Smith, 1948; Just & Pope 1978) lead to major…In the case of works of the
same author in same year. They should be distinguished by alphabet supplemented in the
year of publication. For instance Jones (1948a) and Jones (1948b) have both shown… . or

42
Further research in the late forties (Jones, 1948a; Jones, 1948b; Just & Pope 1978) lead to
the… .

In the Reference: (In this chapter)

All the works cited in the text should be listed alphabetically by author or authorship,
regardless of the format (whether books, website, or journal articles etc.). In the case of
several works from one author or source they should be listed together but in date order
with the earliest work listed first. The list should be in the following form;

Journal articles:

Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal [in italic], Volume number
(Issue/Part number), Page numbers.

For example:

Acharya, S., and Tewari, A., 2019. Spreadsheet implementation for optimization of power
flow network problem: a case study of Kathmandu Valley. SCITECH Nepal, 14 (1),
pp.44-49.

For Books:

Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher

Redman, P., 2006. Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. 3rd ed. London: Open
University in association with Sage. [Book with single author]

Barker, R., Kirk, J., and Munday, R. J., 1988. Narrative analysis. 3rd ed. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press. [Book with three authors]

Grace, B. et al., 1988. A history of the world. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
[Book with four or more authors]

Theses and dissertations:

Author, Initials., Year. Title of dissertation [in italic]. Level. Official name of University.

Gurung, M. B., 2013. Analysis of labor based environment friendly (LEP) approach in the
construction of rural road in Nepal. M.Sc. Nepal Engineering College-Center for
Postgraduate Studies (nec-CPS), Pokhara University.

43
Corporate Author

Organization., Year. Full title of report [in italic]. Place of publication: Publisher

CBS. 2012. National population and housing census 2011. Kathmandu, Nepal: Central
Bureau of Statistics (CBS).

UNDP. 2012. UNDP annual report 2011. Kathmandu, Nepal: United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP).

Conference paper:

Author, Initials., Year. Full title of conference paper. In: followed by the editor or name of
organization, Full title of the conference [in italic]. Location, Date. Place of publication:
Publisher

Brown, J., 2005. Evaluating surveys of transparent governance. In: UNDESA (United
Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), 6th Global forum on reinventing
government: towards participatory and transparent governance. Seoul, Republic of Korea
24-27 May 2005.New York: United Nations.

44