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DESIGN OF STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

STRUCTURE

A PROECT REPORT

Submitted by

ABINASH KUMAR. V 822719103001

PARTHIBAN. S 822719103030

HARIHARAN. D 822719103304

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

SENGIPATTI, THANJAVUR – 613 402.

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

MAY – 2023
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ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “DESIGN OF STORMWATER

MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE” is the bonafide work of “ABINASH

KUMAR.V (822719103001), PARTHIBAN.S (822719103030),

HARIHARAN.D (822719103304)” who carried out the project work under my

supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. HOD Dr. PL. SENTHILKUMAR Ph.D.,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Department of Civil Engineering, Assistant Professor,

Government College of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,

Sengipatti, Thanjavur – 613 402. Government College of Engineering,

Sengipatti, Thanjavur – 613 402.

Submitted for the project viva-voce held on ……………….

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMNINER

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I reverently thank our Principal Dr. M. NATARAJ, M.E., Ph.D., for his
support and paving of proper infrastructural facility in the college.

I highly thank Dr. S. SUMATHI, M.E., Ph.D., Head of the Department,

Department of Civil Engineering, for providing necessary facilities for the
successful completion of this project work.

I sincerely thank Dr. PL. SENTHILKUMAR Ph.D., Supervisor, Department of

Civil Engineering, for his guidance and encouragements for the successful
completion of this project work.

We thank all Teaching and Non-teaching staff members of

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING of our college, our friends
for their support and encouragement to complete the project.

Above all we thank our parents and members of family for their constant
support in the education travel.
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ABSTRACT

The project titled “Design of stormwater management structure” aims to

address the issue of stormwater runoff management in urban areas. The
increasing urbanization and climate change have led to an increase in the
frequency and intensity of storms, resulting in flooding and erosion, and
degradation of water quality. The proposed design of stormwater management
structure involves a comprehensive approach to mitigate the negative impacts of
stormwater runoff. The design and construction of a rectangular roadside drain
as stormwater management structure will also be included. The drain will be
designed to efficiently capture and convey stormwater from the road surface,
reducing the risk of flooding and erosion. The design will take into account the
hydraulic efficiency of the drain, its capacity to handle peak flows, and the
safety of the adjacent road users. The structure will be constructed using durable
and sustainable materials, such as reinforced concrete, that can withstand the
harsh environmental conditions to provide long-term performance. The
construction process will also adhere to environmental and safety regulations,
and quality assurance will be implemented to ensure the structure’s structural
integrity and functionality.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT III

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF SYMBOLS

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 General 1

1.1.1 Soil investigation 1

1.1.2 Specification of structure 1

1.2 Objectives

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

3 PLAN

3.1 Overall site map

3.2 Design area

4 STORMWATER QUANTIFICATION

4.1 Rational Method

4.1.1 Runoff coefficient

4.1.2 Area calculation

4.1.3 Intensity of rainfall

4.2 Quantification

5 SECTION OF DRAIN
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5.1 Common Roadside Drain Cross-Sections 23

5.2 Best Hydraulic Cross Section

5.3 Freeboard for Drains

5.4 Sizing of Drain

6 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

6.1 Wall Pressure Calculations

6.2 Resistance to sliding

6.3 Resistance to overturning

6.4 Bearing Capacity Check

7 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

7.1 Design of the Walls

7.1.1. Flexural Design (Bending)

7.1.2. Steel ratio check

7.1.3. Shear check

7.2 Design of the Base

7.2.1. Flexural Design

7.2.2. Shear check

7.3 Detailing

8 CONSTRUCTION

8.1 Construction Process

8.1.1. Marking of alignment

8.1.2. Excavation
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8.1.3. Concrete Binding

8.1.4. Positioning of reinforcements

8.1.5. Concrete Base, Walls, Slab

8.1.6. Catchpit

8.1.7. Backfilling and compaction

9 CONCLUTION

10 REFERENCE
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CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. GENERAL:

The city of Chennai has experienced increasing instances of flooding in

2015, which caused severe damage to public and properties. The purpose of the
project is to design a stormwater drainage structure aims to address the issue of
flooding and erosion and can effectively manage stormwater runoff in the city.

1.1.1. SOIL INVESTIGATION:

The safe bearing capacity of the soil is found as 150 kN/m2.

1.1.2. SPECIFICATION OF THE STRUCTURE:

1.2. OBECTIVES:

To access the quantity of stormwater runoff in a congested urban area. (Ex:

Velachery, Chennai).

Based on the stormwater runoff calculation, the design of the urban stormwater
management structure being carried out to manage the urban stormwater issues.
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CHAPTER – 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
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CHAPTER – 3

PLAN
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CHAPTER – 4

STORMWATER QUANTIFICATION

Generally, there are two methods by which the quantity of stormwater is

calculated

1. The Rational Method

2. Empirical Formulae Method

In both the above methods, the quantity of stormwater is a function of the

area (in hectares), the intensity of rainfall and the coefficient of runoff. The
coefficient of runoff or the maximum rate of runoff mainly depends on the
surface slope and the estimated condition of the drainage area with reference to
the proportion of the rainfall that will run. We are using rational method for the
quantification of stormwater.

4.1. THE RATIONAL METHOD:

This method is mostly used in determining the quantity of stormwater.

The stormwater quantity is determined by the rational formula

Q=C. i. A / 360

Where, Q = quantity of stormwater in m3/sec.

C = Coefficient of runoff.

i = Intensity of rainfall in mm/hr.

A = Drainage area in hectares.

From the above formula, it is clear that for the application of rational method,
the section of coefficient C and the rainfall intensity I are required, which can be
obtained by correct judgement.
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4.1.1. RUNOFF COEFFICIENT

In Rational Method, the value of runoff coefficient ‘C’ is required. The

whole quantity of rain water that falls over ground does not reach the sewer
lines or drains. A portion of it percolates in the ground, a portion evaporates, a
portion is stored in ponds and ditches, and only the remaining portion of rain
water reaches the drains and sewers. The runoff coefficient is a fraction which is
multiplied with the quantity of total rainfall, to determine the quantity of rain
water which will reach the sewers.

Table 4.1 gives the common values of runoff coefficient, which are
commonly used in determining the quantity of storm water reaching the sewer
lines.

VALUE OF RUNOFF
SI. NO TYPE OF SURFACE
COEFFICIENT
1 Forest and wooden area. 0.1 to 0.2
Open grounds, unpaved street and
2 0.1 to 0.3
railroad yards.
3 Parks, Lawns, meadows and gardens. 0.1 to 0.25
4 Gravel roads and walks. 0.15 to 0.3
5 Macadam roadways. 0.15 to 0.6
Inferious stone, brick or block pavements
6 0.4 to 0.5
with open joints.
Stone brick and block pavements with
7 0.5 to 0.7
open joints.
Good quality pavements of stones, bricks
8 0.75 to 0.85
or blocks.
9 Asphalt pavements in good condition. 0.85 to 0.90
10 Water-tight roof surfaces. 0.7 to 0.95
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Table 4.1. Runoff coefficient for various types of surface

As every locality consists of different types of surface areas, therefore, for

calculating the over-all runoff coefficient the following formula is used.

Runoff coefficient = A1. C1 + A2. C2 +…+ An. Cn / A1+ A2 +…+ An

Where, A1, A2, A3… are the different types of area and C1, C2, C3, … are their
runoff coefficients respectively.

Approximate Average Runoff

S. No. Type of Locality
density of population Coefficient

Extreme suburban areas

1 12 to 20 0.35
thinly populated.

Urban areas with detached

2 20 to 40 0.45 to 0.55
houses.

Areas with semidetached

3 60 to 80 0.65
house.

4 Thickly populated areas. 80 to 100 0.75

5 Highly congested areas. More than 100 0.85

Table 4.2. Runoff coefficient for Different Types of Localities

From the above expression, it is clear that for calculating runoff coefficient, area
of each type of surface is to be measured and then substituted in the formula.
The calculation of area of each type of surface is very tedious and
impracticable. Therefore, runoff coefficients are chosen by inspection of the
localities, which directly depends on the density of population. Table 4.2 gives
overall runoff coefficient for different types of localities.
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4.1.2. AREA CALCULATION

The design area is determined using Google Earth Software, which

provides high resolution aerial imagery and allows for the measurement of
geographic features.

The boundary of the design area was drawn around the area of interest,
which includes the catchment area for the proposed stormwater management
system. The area of the design area was calculated to be 10 hectares. The land
use within the area was predominantly residential, with some commercial
properties located along the perimeter.

4.1.3. INTENSITY OF RAINFALL

According to Skymet weather report dated November 24,2015, Chennai

received the highest recorded rainfall intensity of 50 mm per hour.

4.2. QUANTIFICATION
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The catchment area of the site is 10 hectares and the maximum intensity
of rainfall is 50mm/hr.

Assuming that the surfaces on which the rain falls is classified as follows:

Type of surface % of Area Runoff Coefficient

Roofs 30 0.9

Pavements and yards 15 0.8

Lawns, Gardens 30 0.15

Macadamised roads 15 0.4

Vacant Plots 10 0.1

Table 4.3. Runoff coefficient for various types of surfaces

The quantity of stormwater,

Q = C. i. A / 360

Q= 0.505 x 50 x 10 / 360

Q= 0.7 m3/sec.

The discharge of stormwater which will reach the drain is 0.7 m3/sec.
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CHAPTER – 5

SECTION OF DRAIN

Drains are one of the component of the drainage system of residential

areas. Generally roadside drains are structures used for collecting and
conveying surface water to their discharge point, and in many cases, are
artificial. Furthermore, drains are essential in road construction as stormwater
ponding on pavement surfaces can cause premature pavement failure especially
when unevaporated and undrained water seeps into pavements.

5.1. COMMON ROADSIDE DRAIN CROSS SECTIONS

The common cross-sections used for drains construction are rectangular

and trapezoidal sections. Trapezoidal drains have sloped sided and channel
bottom may require paving for protection, However, trapezoidal drains are now
formed with reinforced concrete, which may be precast units or cast in place.

Similarly, Rectangular drains have vertical or near – vertical sides,

formed with reinforced concrete retaining walls or U – frame structures. The
bottom of the channel may be paved or unpaved depending on the resistance of
the in situ material to erosion.
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Fig. 5.1. Typical cross sections of roadside drains

Cross - Flow Area Wetted Top Width Hydraulic

section (A) Perimeter (P) (T) Radius (R)

Rectangular by b + 2y b A/P

Trapezoidal y(b + yz) b + 2y (1+z2) b + 2yz A/P

Table 5.1. Geometric dimensions of drain cross-sections

5.2. BEST HYDRAULIC CROSS-SECTION

The best cross-section for a drainage channel provides adequate hydraulic

capacity at the minimum cost. Economic considerations for selecting the
channel section include design and construction costs, right-of-way, required
relocations, maintenance and operation.

A trapezoidal channel is usually the most economical channel when right-

of-way is available. In contrast, a rectangular channel may be required for
channels located in urban areas where the right-of-way is severely restricted or
available at a high cost. Furthermore, site developments, existing geophysical
site conditions, and performance or service requirements affect the selection of
channel type and the resulting construction costs.

5.3. FREEBOARD FOR DRAINS

The provision of freeboard in open drains ensures enough room for wave
action and flow surges not to overtopping or overflow the drain. Many
uncontrolled causes may create wave action or water surface fluctuation, but
mostly because of changes in specific energy of the flow in a channel.
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Therefore, a freeboard is provided to ensure the drain is not filled with water. In
addition, the calculated discharge rate does not consider deposited solids and
lack of maintenance, which will usually reduce the system’s efficiency.

A minimum free board of 1 feet is considered during design.

5.4. SIZING OF THE DRAIN

It was estimated from quantification that the peak discharge from the
catchment area is 0.7 m3/sec. Using Manning’s equation, determining the best
hydraulic cross-section for a rectangular channel. Other assumptions for
computations are provided below.

Q = VA

V =1/n x R2/3 x S1/2

Where,
Q = Discharge (m3/sec) A = Flow area (m2)
V = Allowable velocity (m/s) R = Hydraulic Radius (m)

Manning’s roughness coefficient (n) =0.014

Bed Slope of channel (S) =3 % (0.03)

From, Q = VA------(1)

Q =1/n x R2/3 x S1/2 x A-------(2)

For the best hydraulic section for rectangular drain b = 2y and R = y/2

Cross-sectional area of the drain (A) = by

Substituting b = 2y into the area formula;
Cross-sectional area of the drain (A) = (2y)y = 2y2

Substituting Q, n, R, S and A into Equation (2),

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0.7 = 1/0.014 x (y/2)2/3 x (0.03)1/2 x 2y2

y =0.3 m
b = 2 x 0.3 = 0.6 m

It is necessary to provide freeboard of at least 1Feat (0.3m)

Therefore,
Drain depth = 0.3 + 0.3 = 0.6 m
Breadth = 0.6 m
Fig. 5.2. Section of the drain
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CHAPTER – 6

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

In previous chapter, we extensively discussed how to determine the best

hydraulic cross section of roadside drain. In this chapter, you will discover
everything you need to know about the Geotechnical design of the drain
The rectangular drain is backfilled with a typical cohesionless granular
material, having a unit weight (γ) of 18 kN/m3, zero cohesion (C), and the angle
of internal friction (ɸ) is 0.5, the unit weight of reinforced concrete is 24 kN/m3,
surcharge loads of 15 and 5 kN/m2 on both sides of the drain. The drain has
been designed to cater to flow of 300 mm depth and the unit weight of water
(γw) is taken as 9.8 kN/m3.
[ . . . image…]
Given the information above, designing the drain wall and base requirements
assuming fcu = 20 N/mm2, fy = 450 N/mm2, cover to the reinforcements = 40 mm,
diameter of the reinforcements = 12 mm and thickness of the walls and base =
200 mm.

6.1. WALL PRESSURE CALCULATIONS

Active earth pressure Ka = 1- sin ɸ /1+ sin ɸ

Ka = 1- sin30°/1 = sin30°
Ka = 0.333
Wall 1
Active earth pressure at top of drain wall = qKa =15x0.33 = 4.95 kN/m2
Active pressure at base of the drain wall = qKa + Ka γ2 = 4.95+4.752
= 9.702 kN/m2
Passive pressure at the top of the wall =0
Passive pressure at the base of the wall = γwZ = (99.8x0.60)
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= 5.88 kN/m2
Net pressure at base of the wall =9.702-5.88 =3.822 kN/m2
Wall 2
Active pressure at top of drain wall = qKa =5x0.33 =1.65 KN/m2
Active pressure at base of drain wall = qKa + Ka γ 2 =1.65+(0.33x18x0.8)
= 6.402 KN/m2
Passive pressure at top of drain wall = 0
Passive pressure at base of wall = γwZ
= 9.8x0.6 =5.88KN/m2
Net pressure at base of the wall = 6.402-5.88
= 0.522 kN/m2
Total vertical load (N)
Walls (WWS) =2 x (0.2 x 0.6 x 24) = 5.76 kN/m
Base (wb) =1x 0.2 x 24 = 4.8 kN/m
Wall (ww) = 0.3 x 0.6 x 9.8 = 1.764 kN/m
Total vertical load wws + wb + ww (N)
N = 5.76 + 4.8 + 1.764
N = 12.324 kN/m

Horizontal forces on drain walls due to surcharge load and backfill

Wall 1 = qKaZ + (0.5 x KaγZ x Z) – (0.5 x γwZ x Z)

= (15 x 0.333 x 0.8) + (0.5 x 4.752 x 0.8) – (0.5 x 5.88 x 0.8)
= 3.996 + 1.901 – 2.352
= 3.545 kN/m
Wall 2 = qKaZ + (0.5 x KaγZ x Z) – (0.5 x γwZ x Z)
= (5 x 0.333 x 0.8) + (0.5 x 4.752 x 0.8) – (0.5 x 5.88 x 0.8)
= 1.415 + 1.901 – 2.352
= 0.964 kN/m
Net horizontal force (PA) = 3.545 – 0.964 = 2.581 kN/m
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6.2. RESISTANCE TO SLIDING

Frictional force (Ff) = µN = 0.5 x 12.323

= 6.162 kN/m
Factor of safety =Ff/PA=6.162/2.581 =2.387 >1.5
The FOS 2.387¿1.5. therefore, the drain is very safe from sliding.

6.3. RESISTANCE TO OVERTURNING

Taking moment about moments (MO) = 2.581 x 0.8/3

MO = 0.688 kN/m
Sum of restoring moments (MR)
(W1/2 + WW/2 + W2L/2 + Wb/2) = (5.76 x 0.2/2) + (1.764 x 0.5/2)
+ (5.76 x /2) + (4.8x0.5/2)
=0.576+0.441+ +1.2
F. O. S = MR / MO = / 0.688 =
The factor of safety is [value to be written] > 2. Therefore, the drain is very safe
from overturning.

6.4. BEARING CAPACITY CHECK

Bending moment about the centerline of the base

M = (w2 x 0.4) + (3.545 x 0.8/3) - (w1 x 0.4) - (0.964 x 0.8/3)
M = 1.152 + 0.945 - 1.152 - 0.257
M = 0.688 kN/m
Total vertical load (N) =12.324 kN/m
Eccentricity (e) = M/N
= 0.688/12.324
= 0.056m
CHECK:
D/6=1/6=0.167m
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Since e¿D/6, there is no tension in the drain base.

Minimum pressure in the drain base (qmax)
qmax = P/B(1+6e/B)
=12.324 / 1 (1+(6 x 0.056)1)
=12.324 x 1.336
=16.46 kN/m2
Minimum pressure in the drain base (qmin)
qmin = p/B (1-6e/B)
= 12.324/1(1-(6x0.056)/1)
= 12.324 x 0.664
= 8.183 kN/m2
Since qmin and qmax are lower than the allowable bearing pressure of the soil 150
kN/m2.
Bearing capacity check is satisfied.
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CHAPTER – 7
STRUCTURAL DESIGN

7.1. DESIGN OF THE WALLS

Since the horizontal force due to surcharge load and backfill on wall 1 is
greater than wall 2, we adopt Wall 1 parameters for design. Using the centroidal
formula of parallelogram for the pressure diagram of wall 1 to determine the
distance (x) from the centroid to the base of the wall and distance (y) from the
centroid to the top of the wall.

x=0.800{[(3.822 + (2 x 4.95)] / [3(3.822+4.95)]} =0.41

Thus, y=0.80-0.41=0.382m

Taking moment at the top of the drain wall due to the active force
M = 3.545 x 0.38 = 1.31kNm/m
Taking moment at the base of the drain wall due to the active force;
M = 3.545 x 0.41 = 1.45 kNm/m
At ultimate limit state;
M = 1.4 x 1.45 = 1.974 kNm/m

7.1.1. FLEXURAL DESIGN (BENDING)

Thickness of wall (h) = 200mm

Cover = 40mm
fcu = 20 N/mm2
fy = 450 N/mm2
Rebars =10mm
Effective depth(d)=200-40(10/2) = 155 mm

K = M / (fcubd2) = (2.03 x 106) / (20 x 1000 x 1552)

= 4.10 x 10-3 = 0.0042
= 0.0042¿0.156
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Ia = 0.5 + (0.25-k / 0.9)0.5

= 0.5 + (0.25-0.0042 / 0.9)0.5
= 0.69 <0.95, Ia = 0.69
As, req = M / (0.9fy. la. d) = (2.03 x 106) / (6.95 x 450 x 0.69 x 155)
= 44.39 mm2/m
As, min = 0.13bh / 100 = 0.13 x 1000 x 200/100
= 260mm2

Provide 12mm bars @ 300 mm c/c (Asprovided =420mm2/m)

7.1.2. STEEL RATIO CHECK

4.0 > (100 Asprovided / bh) > 0.13

4.0 > (100 x 420) / (1000 x 200) > 0.13
4.0 > 0.21 > 0.13 satisfied.

7.1.3. SHEAR CHECK

Ultimate design shear force on drain wall (V) = (1.4 x 3.545)

= 4.963 kN/m
Shear stress (v) = V/bd = (4.963 x 1000) / (1000 x 155)
= 0.032 N/mm2
Shear strength(vc) = 0.632 x (100AS / bd)1/3 x (400 x d)1/4 x (fcu/25)1/3
= 0.632 x ((100 x 420) / (100 x 155)0.33 x (400/155)1/4 x
(20/25)1/3
=0.632 x 0.649 x 0.649 x 0.64 x 0.928
=0.242
Since V< VC, no shear reinforcement required.

7.2. DESIGN OF BASE

The pressure distribution diagram on the base at serviceability limit state is

shown in below;
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qmin = 8.183 kN/m2 = 8.183 x 1.4 = 11.45 kN/m2

qmax =16.46 kN/m2 = 16.46 x 1.4 = 23.04 kN/m2
[…image insertion here…]

On investigating the maximum design moment at point, A

Water = 1.4 (9.8 x 0.3 x 0.8 x (0.8 / 2 + 0.2))

= 1.97 kN/m
Base = 1.4 (24 x 0.2 x 0.8 (0.8 / 2 + 0.2))
= 3.21 kN/m
Earthwork pressure = (11.45 x 1.2 (1.2/2)) + (23.04-11.45) x 1.2 x 0.5 x (1.1/3)
= 11.02 kN/m
Net moment = 11.02-3.21-1.97 = 5.84 kN/m

On investigating the maximum design moment at point B;

Water = 1.97kN/m
Base = 3.21kN/m
Earth pressure = (11.45 x 11.2 x (1.2x2) + (23.04-11.45) x 1.2 x 0.5 x
(2x1.2/3))
= 13.34kNm/m
Net moment = 13.34-1.97-3.21
=8.61kNm/m

Since net moment at B > moment at A, we adopt 8.61 kNm for design.

7.2.1. FLEXURAL DESIGN

Thickness of base (h)=200mm

Cover =40mm
fcu = 20N/mm2
Fy = 450N/mm2
Size of rebars =10m
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Effective depth(d) =155mm

K = M / (fcubd2) = (8.61 x 102) / (20 x 1000 x 155)2

= 0.0017 < 0.15
Ia = 0.5 + (0.25-k/0.9)0.5
= 0.5 + (0.25-0.0017/0.9)0.5
= 0.99
Since 0.99 > 0.95, Ia=0.95
As, req = M / (0.95fy x Ia x d)
=8.61x106/(0.95x450x0.95x155)
=136.82mm2/m
Asmin =(0.13bh)/100=0.13x1000x200/100
=260mm2
Provide 12mm bars @ 300mm c/c (As, prov=420mm2/m )

7.2.2. SHEAR CHECK

Calculating the maximum shear force at any section of the drain base;
Water = 1.4 x 9.8 x 0.3 x 0.8 = 3.29 kN/m
Base = 1.4 x 24 x 0.8 = 5.37 kN/m
Earth pressure = 0.5 x (23.04 -11.45) x 0.8 = 13.79kN/m
Net shear force = 13.796-3.29-5.37
= 5.136kN/m
Shear stress(v) = v/bd = (5.13 x 1000) / (100 x 155)
= 0.033 N/mm2
Shear strength vc = 0.632 x (100AS/bd)1/3 x (400/d)1/4 x (fcu x 25)1/3
= 0.632 x (100x420)/(100 x155))1/3 x (400x155)1/4 x (20/25) 1/3
=0.48N/mm2
v < vo; 0.33 < 0.48
Since v < vc , No shear reinforcement required.
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7.3. DETAILING
[… detailing image insertion here…]