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Architecture of Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing , which is one of the demanding technology of the current time and
which is giving a new shape to every organization by providing on demand virtualized
services/resources. Starting from small to medium and medium to large, every
organization use cloud computing services for storing information and accessing it from
anywhere and any time only with the help of internet. In this article, we will know more
about the internal architecture of cloud computing.

Transparency, scalability, security and intelligent monitoring are some of the most
important constraints which every cloud infrastructure should experience. Current
research on other important constraints is helping cloud computing system to come up
with new features and strategies with a great capability of providing more advanced
cloud solutions.

Cloud Computing Architecture :

The cloud architecture is divided into 2 parts i.e.

1. Frontend
2. Backend
The below figure represents an internal architectural view of cloud computing.

1. different security mechanisms in the backend for secure cloud resources,

systems, files, and infrastructure to end-users.
2. Internet –
Internet connection acts as the medium or a bridge between frontend and
backend and establishes the interaction and communication between frontend
and backend.
3. Database– Database in backend refers to provide database for storing
structured data, such as SQL and NOSQL databases. Example of Databses
services include Amazon RDS, Microsoft Azure SQL database and Google
CLoud SQL.  
4. Networking– Networking in backend services that provide networking
infrastructure for application in the cloud, such as load balancing, DNS and
virtual private networks. 

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 5. Analytics– Analytics in backend service that provides analytics capabillities for
data in the cloud, such as warehousing, bussness intellegence and machine
learning.
Benefits of Cloud Computing Architecture :

 Makes overall cloud computing system simpler.

 Improves data processing requirements.
 Helps in providing high security.
 Makes it more modularized.
 Results in better disaster recovery.
 Gives good user accessibility.
 Reduces IT operating costs.
 Provides high level reliability.
 Scalability.

Cloud Computing Stack:

https://www.cloudoye.com/blog/cloud-computing/cloud-computing-stack-a-broad-overview

Cloud computing has commonly been referred to as a “stack” because it typically encompasses many different
types of services which have been built on top of each other under a “cloud”. Cloud computing has been defined
by the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) as a model that enables on-demand access to a
shared resource pool consisting of servers, networks, applications, services and cloud storage which can be
rapidly deployed with minimal management efforts. There are three different types of cloud computing services
namely Platform as a Service or PaaS, Software as a Service or SaaS and Infrastructure as a Service or IaaS.
Who uses cloud services?
Almost everyone uses cloud services at least on customer bases. Nearly every online application uses
cloud services in a direct or indirect manner. Companies are on the way to pushing every aspect of their
business operations to the cloud and into the services-oriented methodology. If you use GitHub to manage
your code lifecycle or you provision servers on the cloud service providers then you are using cloud
services.
Benefits of using a Cloud Computing Stack
The advantages of using a cloud stack for your application are:
 Resources are available on-demand, pacing the go-to-market methodology.
 Focusing on the actual business improves the productivity of the development teams.
 The knowledge of running the components is handled by the vendor with expertise

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Cloud Computing Stack Diagram
               

Users can make use of bulk resources which can be obtained quickly whenever there are demands. NIST has also
stated some features as being essential for services to be regarded as cloud hosting services:
• On-demand services that end users can sign up for and obtain without delays.
• Wide network access because users can access such services through multiple platforms like laptops, desktops
and mobiles.
• Measured services because users will pay according to what they use; so, billing is offered as a utility service.
• Elasticity and scalability to cope with increases in demand.
The SaaS applications have been designed for end users and they are offered across the Internet. The PaaS refers
to sets of tools or services designed for coding and implementing the applications efficiently. IaaS refers to the
software and hardware which powers it, such as, servers, networks, storage, and operating system.
What is SaaS?
Software as a Service or SaaS is software deployed over the web and a SaaS application can be licensed by a
vendor to clients as on-demand service. This is made possible through subscription according to a pay-as-you-use
model or free of cost where there are chances of generating revenues from channels like advertisements. SaaS
offers internet access to commercial software and it managed from a central point. It is software that is offered
through a “one-to-many” model and users do not have to be worried about patches and software upgrades. When
businesses want to shift their operations to the cloud, they need to understand which applications should be
shifted. For instance:
• “Vanilla” offerings wherein solutions are largely undifferentiated; for example, emails where competitors often
use the same software as this basic technology is needed to conduct business but does not on its own provide a
competitive advantage.
• Applications which demand Internet access like sales management software.
• Applications which involve interplay between the outside world and an organization like software for an email

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newsletter campaign.
• Software which sees frequent demand spikes like tax software or billing software
• Software which is needed for a short term like collaboration software for some project.
SaaS should not be deployed for applications which need fast processing of real-time data or for applications
where laws do not allow the data to be hosted externally or applications having an on-site solution that can cater
to all organizational requirements.
What is PaaS?
PaaS refers to a computing model which allows for the fast and easy creation of applications without buying or
maintaining software and infrastructure for them. Unlike SaaS which is software delivered across the web, PaaS
is the platform for creation of such software. It refers to:
• Services which develop, test, implement and maintain applications in an integrated development setting.
• Web-based interface creation tools for creating, altering, testing and deploying different user interfaces.
• Tools for handling billing
• Built-in scalability of software that includes failover and load balancing
• Integration with databases and web services through common standards
• Multitenant architecture where multiple users are using the same applications.
• Supporting development team collaborations; some PaaS solutions have project planning tools.
PaaS is mainly used when many developers are working on one project and when outside parties have to
communicate with development processes. It is useful for those that have existing data sources and are keen to
build applications for leveraging that data. PaaS should not be sued where the application must be portable, or
when proprietary languages can affect the development, or when application performance demands hardware and
software customization etc.
What is IaaS?
Infrastructure as a service or IaaS refers to cloud computing infrastructure in terms of servers and storage,
operating systems and network. Instead of buying these, the client will buy the resources as an on-demand
service. The public cloud refers to infrastructure which comprises shared resources that are deployed on self-
service basis across the Internet, while private cloud refers to infrastructure which offers resources through a
private network. Some providers even offer a combination of both these networks to produce a hybrid cloud. In
IaaS, resources get distributed as services and it allows dynamic scaling. IaaS has variable costs because it
follows a utility pricing model.
You can use the IaaS when demands are changing, or for new businesses which do not have much capital for
investing in hardware, or when an organization is growing very fast and scaling the hardware is challenging. IaaS
is also beneficial when organizations face pressures to reduce capital costs and shift to operational costs and also
for specific business needs or short-term infrastructure needs. IaaS should not be used where data storage
outsourcing can become difficult with regulatory compliance or where on-site infrastructure can cater to an
organization’s needs.
IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS
The 3 main cloud computing stack or cloud software stack is different from each other in many senses. But the
main base at which they are differentiated is the control and the cost. 

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When you have SaaS as your cloud software stack you lose a little control over the applications. This is because
of the control of not only the applications but also of OS, storage as well as networking shifts to your vendor.
Hence, if you are the owner of a small enterprise then SaaS as a cloud technology stack is the most suitable for
you.
Whereas with PaaS one gets the privilege of controlling their applications and data more than the vendor. The
vendor is more responsible for managing OS, runtime, etc. Therefore, PaaS is better when it comes to cost. It is
more suitable for enterprises that are into app development but do not keep their employees engaged in
networking or running servers. 
Last but not least IaaS stack cloud computing gives you control on both applications as well as over the
infrastructure. The best part of IaaS is that the vendor will spending on physical servers, networking, and storage.
It is a bit costlier than the other cloud stack in cloud computing.

Difference between Cloud Computing and

Traditional Computing
1. Cloud Computing : 
Cloud Computing, as name suggests, is collective combination of configurable system
resources and advanced service that can be delivered quickly using internet. It simply
provides lower power expenses, no capital costs, no redundancy, lower employee
costs, increased collaboration, etc. It makes us more efficient, more secure, and provide
greater flexibility. 

2. Traditional Computing : 
Traditional Computing, as name suggests, is a possess of using physical data centers
for storing digital assets and running complete networking system for daily operations.
In this, access to data, or software, or storage by users is limited to device or official
network they are connected with. In this computing, user can have access to data only
on system in which data is stored.

Difference between Cloud Computing and Traditional Computing :

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 Cloud Computing Traditional Computing 

It refers to delivery of different services such

It refers to delivery of different services on local
as data and programs through internet on
server. 
different servers.

It takes place on third-party servers that is It takes place on physical hard drives and website
hosted by third-party hosting companies.   servers.  

It is ability to access data anywhere at any User can access data only on system in which
time by user.   data is stored.  

It is more cost effective as compared to

tradition computing as operation and It is less cost effective as compared to cloud
maintenance of server is shared among computing because one has to buy expensive
several parties that in turn reduce cost of equipment’s to operate and maintain server.  
public services. 

It is less user-friendly as compared to cloud

It is more user-friendly as compared to
computing because data cannot be accessed
traditional computing because user can have
anywhere and if user has to access data in
access to data anytime anywhere using
another system, then he need to save it in external
internet. 
storage medium.  

It requires fast, reliable and stable internet

It does not require any internet connection to
connection to access information anywhere
access data or information.  
at any time.

It provides more storage space and servers

as well as more computing power so that It provides less storage as compared to cloud
applications and software run must faster computing.  
and effectively.  

It also provides scalability and elasticity i.e.,

one can increase or decrease storage
It does not provide any scalability and elasticity.  
capacity, server resources, etc., according to
business needs.  

Cloud service is served by provider’s support It requires own team to maintain and monitor
team.   system that will need a lot of time and efforts.  

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 Cloud Computing Traditional Computing 

Software is offered as an on-demand service

Software in purchased individually for every user
(SaaS) that can be accessed through
and requires to be updated periodically.
subscription service.  

Cloud Based Services

Cloud Computing can be defined as the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet
to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer. Companies offering
such kinds of cloud computing services are called cloud providers and typically charge for cloud computing
services based on usage. Grids and clusters are the foundations for cloud computing.

Types of Cloud Computing

Most cloud computing services fall into five broad categories: 

1. Software as a service (SaaS)

2. Platform as a service (PaaS)
3. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
4. Anything/Everything as a service (XaaS)
5. Function as a Service (FaaS)
These are sometimes called the cloud computing stack because they are built on top of one another.
Knowing what they are and how they are different, makes it easier to accomplish your goals. These
abstraction layers can also be viewed as a layered architecture where services of a higher layer can be
composed of services of the underlying layer i.e, SaaS can provide Infrastructure. 

Software as a Service(SaaS)
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a way of delivering services and applications over the Internet. Instead of
installing and maintaining software, we simply access it via the Internet, freeing ourselves from the complex
software and hardware management. It removes the need to install and run applications on our own
computers or in the data centers eliminating the expenses of hardware as well as software maintenance. 
SaaS provides a complete software solution that you purchase on a pay-as-you-go basis from a cloud service
provider. Most SaaS applications can be run directly from a web browser without any downloads or
installations required. The SaaS applications are sometimes called Web-based software, on-demand
software, or hosted software.

Advantages of SaaS 
1. Cost-Effective: Pay only for what you use.
2. Reduced time: Users can run most SaaS apps directly from their web browser without
needing to download and install any software. This reduces the time spent in installation
and configuration and can reduce the issues that can get in the way of the software
deployment.

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 3. Accessibility: We can Access app data from anywhere.
4. Automatic updates: Rather than purchasing new software, customers rely on a SaaS
provider to automatically perform the updates.
5. Scalability: It allows the users to access the services and features on-demand.
The various companies providing Software as a service are Cloud9 Analytics, Salesforce.com, Cloud Switch,
Microsoft Office 365, Big Commerce, Eloqua, dropBox, and Cloud Tran. 

Disadvantages of Saas :

1. Limited customization: SaaS solutions are typically not as customizable as on-premises

software, meaning that users may have to work within the constraints of the SaaS
provider’s platform and may not be able to tailor the software to their specific needs.
2. Dependence on internet connectivity: SaaS solutions are typically cloud-based, which
means that they require a stable internet connection to function properly. This can be
problematic for users in areas with poor connectivity or for those who need to access the
software in offline environments.
3. Security concerns: SaaS providers are responsible for maintaining the security of the
data stored on their servers, but there is still a risk of data breaches or other security
incidents.
4. Limited control over data: SaaS providers may have access to a user’s data, which can
be a concern for organizations that need to maintain strict control over their data for
regulatory or other reasons.
Platform as a Service
PaaS is a category of cloud computing that provides a platform and environment to allow developers to build
applications and services over the internet. PaaS services are hosted in the cloud and accessed by users
simply via their web browser. 
A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its own infrastructure. As a result, PaaS frees users from
having to install in-house hardware and software to develop or run a new application. Thus, the development
and deployment of the application take place independent of the hardware. 
The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers,
operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration
settings for the application-hosting environment. To make it simple, take the example of an annual day
function, you will have two options either to create a venue or to rent a venue but the function is the same.

Advantages of PaaS: 
1. Simple and convenient for users: It provides much of the infrastructure and other IT
services, which users can access anywhere via a web browser.
2. Cost-Effective: It charges for the services provided on a per-use basis thus eliminating
the expenses one may have for on-premises hardware and software.
3. Efficiently managing the lifecycle: It is designed to support the complete web
application lifecycle: building, testing, deploying, managing, and updating.
4. Efficiency: It allows for higher-level programming with reduced complexity thus, the
overall development of the application can be more effective.

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The various companies providing Platform as a service are Amazon Web services Elastic Beanstalk,
Salesforce, Windows Azure, Google App Engine, cloud Bees and IBM smart cloud. 

Disadvantages of Paas:

1. Limited control over infrastructure: PaaS providers typically manage the underlying

infrastructure and take care of maintenance and updates, but this can also mean that
users have less control over the environment and may not be able to make certain
customizations.
2. Dependence on the provider: Users are dependent on the PaaS provider for the
availability, scalability, and reliability of the platform, which can be a risk if the provider
experiences outages or other issues.
3. Limited flexibility: PaaS solutions may not be able to accommodate certain types of
workloads or applications, which can limit the value of the solution for certain
organizations.
Infrastructure as a Service
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a service model that delivers computer infrastructure on an outsourced
basis to support various operations. Typically IaaS is a service where infrastructure is provided as
outsourcing to enterprises such as networking equipment, devices, database, and web servers. 
It is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). IaaS customers pay on a per-user basis, typically by the
hour, week, or month. Some providers also charge customers based on the amount of virtual machine space
they use. 
It simply provides the underlying operating systems, security, networking, and servers for developing such
applications, and services, and deploying development tools, databases, etc. 

Advantages of IaaS: 
1. Cost-Effective: Eliminates capital expense and reduces ongoing cost and IaaS
customers pay on a per-user basis, typically by the hour, week, or month.
2. Website hosting: Running websites using IaaS can be less expensive than traditional
web hosting.
3. Security: The IaaS Cloud Provider may provide better security than your existing
software.
4. Maintenance: There is no need to manage the underlying data center or the introduction
of new releases of the development or underlying software. This is all handled by the
IaaS Cloud Provider.
The various companies providing Infrastructure as a service are Amazon web services, Bluestack, IBM,
Openstack, Rackspace, and Vmware. 

Disadvantages of laaS :

1. Limited control over infrastructure: IaaS providers typically manage the underlying

infrastructure and take care of maintenance and updates, but this can also mean that
users have less control over the environment and may not be able to make certain
customizations.
2. Security concerns: Users are responsible for securing their own data and applications,
which can be a significant undertaking.

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 3. Limited access: Cloud computing may not be accessible in certain regions and countries
due to legal policies.
Anything as a Service
It is also known as Everything as a Service. Most of the cloud service providers nowadays offer anything as
a service that is a compilation of all of the above services including some additional services. 

Advantages of XaaS:  

1. Scalability: XaaS solutions can be easily scaled up or down to meet the changing needs
of an organization.
2. Flexibility: XaaS solutions can be used to provide a wide range of services, such as
storage, databases, networking, and software, which can be customized to meet the
specific needs of an organization.
3. Cost-effectiveness: XaaS solutions can be more cost-effective than traditional on-
premises solutions, as organizations only pay for the services.
Disadvantages of XaaS:

1. Dependence on the provider: Users are dependent on the XaaS provider for the
availability, scalability, and reliability of the service, which can be a risk if the provider
experiences outages or other issues.
2. Limited flexibility: XaaS solutions may not be able to accommodate certain types of
workloads or applications, which can limit the value of the solution for certain
organizations.
3. Limited integration: XaaS solutions may not be able to integrate with existing systems
and data sources, which can limit the value of the solution for certain organizations.
Function as a Service :
FaaS is a type of cloud computing service. It provides a platform for its users or customers to develop,
compute, run and deploy the code or entire application as functions. It allows the user to entirely develop the
code and update it at any time without worrying about the maintenance of the underlying infrastructure. The
developed code can be executed with response to the specific event. It is also as same as PaaS.

FaaS is an event-driven execution model. It is implemented in the serverless container. When the application
is developed completely, the user will now trigger the event to execute the code. Now, the triggered event
makes response and activates the servers to execute it. The servers are nothing but the Linux servers or any
other servers which is managed by the vendor completely. Customer does not have clue about any servers
which is why they do not need to maintain the server hence it is serverless architecture.

Both PaaS and FaaS are providing the same functionality but there is still some differentiation in terms of
Scalability and Cost. 

FaaS, provides auto-scaling up and scaling down depending upon the demand. PaaS also provides scalability
but here users have to configure the scaling parameter depending upon the demand.

In FaaS, users only have to pay for the number of execution time happened. In PaaS, users have to pay for
the amount based on pay-as-you-go price regardless of how much or less they use.

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Advantages of FaaS :

 Highly Scalable: Auto scaling is done by the provider depending upon the demand.
 Cost-Effective: Pay only for the number of events executed.
 Code Simplification: FaaS allows the users to upload the entire application all at once. It
allows you to write code for independent functions or similar to those functions.
 Maintenance of code is enough and no need to worry about the servers.
 Functions can be written in any programming language.
 Less control over the system.
The various companies providing Function as a Service are Amazon Web Services – Firecracker, Google –
Kubernetes, Oracle – Fn, Apache OpenWhisk – IBM, OpenFaaS, 

Disadvantages of FaaS :

1. Cold start latency: Since FaaS functions are event-triggered, the first request to a new
function may experience increased latency as the function container is created and
initialized.
2. Limited control over infrastructure: FaaS providers typically manage the underlying
infrastructure and take care of maintenance and updates, but this can also mean that
users have less control over the environment and may not be able to make certain
customizations.
3. Security concerns: Users are responsible for securing their own data and applications,
which can be a significant undertaking.
4. Limited scalability: FaaS functions may not be able to handle high traffic or large
number of requests

How Does Cloud Computing Work?

Cloud computing is an application-based software infrastructure that stores data on remote serves,
which can be accessed through the internet. To understand how cloud computing works, it can be
divided into front-end and backend.
The front end enables a user to access data stored in the cloud using an internet browser or a cloud
computing software. However, the primary component of cloud computing – responsible for securely
storing data and information – is the backend. It comprises servers, computers, databases, and central
servers.
The central server facilitates operations by following a set of rules known as protocols. It uses a
software, middleware, to ensure seamless connectivity between devices/computers linked via cloud
computing. Cloud computing service providers usually maintain multiple copies of the data to mitigate
instances of security threats, data loss, data breach, etc.
 cease applications.
Cloud Networking
Cloud Networking is service or science in which company’s networking procedure is
hosted on public or private cloud. Cloud Computing is source manage in which more
than one computing resources share identical platform and customers are additionally
enabled to get entry to these resources to specific extent. Cloud networking in similar

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fashion shares networking however it gives greater superior features and network
features in cloud with interconnected servers set up under cyberspace.

Why cloud networking is required and in-demand?

 It is in demand by many companies for their speedy and impervious delivery, fast
processing, dependable transmission of information without any loss, pocket-
friendly set-up. Benefited corporations who select Cloud Networking consist of
internet service providers, e-commerce, cloud service providers, community
operators, cloud service providers.
 It permits users to boost their networks in accordance with necessities in cloud-
based services. An actual cloud network provides high-end monitoring to
globally positioned servers, controls site visitors flow between interconnected
servers, protects structures with superior network safety, and offers visibility to
user by means of its centralized management. The web access can be
expanded and made greater reliable bandwidth to promote couple of network
features into cloud.
 It ensures overall performance and safety in multi-cloud surrounding so that
Information technology receives greater visibility by means of supplying end-
users with necessities and experience they need. Workloads are shared
between cloud surroundings using software program as provider application.
Safety is given to user to get entry to web page and infrastructure by means of
transferring functions to the cloud with standard security model. The gateway
offers contextual access code and multi-layer firewall. Applications and
offerings are given to allotted data centers in cloud environment.
 Software-Defined Wide Area Network is technology that makes use of bunch of
networking switches and routers to virtually get entry to machine from hardware
to software program deployed on white box. Confidential units and information
are set up on primary branch workplace or consumer region and given unique
access to administrator to get admission to its superior networking functions,
cloud optimization software, and firewalls. It is massive range of array with
network features deployed in cloud platform.
 Software-defined Wide range community offers standard load balancing approach
and combines all stages of network to user experience. It offers greater visuality
with assist of intelligent analytics. Giving options to every cloud user may be
challenging however leverage of all offerings and supplying them special
answer by means of SD-WAN from ceasing to cease applications

Advantages of Cloud Networking :

1. On-Demand Self Service –

Cloud computing provides required application, services, and utility to client.

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 With login key, they can begin to use besides any human interplay and cloud
service providers. It consists of storage and digital machines.
2. High Scalability –
It requests grant of resources on large scale besides any human intervention
with every service provider.
3. Agility –
It shares the assets efficiently amongst customers and works quickly.
4. Multi-sharing –
By distributed computing, distinctive clients from couple of areas share identical
resources through fundamental infrastructure.
5. Low Cost –
It is very economical and can pay in accordance with its usage.
6. Services in pay per use Model –
Application Programming Interface is given to clients to use resources and
offerings and pay on service basis.
7. High availability and Reliability –
The servers are accessible at the proper time besides any delay or
disappointment.
8. Maintenance –
It is user-friendly as they are convenient to get entry to from their location and
does not require any installation set up.
Role of network in cloud computing

Emerging capabilities of network have enabled cloud to successfully provide on-demand services
which can unilaterally provision computing capabilities such as servers, network, OS and storage.
Further, it allows resource pooling where multiple users through multiple tenant model (multiple
customer utilizing the same facility) can access different physical and virtual resources. Additionally,
virtualization permits applications, compute and network resources to reside anywhere, which are then
accessed through the network, thus allowing these resources to be flexible and scalable. Cloud
computing also has the capability to measure the services being offered through the usage of charge
back or metering where it can control and optimize resource usage.
The network plays a key role in the delivery of cloud-based services as it provides a means to connect
every IT system and has the ability to provision and scale these resources to meet application and end-
user requirements.
It also is one of strategic element used for management of security objectives in the cloud as it:

 Enables infrastructure enhancements by supporting server consolidation, virtualized

environment, automated infrastructure and support application mobility.

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  Addresses access requirements emerging from thin clients or organization mobility
requirements which may extend to any device at any time from any place.
 Offers application analytics by clustering requirements and enabling remote usage or
community services
 Supports varied traffic patterns through location independent endpoints while ensuring
automated provisioning and orchestration.
Virtualization and cloud computing have changed the way that the network needs to behave and
interact with the other systems in the data-center. For example,
Unlike a physical workload, which is tied to a particular server, a virtual workload can exist anywhere
on any server. This change requires the network to touch each and every component from the edge of
the server up to the individual virtual machines.
Virtual machines have the potential to move within and between data-centers. This movement can
break the traditional model of how data-center networks are built, so it is important to think about how
modifications to the network need to be implemented.
As the number of virtual machines increases the network needs a strategic approach where instead of
connecting servers together, it needs to connect with virtual machines. Technology has made it
possible to connect virtualized network elements such as virtual network interface cards or virtual
switches, permitting a new logical network topology between virtual machines and the hypervisors.
As the computational density and the number of virtual machines per physical server increase in the
cloud environment, it impacts the amount and varied traffic volumes. The network needs to be robust,
flexible, automated to support virtualization, cloud computing, and a diverse end-point ecosystem.
Additionally, storage and LAN convergence in the cloud will drive the need for more predictable, high
performance network architectures
To meet these new requirements, a strong connection needs to exist between the server and the
network. This is when a network and a server starts to become a fabric by allowing storage networks to
seamlessly extend into the Ethernet resulting in a single network with a flexibility to deploy both
protocols between server and storage. The fabric based infrastructure, not only has the capability to
reconfigure all system components – server, network, storage, and specialty engines but also has the
flexibility to provide resources within the fabric to workloads as needed, thus being capable enough to
manage systems holistically. The Fabric allows integrated, model-based management to simplify and
speed deployment of virtualized environments, bringing the network directly to server and virtual
machines for increased performance, security, and manageability. Further, integrated network services
provide high-speed connectivity and high availability, increase application performance, and reduce
security risks in multitenant environments. Additionally, the fiber architecture allows storage networks to
seamlessly extend into the Ethernet resulting in a single network with a flexibility to deploy both

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protocols between server and storage. A fabric provides transparency so that virtual machines are
visible on both the server and the network, with capabilities to help ensure that security policies follow
the virtual machine thus empowering organization to move on the cloud

Web Services in Cloud Computing

The Internet is the worldwide connectivity of hundreds of thousands of computers belonging to
many different networks.
A web service is a standardized method for propagating messages between client and server
applications on the World Wide Web. A web service is a software module that aims to accomplish a
specific set of tasks. Web services can be found and implemented over a network in cloud
computing.
The web service would be able to provide the functionality to the client that invoked the web
service.
A web service is a set of open protocols and standards that allow data exchange between different
applications or systems. Web services can be used by software programs written in different
programming languages and on different platforms to exchange data through computer networks
such as the Internet. In the same way, communication on a computer can be inter-processed.
Any software, application, or cloud technology that uses a standardized Web protocol (HTTP or
HTTPS) to connect, interoperate, and exchange data messages over the Internet-usually XML
(Extensible Markup Language) is considered a Web service. Is
Web services allow programs developed in different languages to be connected between a client
and a server by exchanging data over a web service. A client invokes a web service by submitting
an XML request, to which the service responds with an XML response.
o Web services functions
o It is possible to access it via the Internet or intranet network.
o XML messaging protocol that is standardized.
o Operating system or programming language independent.
o Using the XML standard is self-describing.

Components of Web Service

XML and HTTP is the most fundamental web services platform. The following
components are used by all typical web services:

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SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)

SOAP stands for “Simple Object Access Protocol.” It is a transport-independent

messaging protocol. SOAP is built on sending XML data in the form of SOAP
Messages. A document known as an XML document is attached to each message.
Only the structure of the XML document, not the content, follows a pattern. The best
thing about Web services and SOAP is that everything is sent through HTTP, the
standard web protocol.

A root element known as the element is required in every SOAP document. In an XML
document, the root element is the first element. The “envelope” is separated into two
halves. The header comes first, followed by the body. The routing data, or information
that directs the XML document to which client it should be sent to, is contained in the
header. The real message will be in the body.

UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration)

UDDI is a standard for specifying, publishing and discovering a service provider’s online
services. It provides a specification that aids in the hosting of data via web services.
UDDI provides a repository where WSDL files can be hosted so that a client application
can discover a WSDL file to learn about the various actions that a web service offers.
As a result, the client application will have full access to the UDDI, which serves as a
database for all WSDL files.
The UDDI registry will hold the required information for the online service, just like a
telephone directory has the name, address, and phone number of a certain individual.
So that a client application may figure out where it is.

WSDL (Web Services Description Language)

If a web service can’t be found, it can’t be used. The client invoking the web service
should be aware of the location of the web service. Second, the client application must
understand what the web service does in order to invoke the correct web service. The
WSDL, or Web services description language, is used to accomplish this. The WSDL
file is another XML-based file that explains what the web service does to the client
application. The client application will be able to understand where the web service is
located and how to use it by using the WSDL document

Asynchronous clients get their results later, but synchronous clients get their effect
immediately when the service is completed. The ability to enable loosely linked systems
requires asynchronous capabilities.

(d) Coarse-Grained: Object-oriented systems, such as Java, make their services

available through individual methods. At the corporate level, a character technique is far

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too fine an operation to be useful. Building a Java application from the
ground, necessitates the development of several fine-grained strategies, which are then
combined into a rough-grained provider that is consumed by either a buyer or a service.
Corporations should be coarse-grained, as should the interfaces they expose. Web
services generation is an easy approach to define coarse-grained services that have
access to enough commercial enterprise logic.

(e) Supports Remote Procedural Call: Consumers can use an XML-based protocol to

call procedures, functions, and methods on remote objects utilizing web services. A web
service must support the input and output framework exposed by remote systems.
Enterprise-wide component development Over the last few years, JavaBeans (EJBs)
and.NET Components have become more prevalent in architectural and enterprise
deployments. A number of RPC techniques are used to allocate and access both
technologies.
A web function can support RPC by offering its own services, similar to those of a
traditional role, or by translating incoming invocations into an EJB or.NET component
invocation.

(f) Supports Document Exchanges: One of XML’s most appealing features is its

simple approach to communicating with data and complex entities. These records can
be as simple as talking to a current address or as complex as talking to an entire book
or a Request for Quotation. Web administrations facilitate the simple exchange of
archives, which aids incorporate reconciliation.
The web benefit design can be seen in two ways: (i) The first step is to examine each
web benefit on-screen character in detail. (ii) The second is to take a look at the rapidly
growing web benefit convention stack.
 
Advantages Of Web Service
Using web services has the following advantages:

(a) Business Functions can be exposed over the Internet: A web service is a
controlled code component that delivers functionality to client applications or end-users.
This capability can be accessed over the HTTP protocol, which means it can be
accessed from anywhere on the internet. Because all apps are now accessible via the
internet, Web services have become increasingly valuable. Because all apps are now
accessible via the internet, Web services have become increasingly valuable. That is to

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say, the web service can be located anywhere on the internet and provide the required
functionality.

(b) Interoperability: Web administrations allow diverse apps to communicate with one
another and exchange information and services. Different apps can also make use of
web services. A .NET application, for example, can communicate with Java web
administrations and vice versa. To make the application stage and innovation self-
contained, web administrations are used.

(c) Communication with Low Cost: Because web services employ the SOAP over
HTTP protocol, you can use your existing low-cost internet connection to implement
them. Web services can be developed using additional dependable transport protocols,
such as FTP, in addition to SOAP over HTTP.

(d) A Standard Protocol that Everyone Understands: Web services communicate via
a defined industry protocol. In the web services protocol stack, all four layers (Service
Transport, XML Messaging, Service Description, and Service Discovery) use well-
defined protocols.

(e) Reusability: A single web service can be used simultaneously by several client
applications.

Cloud Deployment Models

In cloud computing, we have access to a shared pool of computer resources (servers, storage, programs, and
so on) in the cloud. You simply need to request additional resources when you require them. Getting
resources up and running quickly is a breeze thanks to the clouds. It is possible to release resources that are
no longer necessary. This method allows you to just pay for what you use. Your cloud provider is in charge
of all upkeep. It functions as a virtual computing environment with a deployment architecture that varies
depending on the amount of data you want to store and who has access to the infrastructure. 

Deployment Models 
The cloud deployment model identifies the specific type of cloud environment based on ownership, scale,
and access, as well as the cloud’s nature and purpose. The location of the servers you’re utilizing and who
controls them are defined by a cloud deployment model. It specifies how your cloud infrastructure will look,
what you can change, and whether you will be given services or will have to create everything yourself.
Relationships between the infrastructure and your users are also defined by cloud deployment types. 

Different types of cloud computing deployment models are:

1. Public cloud 
2. Private cloud
3. Hybrid cloud

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 4. Community cloud
5. Multi-cloud 
Let us discuss them one by one:

Public Cloud 
The public cloud makes it possible for anybody to access systems and services. The public cloud may be less
secure as it is open to everyone. The public cloud is one in which cloud infrastructure services are provided
over the internet to the general people or major industry groups. The infrastructure in this cloud model is
owned by the entity that delivers the cloud services, not by the consumer. It is a type of cloud hosting that
allows customers and users to easily access systems and services. This form of cloud computing is an
excellent example of cloud hosting, in which service providers supply services to a variety of customers. In
this arrangement, storage backup and retrieval services are given for free, as a subscription, or on a per-user
basis. Example: Google App Engine etc.

Advantages of Public Cloud Model:

 Minimal Investment: Because it is a pay-per-use service, there is no substantial upfront

fee, making it excellent for enterprises that require immediate access to resources.
 No setup cost: The entire infrastructure is fully subsidized by the cloud service providers,
thus there is no need to set up any hardware.
 Infrastructure Management is not required: Using the public cloud does not necessitate
infrastructure management.
 No maintenance: The maintenance work is done by the service provider (Not users).
 Dynamic Scalability: To fulfill your company’s needs, on-demand resources are
accessible. 
Disadvantages of Public Cloud Model:

 Less secure: Public cloud is less secure as resources are public so there is no guarantee
of high-level security.
 Low customization: It is accessed by many public so it can’t be customized according to
personal requirements. 
Private Cloud 
The private cloud deployment model is the exact opposite of the public cloud deployment model. It’s a one-
on-one environment for a single user (customer). There is no need to share your hardware with anyone
else. The distinction between private and public clouds is in how you handle all of the hardware. It is also
called the “internal cloud” & it refers to the ability to access systems and services within a given border or
organization. The cloud platform is implemented in a cloud-based secure environment that is protected by
powerful firewalls and under the supervision of an organization’s IT department. The private cloud gives
greater flexibility of control over cloud resources.

Advantages of Private Cloud Model:

 BetterControl: You are the sole owner of the property. You gain complete command over
service integration, IT operations, policies, and user behavior. 
 Data Security and Privacy: It’s suitable for storing corporate information to which only
authorized staff have access. By segmenting resources within the same infrastructure,
improved access and security can be achieved.

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  Supports Legacy Systems: This approach is designed to work with legacy systems that
are unable to access the public cloud. 
 Customization: Unlike a public cloud deployment, a private cloud allows a company to
tailor its solution to meet its specific needs.
Disadvantages of Private Cloud Model:

 Less scalable: Private clouds are scaled within a certain range as there is less number of
clients.
 Costly: Private clouds are more costly as they provide personalized facilities.
Hybrid Cloud 
By bridging the public and private worlds with a layer of proprietary software, hybrid cloud computing gives
the best of both worlds. With a hybrid solution, you may host the app in a safe environment while taking
advantage of the public cloud’s cost savings. Organizations can move data and applications between
different clouds using a combination of two or more cloud deployment methods, depending on their needs. 

Advantages of  Hybrid Cloud Model:

 Flexibility
and control: Businesses with more flexibility can design personalized solutions
that meet their particular needs.
 Cost: Because public clouds provide scalability, you’ll only be responsible for paying for the
extra capacity if you require it.
 Security: Because data is properly separated, the chances of data theft by attackers are
considerably reduced. 
Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud Model:

 Difficult to manage: Hybrid clouds are difficult to manage as it is a combination of both

public and private cloud. So, it is complex.
 Slow data transmission: Data transmission in the hybrid cloud takes place through the
public cloud so latency occurs.
Community Cloud
It allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of organizations. It is a distributed system that is
created by integrating the services of different clouds to address the specific needs of a community, industry,
or business. The infrastructure of the community could be shared between the organization which has shared
concerns or tasks. It is generally managed by a third party or by the combination of one or more
organizations in the community. 

Advantages of Community Cloud Model:

 CostEffective: It is cost-effective because the cloud is shared by multiple organizations or

communities.
 Security: Community cloud provides better security.
 Shared resources: It allows you to share resources, infrastructure, etc. with multiple
organizations.
 Collaboration and data sharing: It is suitable for both collaboration and data sharing.
Disadvantages of Community Cloud Model:

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  Limited Scalability: Community cloud is relatively less scalable as many organizations
share the same resources according to their collaborative interests. 
 Rigid in customization: As the data and resources are shared among different
organizations according to their mutual interests if an organization wants some changes
according to their needs they cannot do so because it will have an impact on other
organizations.
Multi-cloud 
We’re talking about employing multiple cloud providers at the same time under this paradigm, as the name
implies. It’s similar to the hybrid cloud deployment approach, which combines public and private cloud
resources. Instead of merging private and public clouds, multi-cloud uses many public clouds. Although
public cloud providers provide numerous tools to improve the reliability of their services, mishaps still occur.
It’s quite rare that two distinct clouds would have an incident at the same moment. As a result, multi-cloud
deployment improves the high availability of your services even more. 

Advantages of a Multi-Cloud Model:

 You can mix and match the best features of each cloud provider’s services to suit the
demands of your apps, workloads, and business by choosing different cloud providers. 
 Reduced Latency: To reduce latency and improve user experience, you can choose cloud
regions and zones that are close to your clients. 
 High availability of service: It’s quite rare that two distinct clouds would have an incident
at the same moment. So, the multi-cloud deployment improves the high availability of
your services. 
Disadvantages of Multi-Cloud Model:

 Complex: The combination of many clouds makes the system complex and bottlenecks
may occur.
 Security issue: Due to the complex structure, there may be loopholes to which a
hacker can take advantage hence, makes the data insecure.

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